73-476: Koreasat ( Korean : 무궁화위성 ; Hanja : 無窮花衛星 ) is a series of South Korean communications satellites operated by KT SAT, a subsidiary of KT Corporation . Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea,
146-479: A spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and
219-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
292-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
365-548: A dialect rather than the standard language. Some scholars argue that North Korean propaganda and the South's over-interpretation of it contributes to the confusion regarding the North Korean standard language. North Korean propaganda has characterized its language as being "pure", contrary to South Korea's. North Korea states its standard language as the language of Pyongyang . However, South Korean scholars have claimed it
438-514: A lot of English words, but North Korea has borrowed from other languages, notably Russian, and there are numerous differences in words used between the two coming from these different borrowings. Even when the same English word is borrowed, how this word is transliterated into Korean may differ between the North and the South, resulting in different words being adapted into the corresponding standard languages. For names of other nations and their places,
511-521: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
584-407: A space is added in the South but not in the North. This applies to counter words also, but the space is sometimes allowed to be omitted in the South. Before auxiliaries, a space is inserted in the South but not in the North. Depending on the situation, however, the space may be omitted in the South. In the above, in the rules of the South, auxiliaries coming after -아/-어 or an adnominal form allow
657-582: Is actually not based on the Pyongyang dialect, but rather on the 1933 norms, which are based on the Seoul dialect. For example, in the view of such authors the dialect of Pyongyang has 8 monophthongs, while the standard North Korean language has 10 monophthongs, like the old Seoul dialect. The following differences are recognised in the consonants. In the Seoul dialect, ㅈ, ㅊ and ㅉ are typically pronounced with alveolo-palatal affricates [tɕ] , [tɕʰ] , [tɕ͈] . In
730-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
803-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
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#1732787360589876-496: Is constantly adding different words to its vocabulary. The word 동무 tongmu / dongmu that is used to mean "friend" in the North was originally used across the whole of Korea, but after the division of Korea, North Korea began to use it as a translation of the Russian term товарищ (friend, comrade ), and since then, the word has come to mean "comrade" in the South as well and has fallen out of use there. South Korea has borrowed
949-466: Is in the Pyongyang dialect. If expressed in IPA , it would be [ʌ̹] or [ɔ̜] for the one in Seoul dialect and [ɔ] for the one in Pyongyang dialect. Due to this roundedness , speakers of the Seoul dialect would find that ㅓ as pronounced by speakers of the Pyongyang dialect sounds close to the vowel ㅗ /o/ . Additionally, the difference between the vowels ㅐ /ɛ/ and ㅔ /e/ is slowly diminishing amongst
1022-479: Is inserted in the South. This is left out in the North. Besides the deferential second person pronoun 당신 tangsin , which is a noun in origin, there is the pronoun 동무 tongmu (plural 동무들 tongmudŭl ), from a noun meaning "friend, comrade", in North Korea that may be used when speaking to peers. The third person feminine pronoun is South Korea is 그녀 geu-nyeo (plural 그녀들 geu-nyeodeul ) while in North Korea it
1095-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
1168-468: Is more similar to the pre-divided Seoul dialect than the pre-divided Pyongyang dialect, and suggested that its pronunciation and grammar are based on the Seoul area rather than the Pyongyang area. In some cases, South Korean schools have taught North Korean purified words that are not actually used in North Korea, leading to disputes in South Korea over whether a North Korean defector actually uses
1241-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
1314-403: Is seen to have its etymological origin forgotten or not is seen differently by different people: In the first example, in the South, the 올 |ol| part shows that the etymological origin is forgotten, and the word is written as pronounced as 올바르다 [olbaɾɯda] olbareuda , but in the North, the first part is seen to come from 옳다 olt'a |olh.ta| and thus the whole word
1387-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
1460-404: Is written 메 |me| , 페 |pʰe| in the North (but even in the South, these are pronounced 메 /me/ , 페 /pʰe/ ). Some hanja characters are pronounced differently. Also in the North, the hanja 讐 is usually pronounced as 수 su [su] , except in the word 怨讐 /원쑤 wŏnssu ("enemy"), where it is pronounced as 쑤 ssu [s͈u] . It is thought that this is to avoid
1533-479: Is written 옳바르다 olbarŭda (pronounced the same as in the South). Conversely, in the second example, the South spelling catches the word as the combination of 벚 beot and 꽃 kkot , but in the North, this is no longer recognised and thus the word is written as pronounced as 벗꽃 pŏtkkot . In the South, the rules of spacing are not very clear-cut, but in the North, these are very precise. In general, compared to
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#17327873605891606-408: Is written and pronounced as 래일 [ɾɛiɭ] in North Korea. But this latter pronunciation was artificially crafted using older pronunciations in the 1960s, so it is common for older speakers to be unable to pronounce initial ㄴ /n/ and ㄹ /l/ properly, thus pronouncing such words in the same way as they are pronounced in the South. In South Korea, the liquid consonant [ɾ] does not come after
1679-512: Is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only
1752-472: Is 그 녀자 kŭ nyŏja (plural 그 녀자들 kŭ nyŏjadŭl ), both literally meaning "that woman". In the South, the polite suffixes are 요 /-jo/ after a vowel and 아요/어요 /-ajo, -ʌjo/ after a consonant. In the North, the suffixes 오 /-o/ and 소 /-s͈o/ are appended after a vowel and a consonant respectively. The northern forms of the suffix are older and considered obsolete in South Korea now. However, suffixes such as 아요/어요 and 요 are not uncommon in North Korea, and are even used in
1825-923: The Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran as defined in 1933, until its amendment "Korean Orthography" ( Korean : 한글 맞춤법 ; RR : Hangeul Matchumbeop ), together with "Standard Language Regulations" ( Korean : 표준어 규정 ; RR : Pyojuneo Gyujeong ), were issued in 1988, which remain in use today. As with the Korean phonology article, this article uses IPA symbols in pipes | | for morphophonemics , slashes / / for phonemes , and brackets [ ] for allophones . Pan-Korean romanized words are largely in Revised Romanization , and North Korean-specific romanized words are largely in McCune-Reischauer . Also, for
1898-703: The Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
1971-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
2044-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
2117-587: The end of Japanese rule in 1945. But with the establishments of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in 1948, the two states have taken on differing policies regarding the language. Researching language differences between North and South Korea has been challenging, and there have been reports of inaccurate results. It is hard to know how North Koreans use their standard language because North Korean defectors often speak
2190-413: The nasal consonants [m] and [ŋ] . In this position, ㄹ is pronounced as [n] rather than [ɾ] . But in North Korea, ㄹ before vowels ㅑ , ㅕ , ㅛ , and ㅠ can remain [ɾ] in this context (or assimilate to [n]). Some South Korean linguists argue that the vowel system in the North Korean standard is based on the Pyongyang dialect. The vowel ㅓ /ʌ/ is not as rounded in the Seoul dialect as it
2263-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
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2336-486: The North and in the South, the vocabulary and forms of the standard language come from Sajeonghan Joseoneo Pyojunmal Mo-eum 사정한 조선어 표준말 모음 published by the Korean Language Society in 1936, and so there is very little difference in the basic vocabulary between the standard languages used in the North and the South. Nevertheless, due to the difference in political systems and social structure, each country
2409-514: The North and the South share the same types and the same number of phonemes , but there are some differences in the actual pronunciations. The South Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Seoul , and the North Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Pyongyang . However, South Korean authors have argued that the standard language of North Korea
2482-412: The North as ㄴ |n| and ㄹ |l| . However, even in the South, sometimes in order to disambiguate the surnames 유 ( 柳 Yu [ju] ) and 임 ( 林 Im [im] ) from 유 ( 兪 Yu [ju] ) and 임 ( 任 Im [im] ), the former may be written or pronounced as 류 Ryu ( [ɾju] ) and 림 Rim 林 ( [ɾim] ). Where a Hanja is written 몌 |mje| or 폐 |pʰje| in the South, this
2555-523: The North they are. Some letters and digraphs have different names in the North and in the South: The names used in the South are the ones found in the Hunmongjahoe ( 훈몽자회 , 訓蒙字會, published 1527). The names used in the North are formed mechanically with the pattern "letter + 이 + 으 + letter". Also for the tensed consonants, in the South, they are called "double" (쌍- /s͈aŋ-/ ) consonants, while in
2628-438: The North, names of leaders 김일성 ( Kim Il Sung ), 김정일 ( Kim Jong Il ) and 김정은 ( Kim Jong Un ) are always set off from surrounding text, typically by bolding the characters, increasing the font size, or both. The standard language in the South (표준어/ 標準語 pyojuneo ) is largely based on the Seoul dialect, and the standard language (문화어/ 文化語 munhwaŏ ) in the North is largely based on the Pyongyang dialect. However, both in
2701-495: The North, the initial ㄹ is kept. Similarly, in Sino-Korean words that begin with ㄴ |n| and is followed by the vowel sound [i] or the semi-vowel sound [j] (when ㄴ is followed by one of ㅣ |i| , ㅕ |jʌ| , ㅛ |jo| and ㅠ |ju| ), in the South, this ㄴ is replaced by ㅇ |∅| , but this remains unchanged in the North. These are thus pronounced as written in
2774-571: The North, the tensed consonants are denoted with normal consonants. Also, the word ending -ㄹ게 |-l.ɡe| used to be spelt -ㄹ께 |-l.k͈e| in the South, but has since been changed in the Hangeul Matchumbeop of 1988, and is now spelt -ㄹ게 just like in the North. Initial ㄴ / ㄹ (두음법칙[頭音法則, dueum beopchik], " initial sound rule ") Initial ㄴ |n| / ㄹ |l| appearing in Sino-Korean words are kept in
2847-490: The North, the writing in the South tends to include more spacing. One likely explanation is that the North remains closer to the Sinitic orthographical heritage, where spacing is less of an issue than with a syllabary or alphabet such as Hangul. The main differences are indicated below. Before bound nouns (North: 불완전명사: purwanjŏn myŏngsa / 不完全名詞 "incomplete nouns"; South: 의존 명사: uijon myeongsa / 依存名詞 "dependent nouns"),
2920-428: The North, they are called "strong" (된- /tøːn-/ ) consonants. In the North, the consonant letter ㅇ ( |∅| and |ŋ| ) is placed between ㅅ |s| and ㅈ |tɕ| when pronounced |ŋ| , but after all consonants (after ㅉ |tɕ͈| ) when used as a placeholder indicating a null initial consonant (for syllables that begin with a vowel). The standard languages in
2993-404: The North. In the South, in Sino-Korean words that begin with ㄹ which is followed by the vowel sound [i] or the semivowel sound [j] (when ㄹ is followed by one of ㅣ |i| , ㅑ |ja| , ㅕ |jʌ| , ㅖ |je| , ㅛ |jo| and ㅠ |ju| ), ㄹ is replaced by ㅇ |∅| ; when this ㄹ is followed by other vowels it is replaced by ㄴ |n| . In
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3066-491: The Pyongyang dialect, they are typically pronounced with alveolar affricates [ts] , [tsʰ] , [ts͈] . Also, 지 and 시 can be pronounced without palatalisation as [tsi] and [si] in the Pyongyang dialect. In the South, when ㄴ /n/ or ㄹ /l/ are at the beginning of a Sino-Korean word and are followed immediately by /i/ or /j/ , they are dropped, and when ㄹ /l/ is not immediately followed by /i/ or /j/ , it becomes ㄴ /n/ , with this change being indicated in
3139-402: The Seoul dialect. In words in which the word stem ends in ㅣ |i| , ㅐ |ɛ| , ㅔ |e| , ㅚ |ø| , ㅟ |y| , ㅢ |ɰi| , in forms where -어 /-ʌ/ is appended to these endings in the South, but -여 /-jɔ/ is instead appended in the North. In actual pronunciation, however, the [j] sound often accompanies the pronunciation of such words, even in
3212-582: The South, from then on, the standard languages in the North and the South gradually differed more and more from each other. In the 1960s, under the influence of the Juche ideology, came a big change in linguistic policies in North Korea. On 3 January 1964, Kim Il Sung issued his teachings on "A Number of Issues on the Development of the Korean language" ( 조선어를 발전시키기 위한 몇 가지 문제 ; Chosŏnŏrŭl Palchŏnsik'igi Wihan Myŏt Kaji Munje ), and on 14 May 1966 on
3285-412: The South. In word endings where the final consonant is ㄹ |l| , where the South spells -ㄹ까 ( |-[l.k͈a]| ) and -ㄹ쏘냐 ( |-[l.s͈o.nja]| ) to indicate the tensed consonants, in the North these are spelled -ㄹ가 |-l.ka| ，-ㄹ소냐 |-l.so.nja| instead. These etymologically are formed by attaching to the adnominal form (관형사형 gwanhyeongsahyeong ) that ends in ㄹ, and in
3358-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
3431-626: The cabinet. From then on, more important differences came about between the standard language in the North and the South. In 1987, North Korea revised the aforementioned rules further, and these have remained in use until today. In addition, the rules for spacing were separately laid out in the "Standard Spacing Rules in Writing Korean" ( 조선말 띄여쓰기규범 ; Chosŏnmal Ttiyŏssŭgigyubŏm ) in 2000 but have since been superseded by "Rules for Spacing in Writing Korean" ( 띄여쓰기규정 ; Ttiyŏssŭgigyujŏng ), issued in 2003. South Korea continued to use
3504-414: The compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean
3577-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
3650-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
3723-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
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#17327873605893796-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
3869-578: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
3942-605: The language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form
4015-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
4088-481: The letter, as is done in the South. In the South, the vowel digraphs and trigraphs ㅐ |ɛ| , ㅒ |jɛ| , ㅔ |e| , ㅖ |je| , ㅘ |wa| , ㅙ |wɛ| , ㅚ |ø| , ㅝ |wʌ| , ㅞ |we| , ㅟ |y| , ㅢ |ɰi| , and the consonant digraphs ㄲ |k͈| , ㄸ |t͈| , ㅃ |p͈| , ㅆ |s͈| , ㅉ |tɕ͈| , are not treated as separate letters, whereas in
4161-428: The nursery rhyme "대홍단감자( Daehongdan Potato )," which is a common expression in the standard North Korean language that can be used for children. In the South, when the word root of a ㅂ-irregular inflected word has two or more syllables (for example, 고맙다 [komap̚t͈a] gomapda ), the ㅂ is dropped and replaced with 우 in the next syllable. When conjugated to the polite speech level, the ㅂ-irregular stem resyllabifies with
4234-527: The old Seoul dialect. The pitch patterns in the Pyongyang and Seoul dialects differ, but there has been little research in detail. On the other hand, in the Chosŏnmal Taesajŏn (조선말대사전), published in 1992, where the pitches for certain words are shown in a three-pitch system, a word such as 꾀꼬리 ( [k͈øk͈oɾi] " black-naped oriole ") is marked as having pitch "232" (where "2" is low and "3" is high), from which one can see some difference in pitch patterns from
4307-552: The orthography. But all initial ㄴ /n/ and ㄹ /l/ are written out and pronounced in the North. For instance, the common last name 이 [i] (often written out in English as Lee , staying true to the more conservative typography and pronunciation), and the word 여자 [jʌdʑa] are written and pronounced as 리 [ɾi] and 녀자 [njɔdʑa] in North Korean. Furthermore, the South Korean word 내일 [nɛiɭ] , which means "tomorrow",
4380-638: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
4453-407: The sake of consistency, this article also phonetically transcribes ㅓ as /ʌ/ for pan-Korean and South-specific phonology, and as /ɔ/ for North-specific phonology. The same Hangul / Chosŏn'gŭl letters are used to write the language in the North and the South. However, in the North, the stroke that distinguishes ㅌ |tʰ| from ㄷ |t| is written above rather than inside
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#17327873605894526-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
4599-470: The space before them to be omitted, but the space after -고 cannot be omitted. Words formed from two or more words that indicate a single concept in principle are written with spaces in the South and without spaces in the North, as in Chinese and Japanese . Note that since the spacing rules in the South are often unknown, not followed, or optional, spellings vary from place to place. For example, taking
4672-490: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF North%E2%80%93South differences in the Korean language The Korean language has diverged between North and South Korea due to the length of time that the two states have been separated. The Korean Language Society in 1933 made the "Proposal for Unified Korean Orthography" ( Korean : 한글 맞춤법 통일안 ; RR : Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran ), which continued to be used by both Korean states after
4745-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
4818-568: The topic "In Rightly Advancing the National Characteristics of the Korean language" ( 조선어의 민족적 특성을 옳게 살려 나갈 데 대하여 ; Chosŏnŏŭi Minjokchŏk T'ŭksŏngŭl Olk'e Sallyŏ Nagal Te Taehayŏ ), from which the "Standard Korean Language" ( 조선말규범집 ; Chosŏnmalgyubŏmchip ) rules followed in the same year, issued by the National Language Revision Committee that was directly under the control of
4891-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
4964-474: The word 국어 사전 gugeo sajeon , people who see this as two words will add a space, and people who see this as one word will write it without a space. Thus, the spacing depends on how one views what "one word" consists of, and so, while spacing is standardised in the South, in reality the standard does not matter much. When forming compound words from uninflected words, where the so-called "sai siot" (-ㅅ- interfix ), originating from an Old Korean genitive suffix,
5037-410: The word becoming a homonym with 元帥 ("marshal"), written as 원수 wŏnsu |wɔn.su| . While the general rule is to write out the word stem from which the compound word is formed in its original form, but in cases where the etymological origin is no longer remembered, this is no longer written in original form. This happens both in the North and in the South. However, whether a compound word
5110-420: The word in North Korea. Some scholars have also doubted a study that found that the most common loan words in North Korea were not Russian loanwords but English loanwords. In 1954, North Korea set out the rules for Korean orthography ( Korean : 조선어 철자법 ; MR : Chosŏnŏ Ch'ŏlchapŏp ). Although this was only a minor revision in orthography that created little difference from that used in
5183-415: The younger speakers of the Seoul dialect. It is not well known if this is also happening with the Pyongyang dialect. However, other South Korean linguists have argued that North Korean linguistic texts suggest that the vowel system and articulation positions of the North Korean standard language were completely consistent with those of the South. In particular, the rules stipulated 10 monophthongs, just like
5256-410: The 어요 -eoyo conjugation to form 워요 -woyo (as in 고맙다 gomapda → 고마우 gomau → 고마워요 gomaweoyo ), appearing to ignore vowel harmony . ㅂ is not replaced with 우 in the North (as it also was in the South before the 1988 Hangeul Matchumbeop ). The vowel harmony is kept in both the South and the North if the word root has only one syllable (for example, 돕다 [toːp̚t͈a] topta / dopda ). In
5329-585: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
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