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42-576: Ketef Hinnom is adjacent to St. Andrew's Church , now on the grounds of the Menachem Begin Heritage Center . It is located where the Valley of Rephaim and the Valley of Hinnom meet, on the old road from Jerusalem to Bethlehem. The site consists of a series of rock-hewn burial chambers based on natural caverns. The discovery was first reported in 1975 by Gabriel Barkay : St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem: In August-September 1975

84-558: A railway line intersects a road at a level crossing. The saltire is important both in heraldry , being found in many coats of arms, and in vexillology , being found as the dominant feature of multiple flags. The saltire is one of the so-called ordinaries , geometric charges that span throughout (from edge to edge of) the shield. As suggested by the name saltire ("stirrup"; in French: sautoir , in German: Schragen ),

126-409: A blue saltire on a white field, with their coats-of-arms at the hub. Saltires are also seen in several other flags, including the flags of Grenada , Jamaica , Alabama , Florida , Jersey , Logroño , Vitoria , Amsterdam , Breda , Katwijk , Potchefstroom , The Bierzo and Valdivia , as well as the former Indian princely states of Khairpur , Rajkot and Jaora . The design is also part of

168-611: A cross of that form (called a crux decussata ) at Patras , Greece . The Saint Andrew's Cross was worn as a badge on hats in Scotland, on the day of the feast of Saint Andrew. In the politics of Scotland , both the Scottish National Party and Scottish Conservative Party use stylised saltires as their party logos, deriving from the flag of Scotland. Furthermore, the Scottish Government uses

210-571: A pair of crossing braces is sometimes called a saltire or a St. Andrew's Cross. Half-timbering, particularly in France and Germany, has patterns of framing members forming many different symbols known as ornamental bracing. The saltire cross, X-cross , X-frame, or Saint Andrew's cross is a common piece of equipment in BDSM dungeons. It is erotic furniture that typically provides restraining points for ankles, wrists, and waist. When secured to an X-cross,

252-579: A rectangle, sometimes with four dots or balls in the four quarters, as an emblem or vexillum (standard) of Persepolis during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC. Roes also finds the design in Argive vase painting , and still earlier in button seals of the Iranian Chalcolithic. Roes also notes the occurrence of a very similar if not identical vexillum which repeatedly occurs in Gaulish coins of c.

294-606: A salvage excavation was carried out on the hill near St. Andrew's Church in Jerusalem, between the road leading up to the church and the road descending to the Valley of Hinnom. This is an important strategic point on the ancient watershed road through the Judean hills, where two natural roads meet, one from the Valley of Hinnom in the west and one from the Valley of Rephaim in the east... A large block of stone 2.80 m. long, belonging to

336-443: A threshold originally some 5 m. wide, was visible on the surface. Excavation revealed that the threshold stone is in situ, and that it is part of a monumental architectural complex. According to the preeminent biblical scholar Dr. James D. Tabor , Ketef Hinnom could possibly be the site of the historical Golgotha where Jesus Christ was crucified two thousand years ago. In 1979, two tiny silver scrolls , inscribed with portions of

378-633: A wide variety of flags connected with territories formerly part of the Burgundian or Habsburg inheritance. Examples of such diversity include the Spanish naval ensign (1506-1701), the flag of Carlism (a nineteenth century Spanish conservative movement), the flag of the Dutch capital of Amsterdam and municipality of Eijsden , the flag of Chuquisaca in Bolivia and the flags of Florida and Alabama in

420-533: Is a blue saltire on a white field. The international maritime signal flag for M is a white saltire on a blue background, and indicates a stopped vessel. A red saltire on a white background denotes the letter V and the message "I require assistance". The flags of the Colombian archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia and the Spanish island of Tenerife also use a white saltire on a blue field. The Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza also use

462-402: Is divided into four areas by a saltire-shaped "cut". If two tinctures are specified, the first refers to the areas above (in chief) and below (in base) the crossing, and the second refers to the ones on either side (in the flanks). Otherwise, each of the four divisions may be blazoned separately. The phrase in saltire or saltirewise is used in two ways: Division of the field per saltire

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504-734: Is not enough will try Rampant Lion ." The building still bears marks from fighting during the Six-Day War of 1967. The first Scottish missions to the Galilee started in the mid 19th century, and for the next 100 years Scottish Presbyterians were actively engaged in the fields of education and medicine. Psalm 122 is sung every May at the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland held in Edinburgh : Following World War I ,

546-605: Is occasionally referred to as a "St Andrew's Cross". It is usually accompanied by the letters "A.D." ("à détruire"—French for "to be demolished") and a date or deadline. During a campaign of urban renewal by the Yaoundé Urban Council in Cameroon, the cross was popularly referred to as "Tsimi's Cross" after the Government Delegate to the council, Gilbert Tsimi Evouna. In traditional timber framing

588-492: The Age of Sail . When two or more saltires appear, they are usually blazoned as couped (cut off). For example, contrast the single saltire in the arms granted to G. M. W. Anderson —with the three saltires couped in the coat of Kemble Greenwood. Diminutive forms include the fillet saltire , usually considered half or less the width of the saltire, and the saltorel , a narrow or couped saltire. A field (party) per saltire

630-727: The Babylonian Exile , and are now preserved at the Israel Museum . 31°46′7.86″N 35°13′31.27″E  /  31.7688500°N 35.2253528°E  / 31.7688500; 35.2253528 St Andrew%27s Church, Jerusalem St Andrew's Church , also known as the Scots Memorial Church , is a church in Jerusalem , Israel , built as a memorial to the Scottish soldiers who were killed fighting

672-635: The British Mandate in Palestine lasted until 1948. This substantially increased the number of Scots living and working in Jerusalem. Following the end of the mandate and the establishment of the State of Israel , the number of Scots working in Jerusalem dropped drastically. The church's location very near the ' Green Line ' politically dividing Jerusalem, cut it off from the Christian community in

714-480: The Byzantine Empire , in the 9th to 10th centuries. Roes suggested that early Christians endorsed its solar symbolism as appropriate to Christ . The association with Saint Andrew develops in the late medieval period. The tradition according to which this saint was crucified on a decussate cross is not found in early hagiography. Depictions of Saint Andrew being crucified in this manner first appear in

756-735: The Confederate Battle Flag and Naval Jack used during the American Civil War (see Flags of the Confederate States of America ). Arthur L. Rogers, designer of the final version of the Confederate National flag, claimed that it was based on the saltire of Scotland. The saltire is used on modern-day Southern U.S. state flags to honour the former Confederacy. Anne Roes (1937) identifies a design consisting of two crossing diagonal lines in

798-624: The Episcopal Church in the United States features a saltire in its canton. The logo of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) features a red chalice with a Saint Andrew's cross, representing the Scottish heritage of the denomination. The diagonal cross (decussate cross) or X mark is called "saltire" in heraldic and vexillological contexts. A black diagonal cross was used in an old European Union standard as

840-566: The Latin with the x-shaped Scottish Saint Andrew's cross . A plaque set in the floor in front of the communion table is dedicated to King Robert Bruce , whose dying wish was to have his heart buried in Jerusalem. His comrade-in-arms, Sir James Douglas , attempted to bring it to the Holy Land but fell in battle while on his way through Spain. Bruce's heart and Douglas' remains were returned to Scotland. The Church of Scotland also runs

882-620: The Old City , later between the Jordanian Arab Legion soldiers and the Israeli army . The church holds a prominent location near what became the front line. The minister, William Clark Kerr , remained in the Church throughout this period, ringing the church bell and conducting Sunday services. In one cable to Edinburgh he wrote: "All night battle round the building... St Andrew's Cross (flag) on both church and manse . If that

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924-665: The Tabeetha School , an English-language school at Jaffa that accepts Christian, Jewish and Muslim children (see homepage at External links ). Another facility is the refurbished Scots Hotel at Tiberias (see homepage at External links ). The Church of Scotland centre there has a long tradition, the hotel being housed in what used to be known as the Scottish, or Dr Torrance's, hospital . 31°46′7.76″N 35°13′31.35″E  /  31.7688222°N 35.2253750°E  / 31.7688222; 35.2253750 Saltire A saltire , also called Saint Andrew's Cross or

966-563: The Turkish Army during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I , bringing to an end Ottoman rule over Palestine . It is a congregation presbyterian of the Church of Scotland . One of the main campaigners for the memorial church was Ninian Hill, an Edinburgh shipowner and Church elder . The foundation stone was laid by Field Marshal Lord Allenby on 7 May 1927 and the church

1008-706: The arms and flag of Nova Scotia (whose name means "New Scotland"). The Cross of Burgundy , a form of the Saint Andrew's Cross, is used in numerous flags across Europe and the Americas . It was first used in the 15th century as an emblem by the Valois Dukes of Burgundy . The Duchy of Burgundy , forming a large part of eastern France and the Low Countries , was inherited by the House of Habsburg on

1050-563: The crux decussata , is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross . The word comes from the Middle French sautoir , Medieval Latin saltatoria (" stirrup "). From its use as field sign , the saltire came to be used in a number of flags, in the 16th century for Scotland and Burgundy , in the 18th century also as the ensign of the Russian Navy , and for Ireland . Notable 19th-century usage includes some of

1092-405: The flags of the Confederate States of America . It is also used in the flag of Jamaica and on seals , and as a heraldic charge in coats of arms . The term saltirewise or in saltire refers to heraldic charges arranged as a diagonal cross. The shield may also be divided per saltire , i.e. diagonally. A warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also used to indicate the point at which

1134-601: The 10th century, but do not become standard before the 17th century. Reference to the saltire as "St Andrew's Cross" is made by the Parliament of Scotland (where Andrew had been adopted as patron saint ) in 1385, in a decree to the effect that every Scottish and French soldier (fighting against the English under Richard II ) "shall have a sign before and behind, namely a white St. Andrew's Cross". The cross continues to be used in modern times by religious groups. The arms of

1176-756: The 2nd to 1st century BC, in a recurring design where it is held by a charioteer in front of his human-headed horse. A large number of coins of this type (118 out of 152 items) forms part of the Les Sablons hoard of the 1st century BC, discovered in Le Mans between 1991 and 1997, associated with the Cenomani . The same design is found on coins of Christian Roman emperors of the 4th to 5th centuries ( Constantius II , Valentinian , Jovian , Gratianus , Valens , Arcadius , Constantine III , Jovinus , Theodosius I , Eugenius and Theodosius II ). The letter Χ (Chi)

1218-583: The Old City. The current Minister As of 2022 is Rev. Murial Pearson. The church is open for services on Sundays and runs a hotel/guesthouse. According to the preeminent biblical scholar Dr. James D. Tabor , St. Andrews Church could possibly be the site of the historical Golgotha where Jesus Christ was crucified two thousand years ago. The church was designed in 1927 by the British architect Clifford Holliday , who headed his own private practice in

1260-586: The United States. Gascony has not had any institutional unity since the 11th century, hence several flags are currently used in the territory. Legend says that this flag appeared in the time of Pope Clement III to gather the Gascons during the Third Crusade (12th century). That flag, sometimes called "Union Gascona" (Gascon Union), contains the St Andrew 's cross, the patron saint of Bordeaux and

1302-562: The city. Its clean, plain silhouette stands across the Hinnom Valley from the Old City walls, and together with the wing housing the hospice evokes the outline of a Highland castle with a keep. The building contains Western as well as Eastern elements, with details reminding of Crusader -style architecture, but also with Armenian decorative tiles . The stained glass windows are built with blue Hebron glass set in stucco panels, in typical Art-Deco geometric fashion and combining

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1344-562: The extinction of the Valois ducal line. The emblem was therefore assumed by the monarchs of Spain as a consequence of the Habsburgs bringing together, in the early 16th century, their Burgundian inheritance with the other extensive possessions they inherited throughout Europe and the Americas , including the crowns of Castile and Aragon . As a result, the Cross of Burgundy has appeared in

1386-628: The flag as its official symbol on Scottish Government publications, including letters, documents and press releases. Prior to the Union , the Royal Scots Navy used a red ensign incorporating the St Andrew's Cross; this ensign is now sometimes flown as part of an unofficial civil ensign in Scottish waters . With its colours exchanged (and a lighter blue), the same design forms part of

1428-536: The flag of the victorious English ends up gathering, in 1422, under Henri VI , on its field the white and red crosses of France and England, the white and red Saint Andrew's crosses of Guyenne and Burgundy . That saltire is also represented in the pattern of some talenquères in many bullrings in Gascony. The naval ensign of the Imperial Russian (1696–1917) and Russian navies (1991–present)

1470-489: The hazard symbol for irritants (Xi) or harmful chemicals (Xn). It indicated a hazard less severe than skull and crossbones , used for poisons , or the corrosive sign. The Maria Theresa thaler has a Roman numeral ten to symbolize the 1750 debasement of the coinage, from 9 to 10 thalers to the Vienna mark (a weight of silver). A diagonal cross known as " crossbuck " is used as the conventional road sign used to indicate

1512-413: The ordinary in its early use was not intended as representing a Christian cross symbol. The association with Saint Andrew is a development of the 15th to 16th centuries. The Cross of Burgundy emblem originates in the 15th century, as a field sign, and as the Saint Andrew's Cross of Scotland was used in flags or banners (but not in coats of arms) from the 16th century, and used as naval ensign during

1554-553: The point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing . A white diagonal cross on a blue background (or black on yellow for temporary signs) is displayed in UK railway signalling as a "cancelling indicator" for the Automatic Warning System (AWS), informing the driver that the received warning can be disregarded. In Cameroon , a red "X" placed on illegally constructed buildings scheduled for demolition

1596-750: The red color of English kingdom , which reigned over Gascony from 12th to mid-15th century. In Tome 14 of the Grande Encyclopédie , published in France between 1886 and 1902 by Henri Lamirault , it says during the hard times of the Hundred Years' War and the terrible struggles between the Armagnacs , representing the national party (white cross) and the Burgundians , allied to the English (red cross and red Saint Andrew's cross),

1638-615: The well-known Priestly Blessing from the Book of Numbers and apparently once used as amulets , were found in one of the burial chambers. The delicate process of unrolling the scrolls while developing a method that would prevent them from disintegrating took three years. They contain what may be the oldest surviving texts from the Hebrew Bible , dating from the First Temple period around the late 7th to early 6th century BCE prior to

1680-588: Was from an early time used as a symbol for Christ (unrelated to the Christian cross symbol, which at the time was given a T-shape ). The vexillum on imperial coins from the 4th century was sometimes shown as the Labarum , surmounted by or displaying the Chi-Rho monogram rather than just the crux decussata . The emblem of the crux decussata in a rectangle, sometimes with four dots or balls, re-appears in coins

1722-512: Was notably used by the Aragonese kings of Sicily beginning in the 14th century ( Frederick the Simple ), showing the pales of Aragon and the "Hohenstaufen" eagle (argent an eagle sable ). The Flag of Scotland , called The Saltire or Saint Andrew's Cross , is a blue field with a white saltire. According to tradition, it represents Saint Andrew , who is supposed to have been crucified on

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1764-734: Was opened in 1930 with Ninian Hill as its first minister. The Church was much used by Scots serving in the Mandate administration and soldiers serving with Scottish Regiments stationed in Palestine during the Mandate , including the Second World War . After the outbreak of hostilities in 1948 , the church was on the front line. The fighting firstly took place between Jewish forces in West Jerusalem and Arab irregulars in

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