Misplaced Pages

#641358

68-521: Plans for the construction of the tunnel date back to the Fifties . Between 1945 and 1960, the volume of traffic passing through the Waaslandtunnel had quintupled – in excess of 38,000 vehicles were travelling through the tunnel per day. Because of the resulting daily congestion on both sides of the river crossing, the construction of a second crossing was deemed necessary. In 1958 the layout for

136-587: A deflationary hangover from the 1940s but the first full year ended with what looked like the beginnings of massive inflation with annual inflation rates ranging from 8% to 9% a year. By 1952 inflation subsided. 1954 and 1955 flirted with deflation again but the remainder of the decade had moderate inflation ranging from 1% to 3.7%. The average annual inflation for the entire decade was only 2.04%. Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: The recently invented bipolar transistor , though initially quite feeble, had clear potential and

204-694: A difficult phenomenon for older Americans to accept and there were widespread accusations of its being a communist-orchestrated scheme to corrupt the youth, although rock and roll was extremely market-based and capitalistic. Jazz stars in the 1950s who came into prominence in their genres called bebop , hard bop , cool jazz and the blues , at this time included Lester Young , Ben Webster , Charlie Parker , Dizzy Gillespie , Miles Davis , John Coltrane , Thelonious Monk , Charles Mingus , Art Tatum , Bill Evans , Ahmad Jamal , Oscar Peterson , Gil Evans , Jerry Mulligan , Cannonball Adderley , Stan Getz , Chet Baker , Dave Brubeck , Art Blakey , Max Roach ,

272-407: A few decades for TV to become commonplace in other countries. The 1950s saw a turning point for polio with the successful discovery of the polio vaccine . Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined rapidly in many industrialized countries while it would gradually decline for the next few decades in developing countries reducing

340-636: A few years older. These brides sought husbands who were stable providers. A strong economy and low unemployment rates supported widespread prosperity, expanding the middle class and making affordable housing accessible. This economic environment enabled young couples to marry early, granting teenage brides notable purchasing power that marketers actively targeted. During this period, a gap in educational attainment emerged, with college degrees yielding higher earning potential than high school diplomas. Given prevailing cultural norms, more men pursued higher education while their wives contributed financially by entering

408-415: A general strike. In October 1964 Abboud resigned over the massive scale of civil disobedience creating an interim government . These events became widely known as the " October Revolution ". These protests included the first appearance of Islamist politician Hassan al-Turabi , who was then a student leader. Between 1966 and 1969, a series of Islamist-dominated administrations proved unable to deal with

476-494: A major influence on subsequent rock music. Bill Haley , Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis , The Everly Brothers , Carl Perkins , Johnny Cash , Conway Twitty , Johnny Horton , and Marty Robbins were Rockabilly musicians. Doo-wop was another popular genre at the time. Popular Doo Wop and Rock-n-Roll bands of the mid to late 1950s include The Platters , The Flamingos , The Dells , The Silhouettes , Frankie Lymon and The Teenagers , Little Anthony and The Imperials , Danny &

544-545: A secessionist movement composed of the 1955 mutineers and southern students. These groups formed the Anyanya guerrilla army. (Anyanya is also known as Anyanya 1 in comparison to Anyanya 2 , which began with the 1974 mutiny of the military garrison in Akobo .) Starting from Equatoria , between 1963 and 1969, Anyanya spread throughout the other two southern provinces: Upper Nile and Bahr al Ghazal and provided heavy pressure on

612-446: A successful coup d'état against Gordon Muortat with help from Israel , which pledged him their support. In doing so, the defected Equatorian commander was able to unify these troops of guerrilla fighters under his Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). This was the first time in the history of the warfare that a separatist movement had a unified command structure with the mutual objective to secede and build an independent state. It

680-411: A television set. Americans devoted most of their free time to watching television broadcasts. People spent so much time watching TV, that movie attendance dropped and so did the number of radio listeners. Television revolutionized the way Americans see themselves and the world around them. TV affects all aspects of American culture. "Television affects what we wear, the music we listen to, what we eat, and

748-713: Is a rail tunnel 10.5 m wide. The road tunnel was the scene of a particularly severe fatal traffic accident in October 2006, after which traffic speed was restricted to 70 km/h during working hours, rather than the higher 100 km/h limit applicable on the rest of the Antwerp Inner Ring Road. Additional metal crash barriers had been installed in the tunnel the previous year. 51°12′22″N 4°22′16″E  /  51.206°N 4.371°E  / 51.206; 4.371 1950s The 1950s (pronounced nineteen-fifties; commonly abbreviated as

SECTION 10

#1732780211642

816-703: Is later termed " The Day the Music Died ", popularized in Don McLean 's 1971 song " American Pie ". This event, combined with the conscription of Presley into the US Army, is often taken to mark the point where the era of 1950s rock-and-roll ended. The 1950s are known as the Golden Age of Television by some people. Sales of TV sets rose tremendously in the 1950s and by 1950 4.4 million families in America had

884-592: The Anyanya Rebellion or Anyanya I , after the name of the rebels, a term in the Madi language which means 'snake venom') was fought from 1955 to 1972 between the northern part of Sudan and the southern Sudan region which demanded representation and more regional autonomy. The war was divided into four major stages: initial guerrilla warfare, the creation of the Anyanya insurgency, political strife within

952-959: The Cold War developed from its modest beginnings in the late 1940s to a heated competition between the Soviet Union and the United States by the early 1960s. The ideological clash between communism and capitalism dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere . In the United States, a wave of anti-communist sentiment known as the Second Red Scare aka McCarthyism resulted in Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress . In

1020-594: The Miles Davis Quintet , the Modern Jazz Quartet , Ella Fitzgerald , Ray Charles , Sarah Vaughan , Dinah Washington , Nina Simone , and Billie Holiday . The American folk music revival became a phenomenon in the United States in the 1950s to mid-1960s with the initial success of The Weavers who popularized the genre. Their sound, and their broad repertoire of traditional folk material and topical songs inspired other groups such as

1088-651: The Mills Brothers , The Ink Spots , The Four Lads , The Four Aces , The Chordettes , The Fontane Sisters , The Hilltoppers and the Ames Brothers . Jo Stafford 's " You Belong To Me " was the #1 song of 1952 on the Billboard Top 100 chart. The middle of the decade saw a change in the popular music landscape as classic pop was swept off the charts by rock-and-roll. Crooners such as Eddie Fisher , Perry Como , and Patti Page , who had dominated

1156-598: The Second Sudanese Civil War , which lasted from 1983 to 2005. Until 1956, the British government , in cooperation with the Egyptian government (under a condominium governing arrangement) administered northern and southern Sudan as separate colonies despite both making up Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . At the time, the two areas were merged into a single administrative region after political pressure from

1224-1037: The Vietnam War , the Cuban Revolution , and the Suez Crisis . Coups include the Egyptian Revolution , the Iranian coup d'état , the Guatemalan coup d'état , the 14 July Revolution in Iraq , and the Pakistani coup d'état in 1958. Television became a common innovation in American homes during the 1950s culminating in the Golden Age of TV . This led many to purchase more products and upgrade whatever they currently had resulting in mass consumerism . While outside of America, it would take

1292-680: The arms race , the tense geopolitical situation created a politically conservative climate. The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia also took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade albeit would lead to several conflicts throughout the decade and so on. Wars include the First Indochina War , Malayan Emergency , Korean War , the Algerian War , the First Sudanese Civil War ,

1360-416: The " Fifties " or the " ' 50s ") (among other variants) was a decade that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959. Throughout the decade, the world continued its recovery from World War II , aided by the post-World War II economic expansion . The period also saw great population growth with increased birth rates and the emergence of the baby boomer generation. Despite this recovery,

1428-488: The 1958 film The Defiant Ones (an award he later won in the 1960s). Similarly with the mid 1950s rush of Rock and Roll and teenage rebellion, the films of Marlon Brando and James Dean had a profound effect on American culture. In Hollywood , the epic Ben-Hur grabbed a record 11 Academy Awards in 1959 and its success gave a new lease of life to motion picture studio MGM . Beginning in 1953, with Shane and The Robe , widescreen motion pictures became

SECTION 20

#1732780211642

1496-531: The A and Y-Lines. Dior was a very important designer, he changed the way fashion was looked on the world but most importantly he reestablished Paris as a fashion capital. Cristobal Balenciaga: Cristobal Balenciaga a Spanish designer who opened his first couture house in 1915. In 1936, he went to Paris in order to avoid the Spanish Civil War, there he had inspiration for his fashion collections. His designs were an inspiration for emerging designers of

1564-586: The Anyanya Insurgency The south was first led by leader Aggrey Jaden ; he left the movement in 1969 due to internal political disputes. In the same year Gordon Muortat Mayen was elected unanimously as the new leader of the south. Southern Sudan resumed warfare against Khartoum, however some of the former leader Jaden's troops would not accept a Dinka leader and fought against the Anyanya. In 1971, former army lieutenant Joseph Lagu carried out

1632-547: The E3 was established, and an invitation to tender was issued for a bridge or a tunnel. In 1963, Minister Georges Bohy, following the advice of his technical experts, decided in favour of a tunnel. In effect, the Kennedytunnel consists of four parallel tunnels. Two road tunnels, 14.25 m wide, each sufficient for three lanes of traffic, run on either side of a 4 m wide bicycle tunnel. Fifteen metres below sea level there

1700-514: The Juniors , The Coasters , The Drifters , The Del-Vikings and Dion and the Belmonts . The new music differed from previous styles in that it was primarily targeted at the teenager market, which became a distinct entity for the first time in the 1950s as growing prosperity meant that young people did not have to grow up as quickly or be expected to support a family. Rock-and-roll proved to be

1768-747: The Kingston Trio , the Chad Mitchell Trio , The New Christy Minstrels , and the "collegiate folk" groups such as The Brothers Four , The Four Freshmen , The Four Preps , and The Highwaymen . All featured tight vocal harmonies and a repertoire at least initially rooted in folk music and topical songs. On 3 February 1959, a chartered plane transporting the three American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson goes down in foggy conditions near Clear Lake, Iowa , killing all four occupants on board, including pilot Roger Peterson . The tragedy

1836-733: The Northern army's ability to properly maneuver. However, the separatist movement was crippled by internal ethnic divisions between the "Nilotic" and "Equatorian" groups. O'Ballance writes that one of the Sudanese army 's four infantry brigades had been stationed in Equatoria Province since 1955, being periodically reinforced as required. The government was unable to take advantage of the rebels' weaknesses because of their own factionalism and instability. The first independent government of Sudan, led by Prime Minister Ismail al-Azhari ,

1904-544: The Southern Regional Government and would have institutions such as a Regional Assembly and Executive Counsel serving as their legislative and executive branches. The brief interlude of peace become a relative calm and thriving period for Sudan. The agreement was able to address some of the critical grievances held by southern Sudan to that of the Khartoum government. The immediate recognition of

1972-712: The Soviet Union, the death of Joseph Stalin would lead to a political campaign and reforms known as " de-Stalinization " initiated by Nikita Khrushchev leading to the deterioration between the relationship of the Soviet Union and China in the 1950s. The beginning of the Cold War led to the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957; the United States would create NASA in response in 1958. Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons (such as RDS-37 and Upshot–Knothole ) called

2040-475: The beginning of the war to the Addis Ababa Agreement, over 500,000 to 1 million people, of whom only one in five was considered an armed combatant, were killed while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. The Addis Ababa Agreement was observed by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and led to the establishment of regional autonomy for southern Sudan. It would be known as

2108-527: The bodies. Showing that his designs evolved with time and maintained his ideologies. Coco Chanel : Her style was well known over the world and her idea of having functional luxurious clothing influenced other designers from the era. Chanel believed that luxurious should come from being comfortable that is why her designers were so unique and different from the time period, she also achieved her looks by adding accessories such as pearl necklaces. Chanel believed that even though Dior designs were revolutionary for

Kennedytunnel - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-430: The contrary, the ruling class rigidly associated the conflict's persistence to be a rationalization of the south's integration of Christianity and modernity. The southern populace considered the emergence of the civil war to have been an inevitability. Following the independence of Sudan, the southern elite were virtually powerless within the newly established government. Southern politicians were incapable of addressing

2244-646: The end of all aid to the Anyanya. In-fighting between Marxist and non-Marxist factions in the ruling military class led to another coup in July 1971 and a short-lived administration by the Sudanese Communist Party before anti-Communist factions put Nimeiry back in control of the country. That same year, German national Rolf Steiner , who had been clandestinely advising the rebels, was captured in Kampala , Uganda and deported to Khartoum, where he

2312-468: The ethnic and domestic tensions against the southern Sudanese further escalated during the post colonial reconstruction. There were national concerns of political inequalities, economic development and insufficient institutions that remained hidden to the international community but ravaged Sudan internally. Also, the northern government superseded the jurisdiction of Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) by committing discriminatory violence against

2380-584: The fashion industry. In the UK the Teddy boy became both style icons and anti-authoritarian figures. While in America Greasers had a similar social position. Previously teenagers dressed similarly to their parents but now a rebellious and different youth style was being developed. This was particularly noticeable in the overtly sexual nature of their dress. Men wore tight trousers, leather jackets and emphasis

2448-742: The first half of the decade, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed by the decade's end. Doo-wop entered the pop charts in the 1950s. Its popularity soon spawns the parody " Who Put the Bomp (in the Bomp, Bomp, Bomp) ". Rock-n-roll emerged in the mid-1950s with Little Richard , Elvis Presley , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , Jackie Wilson , Gene Vincent , Fats Domino , James Brown , Bo Diddley , Buddy Holly , Bobby Darin , Ritchie Valens , Duane Eddy , Eddie Cochran , Brenda Lee , Bobby Vee , Connie Francis , Neil Sedaka , Pat Boone , Ricky Nelson , Tommy Steele , Billy Fury , Marty Wilde and Cliff Richard being notable exponents. In

2516-523: The following days in Juba , Yei , and Maridi . The immediate causes of the mutiny were a trial of a southern member of the national assembly and an allegedly false telegram urging northern administrators in the south to oppress southerners. The mutinies were suppressed with the dispatch of numerous troops from the north, though survivors fled the towns and began an uncoordinated insurgency in rural areas. Poorly armed and unorganized, they were little threat to

2584-583: The government, and establishment of the South Sudan Liberation Movement . Around a million people died over the course of the nearly 17-year long war. Although the Addis Ababa Agreement ended the war in 1972, it failed to completely dispel the tensions and addressed only some of the issues stated by southern Sudan. The breakdown of the initial appeasement later led to a reigniting of the north–south conflict during

2652-508: The injustice against their populace because of the minimal influence and support they had within the government in Khartoum . They were not only subjected to severe animosity as an ethnic minority but also as a religious minority within the state. Since the establishment of British colonial rule, the southern Sudanese were introduced to Western ideas. Although there were no notable advancements in political equality and industrialization within

2720-652: The invention of the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor ), also known as the MOS transistor, by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs , in November 1959 . It revolutionized the electronics industry , and became the fundamental building block of the Digital Revolution . The MOSFET went on to become the most widely manufactured device in history. Television , which first reached

2788-424: The late 1950s Color Field painting and Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko 's paintings became more in focus to the next generation. Pop art used the iconography of television, photography, comics, cinema and advertising. With its roots in dadaism , it started to take form towards the end of the 1950s when some European artists started to make the symbols and products of the world of advertising and propaganda

Kennedytunnel - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-450: The main subject of their artistic work. This return of figurative art , in opposition to the abstract expressionism that dominated the aesthetic scene since the end of World War II was dominated by Great Britain until the early 1960s when Andy Warhol , the most known artist of this movement began to show Pop Art in galleries in the United States. The 1950s saw the birth of the teenager and with it rock n roll and youth fashion dominating

2924-407: The market. He created the famous and inspirational collection named “The New Look.” This consisted on the idea of creating voluminous dresses that would not only represent wealth but also show power on women. This collection was the first collection to use 80 yards of fabric. He introduced the idea of the hourglass shape for women; wide shoulders, tight waistline and then voluminous full skirts. Dior

2992-399: The marketplace in the 1940s, attained maturity during the 1950s and by the end of the decade, most American households owned a TV set. A rush to produce larger screens than the tiny ones found on 1940s models occurred during 1950–52. In 1954, RCA intro Bell Telephone Labs produced the first Solar battery. In 1954, a yard of contact paper could be purchased for only 59 cents. Polypropylene

3060-478: The mid-1950s, Elvis Presley became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. Chuck Berry , with " Maybellene " (1955), " Roll Over Beethoven " (1956), " Rock and Roll Music " (1957) and " Johnny B. Goode " (1958), refined and developed the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, focusing on teen life and introducing guitar solos and showmanship that would be

3128-403: The news we receive." European cinema experienced a renaissance in the 1950s following the deprivations of World War II. Italian director Federico Fellini won the first foreign language film Academy Award with La Strada and garnered another Academy Award with Nights of Cabiria . Sidney Poitier became the first Black actor to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for

3196-512: The norm. The "Golden Era" of 3D cinematography transpired during the 1950s. Animated films in the 1950s presented by Walt Disney included Cinderella , Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan and Lady and the Tramp , followed by Sleeping Beauty . In the early 1950s abstract expressionism and artists Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning were enormously influential. However, by

3264-518: The northern elite. This act was taken without the consultation of minority southern leaders, who feared being subsumed by the political power of the northern elite in the colonial political structure. Additionally, the British colonial administration favored the northern elite during the process of decolonization , granting them a majority of political power during the transition to independence. After becoming independent from colonial rule in 1956,

3332-441: The number of death rates from this disease. During the 1950s, the world population increased from 2.5 to 3.0 billion, with approximately 1 billion births and 500 million deaths. Prominent coups d'état of the decade included: Natural: Non-natural: In the 1950s, the median age of newlyweds declined to its lowest point, a level not seen since. By 1954, nearly half of American brides were teenagers, often marrying men just

3400-404: The outgoing colonial power and the newly formed Sudanese government . O'Ballance, writing in 1977, says that the 'period from 1955 to 1963 was simply one of guerilla survival, scarcely removed from banditry, and that it was successful due to a score or so of former southern SDF officers and warrant officers, and a small number of non-commissioned officers.' The insurgents gradually developed into

3468-410: The region as sovereign and establishment of key political institutions were only a few examples of the major developments. Additionally, a new constitution was founded and southern Sudan was led by localized law enforcement agencies than that from the northern government. Despite these improvements, there was the prevention of the south's ability to have their own military and only remain autonomous under

SECTION 50

#1732780211642

3536-679: The region, they interpreted concepts from Christianity and Western ideals and adopted them into their own culture. Therefore, in addition to their limited representation in politics, the coercion by the northern government and the cultural restriction in achieving progress were critical factors towards the start of the war. On 18 August 1955, members of the No. 2 Company, Equatoria Corps, of the British-administered Sudan Defence Force (SDF) mutinied in Torit , and in

3604-558: The southern minorities under the guise of internal turmoil of democratic growth. Prior to the outbreak of the civil war, the elite of northern Sudan had two widely held interpretations of what led to its outbreak; the first attributed such hostilities to be the remnant of the south's grievances against the British colonial administration, the second viewed it to be the southern insurgents' attempt in challenging their ruling government. These two interpretations placed no blame for voiced resentment and rising insurgency on their own governance. On

3672-402: The time period they did not managed to represent the women of the time. She believed women had to wear something to represent their survival to another war and their active roles in society. Coming back from a closed house of fashion was not easy for Chanel and competing against younger designers. The Chanel suit was known as a status symbol for wealthy and powerful women. Chanel influenced over

3740-419: The time. His legacy is as important as the one from Dior, revolutionaries. He was known for creating sack dresses, heavy volumes and balloon skirts. For him everything started when he worked for Marquesa de Casa Torre who became his patron and main source of inspiration. Marquesa de Casa Torre helped Balenciaga enter the world of couture. His first suit was very dramatic. The suit consisted on cutout and cut-ins

3808-450: The variety of ethnic, economic and conflict problems afflicting the country. After a second military coup on 25 May 1969 , Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry became Prime Minister and promptly outlawed political parties. Also during this time, the Anyanya insurgency took advantage of the unstable situations which enabled them to send their leaders and continue their operations abroad. Following Nimeiry's coup, Ugandan President Milton Obote ordered

3876-548: The waist over a slim skirt, something not seen before. Balenciaga was a revolutionary designer who was not afraid to cut and let loose because he had everything under control. In the 1950s and 1960s his designs were well known for attention to color and texture. He was creating different silhouettes for women, in 1955 he created the tunic, 1957 the sack dress and 1958 the Empire styles. He was known for moving from tailored designs to shapeless allowing him to show portion and balance on

3944-541: The workforce. Recognizing this support, some schools even awarded the “PhT” (Putting Husband Through) diploma to acknowledge wives who helped their husbands complete their degrees. Credit cards gained widespread popularity in the 1950's starting with the Diners Club Card in New York and soon after expanded to multiple countries. Inflation was moderate during the decade of the 1950s. The first few months had

4012-488: The years and her brand is still one of the most influential brands for fashion. The 1958 World Cup is notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17-year-old Pelé . The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: 1950 • 1951 • 1952 • 1953 • 1954 • 1955 • 1956 • 1957 • 1958 • 1959 First Sudanese Civil War Stalemate The First Sudanese Civil War (also known as

4080-460: Was a revolutionary and he was the major influence for the next collections. He is known for always developing new ideas and designs, which led to a rapid expansion and becoming worldwide known. He had pressure to create innovative designs for each collection and Dior did manage to provide that to the consumers. He not only made the hourglass shape very famous but he also developed the H-line as well as

4148-544: Was also the first organization that could claim to speak for, and negotiate on behalf of, the entire south when the war ended. Mediation between the World Council of Churches (WCC) and the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC), both of which spent years building up trust with the two combatants, eventually led to the Addis Ababa Agreement of March 1972 which marked the end of the conflict. From

SECTION 60

#1732780211642

4216-420: Was easier to take care of and it was price effective. It was a time where shopping was part of a lifestyle. Different designers emerged or made a comeback on the 1950s because as mention before it was a time for fashion and ideas. The most important designers from the time were: Christian Dior : everything started in 1947 after World War II was over. Christian Dior found that there were a lot of resources in

4284-639: Was essentially a continuation of the crooner sound of the previous decade, with less emphasis on the jazz-influenced big band style and more emphasis on a conservative, operatic, symphonic style of music. Frank Sinatra , Tony Bennett , Frankie Laine , Patti Page , Judy Garland , Johnnie Ray , Kay Starr , Perry Como , Bing Crosby , Rosemary Clooney , Dean Martin , Georgia Gibbs , Eddie Fisher , Teresa Brewer , Dinah Shore , Kitty Kallen , Joni James , Peggy Lee , Julie London , Toni Arden , June Valli , Doris Day , Arthur Godfrey , Tennessee Ernie Ford , Guy Mitchell , Nat King Cole , and vocal groups like

4352-458: Was invented in 1954. In 1955, Jonas Salk invented a polio vaccine which was given to more than seven million American students. In 1956, a solar powered wrist watch was invented. In 1957, a 184-pound (83 kg) satellite named Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviets. The space race began four months later as the United States launched a smaller satellite. Popular music in the early 1950s

4420-593: Was on slicked, greasy hair. New ideas meant new designers who had a concept of what was fashion. Fashion started gaining a voice and style when Christian Dior created “ The New Look ” collection. The 1950s was not only about spending on luxurious brands but also the idea of being comfortable was created. It was a time where resources were available and it was a new type of fashion. Designers were creating collections with different materials such as: taffeta, nylon, rayon, wool and leather that allowed different colors and patterns. People started wearing artificial fibers because it

4488-576: Was put on trial for his anti-government activities. Originally sentenced to death, he served only three years in prison before being released following pressure from the West German Government. The southern politicians, on the other hand, attempted to gain more political control and temporarily established multiple provisional governments in the south. They hoped to use diplomatic means to achieve autonomy and separation but due to their political factionalism, were ineffectual in comparison to

4556-593: Was quickly replaced by a stalemated coalition of various conservative forces, which was in turn overthrown in the coup d'état of Chief of Staff Brigadier Ibrahim Abboud in 1958. Resentment at the military government built up. On the evening of 20 October 1964, a raid by security forces at the University of Khartoum during a seminar on "the Problem of the Southern Sudan" sparked off nationwide protests and

4624-589: Was rapidly improved and developed at the beginning of the 1950s by companies such as GE , RCA , and Philco . The first commercial transistor production started at the Western Electric plant in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in October, 1951 with the point contact germanium transistor. It was not until around 1954 that transistor products began to achieve real commercial success with small portable radios . A breakthrough in semiconductor technology came with

#641358