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99-415: Ki-ha Hangul 기하 Hanja 基 河 , 基 夏 , and others Revised Romanization Giha McCune–Reischauer Kiha Ki-ha is a Korean masculine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 68 hanja with the reading "ki" and 24 hanja with the reading "ha" on

198-731: A is not written, as in the Indic abugidas, The source of the term "abugida", namely the Ge'ez abugida now used for Amharic and Tigrinya , has assimilated into their consonant modifications. It is no longer systematic and must be learned as a syllabary rather than as a segmental script. Even more extreme, the Pahlavi abjad eventually became logographic . Thus the primary categorisation of alphabets reflects how they treat vowels. For tonal languages , further classification can be based on their treatment of tone. Though names do not yet exist to distinguish

297-416: A consistent one-to-one correspondence between the letters and the phonemes so that a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker would always know the pronunciation of a word given its spelling, and vice versa. However, this ideal is usually never achieved in practice. Languages can come close to it, such as Spanish and Finnish . Others, such as English, deviate from it to

396-449: A consonant letter, then a vowel letter, and then potentially another consonant letter called a batchim ( Korean :  받침 ). If the syllable begins with a vowel sound, the consonant ㅇ ( ng ) acts as a silent placeholder. However, when ㅇ starts a sentence or is placed after a long pause, it marks a glottal stop . Syllables may begin with basic or tense consonants but not complex ones. The vowel can be basic or complex, and

495-474: A consonant, with diacritics for disambiguation. In the Pollard script , an abugida, vowels are indicated by diacritics. The placing of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone. More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as is the case for Hmong and Zhuang . For many, regardless of whether letters or diacritics get used, the most common tone is not marked, just as

594-590: A glide (or a semivowel) and a monophthong. There is some disagreement about exactly how many vowels are considered Korean's monophthongs; the largest inventory features ten, while some scholars have proposed eight or nine. This divergence reveals two issues: whether Korean has two front rounded vowels (i.e. /ø/ and /y/); and, secondly, whether Korean has three levels of front vowels in terms of vowel height (i.e. whether /e/ and /ɛ/ are distinctive). Actual phonological studies done by studying formant data show that current speakers of Standard Korean do not differentiate between

693-411: A large number of loanwords at different times, retaining their original spelling at varying levels. However, even English has general, albeit complex, rules that predict pronunciation from spelling. Rules like this are usually successful. However, rules to predict spelling from pronunciation have a higher failure rate. Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a spelling reform to realign

792-480: A letter for /ti/ . Devanagari is typically an abugida augmented with dedicated letters for initial vowels, though some traditions use अ as a zero consonant as the graphic base for such vowels. The boundaries between the three types of segmental scripts are not always clear-cut. For example, Sorani Kurdish is written in the Arabic script , which, when used for other languages, is an abjad. In Kurdish , writing

891-673: A major genre . However, the use of the Korean alphabet had gone without orthographical standardization for so long that spelling had become quite irregular. In 1796, the Dutch scholar Isaac Titsingh became the first person to bring a book written in Korean to the Western world . His collection of books included the Japanese book Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu ( An Illustrated Description of Three Countries ) by Hayashi Shihei . This book, which

990-451: A much larger degree. The pronunciation of a language often evolves independently of its writing system. Writing systems have been borrowed for languages the orthography was not initially made to use. The degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies. Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways: National languages sometimes elect to address

1089-460: A phenomenon where letters have been given names distinct from their pronunciations. Systems with acrophony include Greek, Arabic , Hebrew , and Syriac ; systems without include the Latin alphabet . More recently however, four cylinder seals dating to 2400 BC and found at the site of Umm el-Marra , in present-day Syria , are incised with what is potentially the earliest known alphabetic writings in

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1188-409: A set of some 24 hieroglyphs that are called uniliterals, which are glyphs that provide one sound. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms , to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names. The script was used a fair amount in the 4th century CE. However, after pagan temples were closed down, it was forgotten in the 5th century until

1287-453: A syllabary, as their name would imply, because each glyph stands for a consonant and is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel. In a true syllabary, each consonant-vowel combination gets represented by a separate glyph. All three types may be augmented with syllabic glyphs. Ugaritic , for example, is essentially an abjad but has syllabic letters for /ʔa, ʔi, ʔu/ These are the only times that vowels are indicated. Coptic has

1386-792: A systematic graphic modification of the consonants. The earliest known alphabet using this sense is the Wadi el-Hol script , believed to be an abjad. Its successor, Phoenician , is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic , Greek , Latin (via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic (via the Greek alphabet), and Hebrew (via Aramaic ). Examples of present-day abjads are the Arabic and Hebrew scripts ; true alphabets include Latin , Cyrillic, and Korean hangul; and abugidas, used to write Tigrinya , Amharic , Hindi , and Thai . The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics are also an abugida, rather than

1485-612: A unique order based on phonology : The letters are arranged according to how and where the sounds get produced in the mouth. This organization is present in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean hangul , and even Japanese kana , which is not an alphabet. In Phoenician, each letter got associated with a word that begins with that sound. This is called acrophony and is continuously used to varying degrees in Samaritan , Aramaic , Syriac , Hebrew , Greek , and Arabic . Acrophony

1584-469: Is Elder Futhark , believed to have evolved out of one of the Old Italic alphabets . Elder Futhark gave rise to other alphabets known collectively as the Runic alphabets . The Runic alphabets were used for Germanic languages from 100 CE to the late Middle Ages, being engraved on stone and jewelry, although inscriptions found on bone and wood occasionally appear. These alphabets have since been replaced with

1683-519: Is an inscription on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram c.  1000 BCE . This script is the parent script of all western alphabets. By the 10th century BCE, two other forms distinguish themselves, Canaanite and Aramaic . The Aramaic gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet . The South Arabian alphabet , a sister script to the Phoenician alphabet, is the script from which the Ge'ez abugida

1782-681: Is based on the South Korean order. The order from the Hunminjeongeum in 1446 was: This is the basis of the modern alphabetic orders. It was before the development of the Korean tense consonants and the double letters that represent them, and before the conflation of the letters ㅇ (null) and ㆁ (ng). Thus, when the North Korean and South Korean governments implemented full use of the Korean alphabet, they ordered these letters differently, with North Korea placing new letters at

1881-570: Is believed to have been created by Saints Cyril and Methodius , while the Cyrillic alphabet was created by Clement of Ohrid , their disciple. They feature many letters that appear to have been borrowed from or influenced by Greek and Hebrew. Many phonetic scripts exist in Asia. The Arabic alphabet , Hebrew alphabet , Syriac alphabet , and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of

1980-546: Is considered a separate letter, but accented vowels such as á and é are not. The ll and ch were also formerly considered single letters and sorted separately after l and c , but in 1994, the tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies changed the collating order so that ll came to be sorted between lk and lm in the dictionary and ch came to be sorted between cg and ci ; those digraphs were still formally designated as letters, but in 2010

2079-546: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Hangul The Korean alphabet , known as Hangul or Hangeul in South Korea ( English: / ˈ h ɑː n ɡ uː l / HAHN -gool ; Korean :  한글 ; Korean pronunciation: [ha(ː)n.ɡɯɭ] ) and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea ( 조선글 ; North Korean pronunciation [tsʰo.sʰɔn.ɡɯɭ] ), is the modern writing system for

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2178-626: Is occasionally still the way for stylistic purposes. However, Korean is now typically written from left to right with spaces between words serving as dividers , unlike in Japanese and Chinese. Hangul is the official writing system throughout both North and South Korea. It is a co-official writing system in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County in Jilin Province , China. Hangul has also seen limited use by speakers of

2277-423: Is unknown to many Italians because spelling is usually trivial, as Italian spelling is highly phonemic. In standard Spanish, one can tell the pronunciation of a word from its spelling, but not vice versa, as phonemes sometimes can be represented in more than one way, but a given letter is consistently pronounced. French using silent letters , nasal vowels , and elision , may seem to lack much correspondence between

2376-570: Is used to refer to Korea in general, so the name also means Korean script. It has been romanized in multiple ways: North Koreans call the alphabet Chosŏn'gŭl ( 조선글 ), after Chosŏn , the North Korean name for Korea . A variant of the McCune–Reischauer system is used there for romanization. Until the mid-20th century, the Korean elite preferred to write using Chinese characters called Hanja . They referred to Hanja as jinseo ( 진서 ; 真書 ) meaning true letters. Some accounts say

2475-673: The Real Academia Española changed it, so they are no longer considered letters at all. In German, words starting with sch- (which spells the German phoneme / ʃ / ) are inserted between words with initial sca- and sci- (all incidentally loanwords) instead of appearing after the initial sz , as though it were a single letter, which contrasts several languages such as Albanian , in which dh- , ë- , gj- , ll- , rr- , th- , xh-, and zh-, which all represent phonemes and considered separate single letters, would follow

2574-657: The Veritable Records of King Sejong and Jeong Inji 's preface to the Hunminjeongeum Haerye emphasize that he invented it himself. The project was completed sometime between December 1443 and January 1444, and described in a 1446 document titled Hunminjeongeum ( The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People ), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. The publication date of

2673-532: The Aramaic alphabet . Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia descend from the Brahmi script , believed to be a descendant of Aramaic. European alphabets, especially Latin and Cyrillic, have been adapted for many languages of Asia. Arabic is also widely used, sometimes as an abjad, as with Urdu and Persian , and sometimes as a complete alphabet, as with Kurdish and Uyghur . In Korea , Sejong

2772-608: The Cia-Cia language in Indonesia. The Korean alphabet was originally named Hunminjeong'eum ( 훈민정음 ) by King Sejong the Great in 1443. Hunminjeong'eum is also the document that explained logic and science behind the script in 1446. The name hangeul ( 한글 ) was coined by Korean linguist Ju Si-gyeong in 1912. The name combines the ancient Korean word han ( 한 ), meaning great, and geul ( 글 ), meaning script. The word han

2871-701: The Etruscan alphabet . One of these became the Latin alphabet, which spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their republic. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the alphabet survived in intellectual and religious works. It came to be used for the Romance languages that descended from Latin and most of the other languages of western and central Europe. Today, it is the most widely used script in

2970-563: The Greek alphabet was the first true alphabet; it was originally derived from the Phoenician alphabet , which was an abjad. Alphabets usually have a standard ordering for their letters. This makes alphabets a useful tool in collation , as words can be listed in a well-defined order—commonly known as alphabetical order . This also means that letters may be used as a method of "numbering" ordered items. Some systems demonstrate acrophony ,

3069-512: The Hanuno'o script , are learned one letter at a time, in no particular order, and are not used for collation where a definite order is required. However, a dozen Ugaritic tablets from the fourteenth century BCE preserve the alphabet in two sequences. One, the ABCDE order later used in Phoenician, has continued with minor changes in Hebrew , Greek , Armenian , Gothic , Cyrillic , and Latin ;

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3168-554: The Hunminjeongeum , October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15. The opening page of Hunminjeongeum contains King Sejong's foreword written in Literary Chinese, which reads: 國之語音。異乎中國。與文字不相流通。故愚民。有所欲言而終不得伸其情者。多矣。予。爲此憫然。新制二十八字。欲使人人易習。便於日用矣。 Because the speech of this country is different from that of China, it [the spoken language] does not match

3267-555: The Hunminjeongeum Haerye Edition, King Sejong expressed his intention to understand the language of the people in his country and to express their meanings more conveniently in writing. He noted that the shapes of the traditional Chinese characters, as well as factors such as the thickness, stroke count, and order of strokes in calligraphy, were extremely complex, making it difficult for people to recognize and understand them individually. A popular saying about

3366-496: The Korean language . The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them. They are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features. The vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a featural writing system . It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems. Hangul

3465-471: The Late Latin word alphabetum , which in turn originated in the Greek ἀλφάβητος alphábētos ; it was made from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha (α) and beta (β). The names for the Greek letters, in turn, came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet: aleph , the word for ox , and bet , the word for house . The Ancient Egyptian writing system had

3564-551: The Phoenician alphabet . The Phoenician system is considered the first true alphabet and is the ultimate ancestor of many modern scripts, including Arabic , Cyrillic , Greek , Hebrew , Latin , and possibly Brahmic . Peter T. Daniels distinguishes true alphabets—which use letters to represent both consonants and vowels—from both abugidas and abjads , which only need letters for consonants. Abjads generally lack vowel indicators altogether, while abugidas represent them with diacritics added to letters. In this narrower sense,

3663-448: The emphatic consonants were standardized to ㅺ, ㅼ, ㅽ, ㅆ, ㅾ and final consonants restricted to ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ . Long vowels were marked by a diacritic dot to the left of the syllable, but this was dropped in 1921. A second colonial reform occurred in 1930. The arae-a was abolished: the emphatic consonants were changed to ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ and more final consonants ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅌ, ㅊ, ㅍ, ㄲ, ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅄ were allowed, making

3762-609: The mayor of Seoul . Letters in the Korean alphabet are called jamo ( 자모 ). There are 14 consonants ( 자음 ) and 10 vowels ( 모음 ) used in the modern alphabet. They were first named in Hunmongjahoe  [ ko ] , a hanja textbook written by Choe Sejin . Additionally, there are 27 complex letters that are formed by combining the basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. In typography design and in IME automata,

3861-448: The phoneme level—that is, it has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words. In the narrower sense, some scholars distinguish "true" alphabets from two other types of segmental script, abjads , and abugidas . These three differ in how they treat vowels. Abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed. Abugidas are also consonant-based but indicate vowels with diacritics ,

3960-521: The thorn ⟨þ⟩ in Old English and Icelandic , which came from the Futhark runes; and modified existing letters, such as the eth ⟨ð⟩ of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d . Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y, and w only in foreign words. Another notable script

4059-405: The 15th century BCE. This was an alphabetic cuneiform script with 30 signs, including three that indicate the following vowel. This script was not used after the destruction of Ugarit in 1178 BCE. The Proto-Sinaitic script eventually developed into the Phoenician alphabet, conventionally called Proto-Canaanite , before c.  1050 BCE . The oldest text in Phoenician script

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4158-564: The 16th century BCE, had 87 symbols, including five vowels. In its early years, there were many variants of the Greek alphabet, causing many different alphabets to evolve from it. The Greek alphabet, in Euboean form , was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula c.  800–600 BCE giving rise to many different alphabets used to write the Italic languages , like

4257-504: The 21 vowels used in the modern Korean alphabet in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in IPA (see Korean phonology for more). The vowels are generally separated into two categories: monophthongs and diphthongs. Monophthongs are produced with a single articulatory movement (hence the prefix mono), while diphthongs feature an articulatory change. Diphthongs have two constituents:

4356-624: The English names got derived) preserve the qualities of the English vowels before the Great Vowel Shift. By contrast, the names of F, L, M, N, and S ( /ɛf, ɛl, ɛm, ɛn, ɛs/ ) remain the same in both languages because "short" vowels were largely unaffected by the Shift. In Cyrillic, originally, acrophony was present using Slavic words. The first three words going, azŭ, buky, vědě, with the Cyrillic collation order being, А, Б, В. However, this

4455-478: The Great created the Hangul alphabet in 1443 CE. Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a featural alphabet , where the design of many of the letters comes from a sound's place of articulation, like P looking like the widened mouth and L looking like the tongue pulled in. The creation of Hangul was planned by the government of the day, and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in

4554-579: The Korean alphabet or mixed script as their official writing system, with ever-decreasing use of Hanja especially in the North. Beginning in the 1970s, Hanja began to experience a gradual decline in commercial or unofficial writing in the South due to government intervention, with some South Korean newspapers now only using Hanja as abbreviations or disambiguation of homonyms. However, as Korean documents, history, literature and records throughout its history until

4653-466: The Korean consonants by their respective categories and subcategories. All Korean obstruents are voiceless in that the larynx does not vibrate when producing those sounds and are further distinguished by degree of aspiration and tenseness. The tensed consonants are produced by constricting the vocal cords while heavily aspirated consonants (such as the Korean ㅍ , /pʰ/ ) are produced by opening them. Korean sonorants are voiced. The chart below shows

4752-460: The Latin alphabet. The exception was for decorative use, where the runes remained in use until the 20th century. The Old Hungarian script was the writing system of the Hungarians. It was in use during the entire history of Hungary, albeit not as an official writing system. From the 19th century, it once again became more and more popular. The Glagolitic alphabet was the initial script of

4851-731: The Northwest Semitic "Abgad" order, is already well established. Although, languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters (such as the French é , à , and ô ) and certain combinations of letters ( multigraphs ). In French, these are not considered to be additional letters for collation. However, in Icelandic , the accented letters such as á , í , and ö are considered distinct letters representing different vowel sounds from sounds represented by their unaccented counterparts. In Spanish, ñ

4950-636: The South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names. Rhee Ki-ha (born 1938), South Korean taekwondo master Jang Ki-ha (born 1982), South Korean singer Shin Ki-ha (1941–1997), South Korean politician See also [ edit ] List of Korean given names References [ edit ] ^ "인명용 한자표" [Table of hanja for use in personal names] (PDF) . South Korea: Supreme Court . Retrieved 2013-10-17 . [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share

5049-462: The Ugaritic script were the first scripts with a limited number of signs instead of using many different signs for words, in contrast to cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Linear B . The Phoenician script was probably the first phonemic script, and it contained only about two dozen distinct letters, making it a script simple enough for traders to learn. Another advantage of the Phoenician alphabet

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5148-409: The [Chinese] letters. Therefore, even if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them in the end cannot state their concerns. Saddened by this, I have [had] 28 letters newly made. It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that [they] be convenient for daily use. The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. According to

5247-409: The alphabet is, "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days." Another document published in 1446 and titled Hunminjeongeum Haerye ( Hunminjeongeum Explanation and Examples) was discovered in 1940. This document explains that the design of the consonant letters is based on articulatory phonetics and the design of

5346-505: The annexation and Korean was written in a mixed Hanja-Hangul script , where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in the Korean alphabet. Japan banned earlier Korean literature from public schooling, which became mandatory for children. The orthography of the Korean alphabet was partially standardized in 1912, when the vowel arae-a ( ㆍ )—which has now disappeared from Korean—was restricted to Sino-Korean roots:

5445-421: The basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. Four basic letters in the original alphabet are no longer used: 1 vowel letter and 3 consonant letters. Korean letters are written in syllabic blocks with the alphabetic letters arranged in two dimensions. For example, the South Korean city of Seoul is written as 서울 , not ㅅㅓㅇㅜㄹ . The syllables begin with

5544-611: The contemporary period were written primarily in Literary Chinese using Hanja as its primary script, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters especially in academia is still important for anyone who wishes to interpret and study older texts from Korea, or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities. A high proficiency in Hanja is also useful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words as well as to enlarge one's Korean vocabulary. North Korea instated Hangul as its exclusive writing system in 1949 on

5643-513: The difficulty of learning the Korean and Chinese languages, as well as the large number of Chinese characters that are used. To promote literacy among the common people, the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great , personally created and promulgated a new alphabet. Although it is widely assumed that King Sejong ordered the Hall of Worthies to invent Hangul, contemporary records such as

5742-801: The discovery of the Rosetta Stone . There was also cuneiform , primarily used to write several ancient languages, including Sumerian . The last known use of cuneiform was in 75 CE, after which the script fell out of use. In the Middle Bronze Age , an apparently alphabetic system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script appeared in Egyptian turquoise mines in the Sinai Peninsula c.  1840 BCE , apparently left by Canaanite workers. Orly Goldwasser has connected

5841-598: The earlier forms. The script in its classical form was used until the 1st century CE. The Etruscan language itself was not used during the Roman Empire , but the script was used for religious texts. Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet have ligatures , a combination of two letters make one, such as æ in Danish and Icelandic and ⟨ Ȣ ⟩ in Algonquian ; borrowings from other alphabets, such as

5940-694: The elite referred to the Korean alphabet derisively as 'amkeul ( 암클 ) meaning women's script, and 'ahaetgeul ( 아햇글 ) meaning children's script, though there is no written evidence of this. Supporters of the Korean alphabet referred to it as jeong'eum ( 정음 ; 正音 ) meaning correct pronunciation, gungmun ( 국문 ; 國文 ) meaning national script, and eonmun ( 언문 ; 諺文 ) meaning vernacular script. Koreans primarily wrote using Literary Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including Idu script , Hyangchal , Gugyeol and Gakpil. However, many lower class uneducated Koreans were illiterate due to

6039-668: The end of the alphabet and South Korea grouping similar letters together. The double letters are placed after all the single letters (except the null initial ㅇ , which goes at the end). All digraphs and trigraphs , including the old diphthongs ㅐ and ㅔ , are placed after the simple vowels, again maintaining Choe's alphabetic order. The order of the final letters ( 받침 ) is: Alphabetic The first letters were invented in Ancient Egypt to serve as an aid in writing Egyptian hieroglyphs ; these are referred to as Egyptian uniliteral signs by lexicographers . This system

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6138-402: The entire final -an . While bopomofo is not a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a romanization system, for aiding pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones. The term "alphabet" is used by linguists and paleographers in both a wide and a narrow sense. In a broader sense, an alphabet is a segmental script at

6237-481: The first alphabet had developed about that time. The script was based on letter appearances and names, believed to be based on Egyptian hieroglyphs. This script had no characters representing vowels. Originally, it probably was a syllabary—a script where syllables are represented with characters—with symbols that were not needed being removed. The best-attested Bronze Age alphabet is Ugaritic , invented in Ugarit before

6336-432: The illiterate turquoise miner graffiti theory to the origin of the alphabet. In 1999, American Egyptologists John and Deborah Darnell discovered an earlier version of this first alphabet at the Wadi el-Hol valley. The script dated to c.  1800 BCE and shows evidence of having been adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs that could be dated to c.  2000 BCE , strongly suggesting that

6435-447: The letters ⟨d, e, g, l, n, r, t, x, z⟩ respectively, as well as Hungarian and Welsh. Further, German words with an umlaut get collated ignoring the umlaut as—contrary to Turkish , which adopted the graphemes ö and ü , and where a word like tüfek would come after tuz , in the dictionary. An exception is the German telephone directory, where umlauts are sorted like ä = ae since names such as Jäger also appear with

6534-498: The letters that make up a block are called jaso ( 자소 ). The chart below shows all 19 consonants in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in IPA (see Korean phonology for more). ㅇ is silent syllable-initially and is used as a placeholder when the syllable starts with a vowel. ㄸ , ㅃ , and ㅉ are never used syllable-finally. The consonants are broadly categorized into two categories: The chart below lists

6633-508: The literary elite, including Choe Manri and other Korean Confucian scholars. They believed Hanja was the only legitimate writing system. They also saw the circulation of the Korean alphabet as a road to break away from the Sinosphere as well as a threat to their status. However, the Korean alphabet entered popular culture as King Sejong had intended, used especially by women and writers of popular fiction. Prince Yeonsan banned

6732-549: The liturgical language Old Church Slavonic and became, together with the Greek uncial script, the basis of the Cyrillic script . Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former Soviet Union . Cyrillic alphabets include Serbian , Macedonian , Bulgarian , Russian , Belarusian , and Ukrainian . The Glagolitic alphabet

6831-535: The most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas. In Zhuyin , not only is one of the tones unmarked; but there is a diacritic to indicate a lack of tone, like the virama of Indic. Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters; this is for collation —namely, for listing words and other items in alphabetical order . The ordering of the Latin alphabet ( A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ), which derives from

6930-459: The orders of Kim Il Sung of the Workers' Party of Korea , and officially banned the use of Hanja. Systems that employed Hangul letters with modified rules were attempted by linguists such as Hsu Tsao-te  [ zh ] and Ang Ui-jin to transcribe Taiwanese Hokkien , a Sinitic language , but the usage of Chinese characters ultimately ended up being the most practical solution and

7029-659: The orthography more morphophonemic . The double consonant ㅆ was written alone (without a vowel) when it occurred between nouns, and the nominative particle 가 was introduced after vowels, replacing 이 . Ju Si-gyeong , the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace Eonmun or Vulgar Script in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the Hangul Society ), which further reformed orthography with Standardized System of Hangul in 1933. The principal change

7128-505: The other, HMĦLQ, was used in southern Arabia and is preserved today in Geʻez . Both orders have therefore been stable for at least 3000 years. Runic used an unrelated Futhark sequence, which got simplified later on. Arabic usually uses its sequence, although Arabic retains the traditional abjadi order , which is used for numbers. The Brahmic family of alphabets used in India uses

7227-402: The problem of dialects by associating the alphabet with the national standard. Some national languages like Finnish , Armenian , Turkish , Russian, Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian , Croatian , and Bosnian ), and Bulgarian have a very regular spelling system with nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes. Similarly, the Italian verb corresponding to 'spell (out),' compitare ,

7326-460: The same given name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ki-ha&oldid=1159994482 " Categories : Given names Korean masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Articles containing Korean-language text Articles with short description Short description

7425-515: The same way as Chinese characters . This change allows for mixed-script writing, where one syllable always takes up one type space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block. Bopomofo , also referred to as zhuyin , is a semi-syllabary used primarily in Taiwan to transcribe the sounds of Standard Chinese . Following the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and its adoption of Hanyu Pinyin in 1956,

7524-642: The second consonant can be basic, complex or a limited number of tense consonants. How the syllables are structured depends solely if the baseline of the vowel symbol is horizontal or vertical. If the baseline is vertical, the first consonant and vowel are written above the second consonant (if present), but all components are written individually from top to bottom in the case of a horizontal baseline. As in traditional Chinese and Japanese writing, as well as many other texts in East and southeast Asia, Korean texts were traditionally written top to bottom, right to left, as

7623-500: The spelling Jaeger and are not distinguished in the spoken language. The Danish and Norwegian alphabets end with ⟨æ, ø, å⟩ , whereas the Swedish conventionally put ⟨å, ä, ö⟩ at the end. However, æ phonetically corresponds with ⟨ä⟩ , as does ⟨ø⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ . It is unknown whether the earliest alphabets had a defined sequence. Some alphabets today, such as

7722-507: The spelling and pronunciation. However, its rules on pronunciation, though complex, are consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy. At the other extreme are languages such as English, where pronunciations mostly have to be memorized as they do not correspond to the spelling consistently. For English, this is because the Great Vowel Shift occurred after the orthography got established and because English has acquired

7821-478: The study and publication of the Korean alphabet in 1504 during his kingship, after a document criticizing him was published. Similarly, King Jungjong abolished the Ministry of Eonmun, a governmental institution related to Hangul research, in 1506. The late 16th century, however, saw a revival of the Korean alphabet as gasa and sijo poetry flourished. In the 17th century, the Korean alphabet novels became

7920-532: The term zed for Z in all forms of English, other than American English. Over time names sometimes shifted or were added, as in double U for W , or "double V" in French, the English name for Y, and the American zee for Z. Comparing them in English and French gives a clear reflection of the Great Vowel Shift : A, B, C, and D are pronounced /eɪ, biː, siː, diː/ in today's English, but in contemporary French they are /a, be, se, de/ . The French names (from which

8019-520: The use of bopomofo on the mainland is limited. Bopomofo developed from a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary. Like an alphabet, the phonemes of syllable initials are represented by individual symbols, but like a syllabary, the phonemes of the syllable finals are not; each possible final (excluding the medial glide ) has its own character, an example being luan written as ㄌㄨㄢ ( l-u-an ). The last symbol ㄢ takes place as

8118-513: The various types. Some alphabets disregard tone entirely, especially when it does not carry a heavy functional load, as in Somali and many other languages of Africa and the Americas. Most commonly, tones are indicated by diacritics, which is how vowels are treated in abugidas, which is the case for Vietnamese (a true alphabet) and Thai (an abugida). In Thai, the tone is determined primarily by

8217-400: The vowel letters is based on the principles of yin and yang and vowel harmony . After the creation of Hangul, people from the lower class or the commoners had a chance to be literate. They learned how to read and write Korean, not just the upper classes and literary elite. They learn Hangul independently without formal schooling or such. The Korean alphabet faced opposition in the 1440s by

8316-479: The vowels ㅔ and ㅐ in pronunciation. Alphabetic order in the Korean alphabet is called the ganada order, ( 가나다순 ) after the first three letters of the alphabet. The alphabetical order of the Korean alphabet does not mix consonants and vowels. Rather, first are velar consonants , then coronals , labials , sibilants , etc. The vowels come after the consonants. The collation order of Korean in Unicode

8415-520: The vowels is mandatory, and whole letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet. Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with forced vowel diacritics, effectively making them abugidas. On the other hand, the ʼPhags-pa script of the Mongol Empire was based closely on the Tibetan abugida , but vowel marks are written after the preceding consonant rather than as diacritic marks. Although short

8514-411: The world. The Etruscan alphabet remained nearly unchanged for several hundred years. Only evolving once the Etruscan language changed itself. The letters used for non-existent phonemes were dropped. Afterwards, however, the alphabet went through many different changes. The final classical form of Etruscan contained 20 letters. Four of them are vowels— ⟨a, e, i, u⟩ —six fewer letters than

8613-486: The world. The discovery suggests that the alphabet emerged 500 years earlier than previously thought, and undermines leading ideas about how it was invented. According to Christopher Rollston , a scholar of the ancient Near East, the morphology of the letters on the cylinder seals parallels quite nicely that of the existing corpus of early alphabetic writing. This theory however has yet to be universally accepted. The English word alphabet came into Middle English from

8712-686: The writing with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system. For example, Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based Turkish alphabet , and Kazakh changed from an Arabic script to a Cyrillic script due to the Soviet Union's influence. In 2021, it made a transition to the Latin alphabet, similar to Turkish. The Cyrillic script used to be official in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan before they switched to

8811-411: Was abandoned in Latin . It referred to the letters by adding a vowel—usually ⟨e⟩ , sometimes ⟨a⟩ or ⟨u⟩ —before or after the consonant. Two exceptions were Y and Z , which were borrowed from the Greek alphabet rather than Etruscan. They were known as Y Graeca "Greek Y" and zeta (from Greek)—this discrepancy was inherited by many European languages, as in

8910-499: Was adopted in official documents for the first time in 1894. Elementary school texts began using the Korean alphabet in 1895, and Tongnip sinmun , established in 1896, was the first newspaper printed in both Korean and English. After the Japanese annexation, which occurred in 1910, Japanese was made the official language of Korea. However, the Korean alphabet was still taught in Korean-established schools built after

9009-542: Was created in 1443 by Sejong the Great , fourth king of the Joseon dynasty. It was an attempt to increase literacy by serving as a complement to Hanja , which were Chinese characters used to write Literary Chinese in Korea by the 2nd century BCE, and had been adapted to write Korean by the 6th century CE. Modern Hangul orthography uses 24 basic letters: 14 consonant letters and 10 vowel letters. There are also 27 complex letters that are formed by combining

9108-476: Was descended. Abugidas are writing systems with characters comprising consonant–vowel sequences. Alphabets without obligatory vowels are called abjads , with examples being Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac . The omission of vowels was not always a satisfactory solution due to the need of preserving sacred texts. "Weak" consonants are used to indicate vowels. These letters have a dual function since they can also be used as pure consonants. The Proto-Sinaitic script and

9207-643: Was endorsed by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan . The Hunminjeong'eum Society in Seoul attempted to spread the use of Hangul to unwritten languages of Asia. In 2009, it was unofficially adopted by the town of Baubau , in Southeast Sulawesi , Indonesia, to write the Cia-Cia language . A number of Indonesian Cia-Cia speakers who visited Seoul generated large media attention in South Korea, and they were greeted on their arrival by Oh Se-hoon ,

9306-412: Was later abandoned in favor of a system similar to Latin. When an alphabet is adopted or developed to represent a given language, an orthography generally comes into being, providing rules for spelling words, following the principle on which alphabets get based. These rules will map letters of the alphabet to the phonemes of the spoken language. In a perfectly phonemic orthography , there would be

9405-684: Was published in 1785, described the Joseon Kingdom and the Korean alphabet. In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation. Thanks to growing Korean nationalism , the Gabo Reformists ' push, and Western missionaries' promotion of the Korean alphabet in schools and literature, the Hangul Korean alphabet

9504-423: Was published in 1946, just after Korean independence from Japanese rule. In 1948, North Korea attempted to make the script perfectly morphophonemic through the addition of new letters , and, in 1953, Syngman Rhee in South Korea attempted to simplify the orthography by returning to the colonial orthography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned after only a few years. Both North Korea and South Korea have used

9603-555: Was that it could write different languages since it recorded words phonemically. The Phoenician script was spread across the Mediterranean by the Phoenicians. The Greek alphabet was the first in which vowels had independent letterforms separate from those of consonants. The Greeks chose letters representing sounds that did not exist in Phoenician to represent vowels. The Linear B syllabary, used by Mycenaean Greeks from

9702-438: Was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical as possible given the existing letters. A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940. Japan banned the Korean language from schools and public offices in 1938 and excluded Korean courses from the elementary education in 1941 as part of a policy of cultural assimilation and genocide . The definitive modern Korean alphabet orthography

9801-404: Was used until the 5th century CE, and fundamentally differed by adding pronunciation hints to existing hieroglyphs that had previously carried no pronunciation information. Later on, these phonemic symbols also became used to transcribe foreign words. The first fully phonemic script was the Proto-Sinaitic script , also descending from Egyptian hieroglyphs, which was later modified to create

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