Misplaced Pages

#156843

53-558: The name of the building derives from the German Kreisamt , referring to the administrative office of the local Austro-Hungarian Kreis or district. Prior to the 1895 Ljubljana earthquake , there was a hospital and school building at the site. It housed a maternity hospital , a midwifery school as the first healthcare institution where courses took place in Slovene as well as a surgery repetition school established in 1753 by

106-554: A paramilitary force that secretly operated in the building in 1991 and contributed to the achievement of Slovenian independence. In 2008, another plaque was installed, dedicated to the Ljubljana Coordination Group of Independence Efforts in 1991. 46°3′3.64″N 14°30′24.52″E  /  46.0510111°N 14.5068111°E  / 46.0510111; 14.5068111 Kreis (Habsburg monarchy) A Kreis ( pl. Kreise ) or ' Circle '

159-786: A geographical region in Iceland but the name lives on in the names of two public libraries in Iceland that were established during the amt era. The Amts libraries in Akureyri and Stykkishólmur which were established as the designated archives for the North and East Amt and the West Amt respectively. Ambacht can be seen as the Dutch equivalent to amt . Ambachten existed in Holland , Zeeland and Flanders up to about 1800. From 1662 to 1919,

212-423: A model, and the old territorial divisions were converted into new Kreise . These reforms were carried out by Maria Theresa's advisor Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz and continued under chancellor Prince Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz-Rietberg from 1760. The bureaucratisation in the form of [Kreisämtern] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= ( help ) ('circle offices', sg. Kreis amt ) lessened

265-705: A northern coastal exclave around Duino-Aurisina were part of the Carniolan Adelsberger Kreis . The Republic of Venice held most of the peninsula itself, including all of the western coast and around half of the eastern coast, as well as the islands in the Kvarner Gulf including Krk and Cres ; the Venetian territories were annexed by Austria (as the Venetian Province ) in the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio , but lost again to

318-481: A single gubernium / Gouvernement , was divided into upper and lower parts – Obersteiermark ( Obere-Steyermark ) and Untersteiermark ( Untere-Steyermark ). The upper part, which comprised the Judenburger and Brucker Kreise , corresponds with the modern Austrian use of the term Upper Styria , i.e. the modern districts of Bruck-Mürzzuschlag , Leoben , Liezen , Murau and Murtal in

371-856: A supra-municipality or "municipal confederation". Normally, it consists of very small municipalities ( Gemeinden , plural of Gemeinde ). Larger municipalities do not belong to an Amt and are called amtsfreie Gemeinden (independent municipalities); some of these municipalities might also not be governed by or linked with a Kreis (district) and are called kreisfreie Gemeinden , and when they do also not belong to any other Land they are also called Stadtstaaten (plural of Stadtstaat ), i.e. city-states ( Berlin and Hamburg ). These large municipalities (cities, in German Städte , plural of Stadt ) may be further divided into local offices named Ortsämter (plural of Ortsamt ), each of them possibly grouping several suburbs (or small townships in rural areas) of

424-541: Is used to offer decentralized services of the municipality within local administrative offices for the residents in neighbouring suburbs. The Ortsteil itself may also be confusingly translated as a "municipality", but it is incorrect because it belongs to a city which is the only effective municipality ( Gemeinde ). The amt (plural, amter ; translated as "county") was an administrative unit of Denmark (and, historically, of Denmark-Norway ). The counties were established by royal decree in 1662 as replacements for

477-457: The Comitatus (German: Gespanschaften or Komitate , formerly spelled Comitate ; Hungarian : Vármegyék ), which had existed for much longer and were dominated by the nobility. In Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1859/66) there were "delegations", which gave rise to the later Provinces . The Amtsbezirke  [ de ] ('office districts'), or more precisely

530-726: The Partium ) were restored in the 1860s. Amt Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe . Its size and functions differ by country and the term is roughly equivalent to a British or U.S. county . The Amt (plural: Ämter ) is unique to the German Bundesländer (federal states) of Schleswig-Holstein , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg . Other German states had this division in

583-591: The Bezirksämter ('district offices'), created in the reforms which followed the Revolutions of 1848 (specifically those of 1849 and 1853 ), largely took over the responsibilities of the Kreisämter . These were proposed as early as 1849 by Interior Minister Alexander von Bach as part of a necessary reform to the administrative apparatus to deal with the increase in the number citizens interacting with

SECTION 10

#1732793129157

636-572: The Kreisämtern there was for the first time a level of administration between the manors and free cities and the Imperial Court  [ de ] (in the crown lands the gubernatorial administration). At the head of every Kreis was a Kreishauptmann  [ de ] (roughly 'circle/district captain/head'; see Hauptmann ), whose officials were entrusted with clearly defined tasks, which significantly disempowered

689-563: The Salzburgkreis or Salzachkreis of Austria above the Enns, the Duchy of Salzburg became a crown land in its own right (with a single Kreis ) on 26 June 1849 (formally constituted 30 December ). The Duchy of Salzburg had no Kreise after 1853. The Duchy of Styria (German: Herzogtum Steiermark , contemporary spelling Herzogthum Steyermark ), although administered as

742-543: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in the 1805 Peace of Pressburg . The mercury -mining area around Idrija had a special status apart from the Carniolan Kreise . The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca included several exclaves in Venetian territory and within the Carniolan Adelsberger Kreis ; by the 1805 Peace of Pressburg and 1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau, the parts of the county west of

795-607: The Soča /Isonzo were ceded to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. The Duchy of Carinthia ( Herzogt(h)um Kärnten ) was 1815–49 part of Gubernium Laibach of the Kingdom of Illyria; separate crown land thereafter. Carinthia had no Kreise after 1853. The Duchy of Carniola ( Herzogt(h)um Krain ) was 1815–49 part of Gubernium Laibach of the Kingdom of Illyria. Carniola had no Kreise after 1853. Formally

848-425: The amter were composed of a number of municipalities ( kommuner ). The reform granted the counties wider areas of responsibility, most notably running the national health service and the gymnasium secondary schools. The municipal reform of 1 January 2007 abolished the amter and replaced them with five administrative regions , now mainly charged with running the national health service. In contrast to

901-416: The amter , the regions hold no authority to levy taxes. The reform re-delegated all other areas of responsibility to either the municipalities or the state. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, cutting the number of municipalities from 270 to 98. In Germany an Amt was a medieval administrative district covering a manorial estate or the land owned by a castle or village. It

954-545: The modern districts ( Bezirke ). With the creation of the political districts ( Bezirke ) in 1868, which go back to the December Constitution of 1867, the Kreis divisions were abolished and replaced with much more finely divided Bezirk divisions; however, the newly created district commissions ( Bezirkshauptmannschaften ) were strongly influenced by the former Kreis administrations. With

1007-419: The 1815 Congress of Vienna returned its territory to Austria. It was divided into two Gubernia : Gubernium Laibach and Gubernium Triest. It was disbanded in 1849 and replaced with the separate Duchy of Carinthia, Duchy of Carniola and Austrian Littoral crown lands. The Kreise listed below are grouped by these post-1849 crown lands; internally within the Kingdom they were grouped as such, and

1060-642: The 1849 or 1853 reforms, but the separate Kreisgerichte remained for judicial matters. From 1860 Silesia was administered once again from the Moravian Statthalterei in Brünn/Brno but remained a formally separate crown land. Corresponds with modern Lower Austria . Corresponds with modern Upper Austria . The Kreise in Austria above the Enns were from 1749 subdivided into district commissions and regional courts. Formerly

1113-457: The 39 Austrian electoral districts . Also the divisions ( Sprengel ) of the district courts ( Kreisgerichte ; now regional courts – Landesgerichte ) are essentially equivalent to those of the former Kreisämter . The 35 NUTS 3 regions are loosely aligned with the former Kreis divisions. The following is a list of the Kreise and statutory cities in the non-Hungarian lands of

SECTION 20

#1732793129157

1166-649: The Austrian Empire ( Cisleithania in later terminology) c.  1854 ; pre-1848 Kreise are also listed where applicable. The Kreise in Bohemia were abolished in 1862 (enacted 23 October, effective 31 October). In the 1849 administrative reforms which followed the Revolutions of 1848 and introduced the first political districts ( Bezirkshaupmannschaften ), the Kreise of Bohemia were reduced to seven: These Kreise lasted until

1219-790: The Carniolan Adelsberger Kreis until 1809), was organised as the Triester Kreis , which was distinct from the city of Triest. Formally the Princely County of Tyrol with Vorarlberg ( die gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol mit Vorarlberg ) until 1861. Formally the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Grand Duchy of Kraków (after 1846) and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator ( Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogt(h)um Krakau und den Herzogt(h)ümern Auschwitz und Zator ). The Grand Duchy of Kraków, which

1272-647: The County of Gorizia and Gradisca, the March/Margraviate of Istria and the Free City of Trieste. During this period the Habsburg March of Istria only included a small interior part of the peninsula centred on Mitterburg (Pazin, Pisino) and was administered from Carniola; the north-eastern mostly inland part of the later Istrian Kreis , as well as part of the eastern coast of the peninsula and

1325-757: The Habsburgs' gains in the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. The first-partition Myslenicer, Sandecer and Bochnier Kreise were also attached to it. It was incorporated into Galicia and Lodomeria 1803–09 as a separate gubernium . Other than the first-partition Kreise it was ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809 by the Treaty of Schönbrunn ( Congress Poland and Free City of Cracow after 1815). The Kreise in Dalmatia were abolished in 1865 (enacted 5 December, effective 31 December). In

1378-629: The Habsburgs' other realms (other than Hungary ). In the Archduchy of Austria and Duchy of Styria the old quarters (German: Viertel ) served as a basis for the new Kreise ( Waldviertel , Mostviertel , Industrieviertel and Weinviertel in Lower Austria; Innviertel , Hausruckviertel , Mühlviertel , and Traunviertel in Upper Austria; Quarter division of Styria 1462  [ de ] ). The Hungarian counterparts were

1431-746: The Istrian districts of Capo d'Istria ( Koper , Kopar), Pirano ( Piran ), Castel-Nuovo ( Podgrad ) and Volosca ( Volosko ) were subordinate to the Landesgericht in Trieste ( c.  1853 ). In addition to the Kreise of Carinthia, Carniola and the Littoral listed above, until the 1820s the Kingdom of Illyria also included the former Croatie civile province of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces . This territory

1484-631: The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, the Margraviate of Istria and the City of Triest with its Territory ( die gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradiska, die Markgrafschaft Istrien und die Stadt Triest mit ihr Gebiet ). 1815–49 Gubernium Triest of the Kingdom of Illyria; separate crown land thereafter. Judicially the Gorizian districts of Comen ( Komen ) and Sessana ( Sežana ) and

1537-556: The cities of Brünn and Olmütz). Changes included: The Moravian Kreise were dissolved in 1860 and their Bezirke (and Bezirksämter ) subordinated directly to the Statthalterei in Brünn/Brno. In the 1849 administrative reforms which followed the Revolutions of 1848 and introduced the first political districts ( Bezirkshaupmannschaften ), the Kreise of Moravia were reduced to two: The six pre-revolution Kreise were reconstituted, with various changes, in

1590-538: The duchies and subdivisions of the Littoral correspond with Habsburg states which existed before the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn by which they were annexed by Napoleon. Until 1809 the area (excluding those parts of Croatia and the Military Frontier which were Illyrian until the 1820s) was organised as part of Inner Austria , an informal region which comprised the Duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola,

1643-446: The estates in financial matters. The Kreisämter were the lowest level of political administration. This brought together direct oversight of taxation, as well as the conscription and recruitment system, the supervision of schools and poorhouses, the supervision of the individual municipalities and the protection of the peasants before the manor lords. The captains were obliged to travel to the Kreise at least once per year or allow

Kresija Building - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-457: The former fiefs ( Len ). The amter were originally composed of market towns ( købstæder ) and parishes , and held only small areas of responsibility. There were some changes to the borders of these counties over time, most notably when Roskilde County ( da ) was merged into Roskilde County ( da ) in 1808, and when Skanderborg County ( da ) was periodically merged into Århus County Skanderborg County ( da ). After Southern Jutland

1749-402: The hospital services of the købstader without paying taxes for them, it became evident that reform was necessary. In 1958, interior minister Søren Olesen set in motion administrative reforms that would culminate in 1970. The municipal reform of 1 April 1970 reduced the number of counties to fourteen and eliminated the administrative distinction between (rural) parish and town. From then on,

1802-506: The influence of the estates by essentially separating them from the administration of the realms. The origin of the Kreis as a unit of administration lay in Bohemia , where Kraje ( Kreise in German) had existed as territorial units since the 14th century (see Bohemia § Historical administrative divisions ). Through the reform the system was further developed and applied to

1855-471: The inspectors to visit. For this the captains received a state salary, but were not allowed to hold any other lordly or stately offices and were bound to their instructions. The Kreisämtern were subordinate to the Gubernia  [ de ] (the administrative bodies of the crown lands, roughly governorates ). Despite numerous reforms, the borders of the Kreise are still roughly visible in

1908-460: The municipality named Ortsteile (plural of Ortsteil ), named from small villages or hamlets or localities. The Ortsteil (suburb or township) may have been a former parish, but today it is meant only for civil purpose and essentially used for planning within the municipality; the Ortsamt (sometimes just named informally but confusingly as an Amt , or informally translated as an "urban district")

1961-476: The north-west of the modern Austrian state of Styria ; from 1848 it was synonymous with the now-expanded Brucker Kreis . The lower part, which comprised the Grazer , Marburger and Cillier Kreise , included all of Slovene Styria and the modern Austrian Central Styria  [ de ] . The Kingdom of Illyria was a crown land formed as a successor to the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces after

2014-651: The offices following the final abolition of serfdom in 1848. The Kreis administrations were thereby subdivided into subordinate Amtsbezirke . Some smaller Kreise were abolished or merged. The Kreis system was also expanded to the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (formerly part of southern Hungary) and the Grand Principality of Transylvania in the course of these reforms. The statutory cities were also excluded from Kreis administration, much like they are excluded from

2067-495: The past. Some states have similar administrative units called Samtgemeinde ( Lower Saxony ), Verbandsgemeinde ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) or Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ( Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia ). An Amt , as well as the other above-mentioned units, is subordinate to a Kreis ( district ) and is a collection of municipalities. The amt is lower than district-level government but higher than municipal government, and may be described as

2120-520: The physician Gerard van Swieten . Through the first half of the 19th century, there were shops and apartments in the building and the Ljubljana district office occupied its first floor. St. Elizabeth's Church stood next to it until 1831. The building has an irregular square plan and an inner court. It is noted for its Neo-Renaissance façades and interior. The decoration reminds of the Baroque . It

2173-466: The reforms of 1853/54. Formally the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia ( Herzogtum Ober- und Niederschlesien ). Until 1848 part of the joint Gubernium of Moravia and Silesia ( Gouvernment Mähren und Schlesien or Mährischschlesisches Landesgubernium ). Although administratively separate Silesia was judicially subordinate to Brünn (Moravia) thereafter. Austrian Silesia had no Kreise after

Kresija Building - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-507: The reforms of 1853/54. Until 1848 part of the joint Gubernium of Moravia and Silesia ( Gouvernment Mähren und Schlesien or Mährischschlesisches Landesgubernium ; Moravskoslezské gubernium  [ cs ; pl ] ). The traditional Moravian Kreise were abolished in 1849 ( see below ) but were reconstituted (with some border changes and with Nový Jičín / Neutitschein replacing Přerov / Prerau ) in 1854 and divided into Bezirke (76 in total, excluding

2279-606: The sculptor Alojzij Repič (1866–1941). Since 1999, the southwestern façade of the Kresija Building has been adorned with two busts facing Stritar Street: a bust of the Protestant grammarian Adam Bohorič and a bust of the 17th-century physician Marko Gerbec . Below a turret at the northwestern corner, a plaque was installed in 2005 in remembrance of the Manoeuvre Structures of National Protection ,

2332-594: The years following the revolutions of 1848 the Kreis system was extended to some additional crown lands: The Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar , a short-lived crown land which existed 1849–60, was formally divided into Kreise in 1854. Before the revolutions of 1848 it had been the Bács-Bodrog , Torontál , Temes , and Krassó Counties of Hungary and part of the Syrmia County of Slavonia The traditional subdivisions of Transylvania (and

2385-792: Was an administrative division of the Habsburg monarchy and Austrian Empire between 1748 and 1867. After the Prussian annexation of the bulk of Silesia following the First and Second Silesian Wars , it became apparent that Frederick II 's administrative structures allowed him to take much higher tax revenues from the area. Therefore, in the years following end of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, Maria Theresa and Joseph II enacted several administrative reforms with Prussia as

2438-741: Was annexed in 1846 (previously the Free City of Cracow ) corresponded with the Krakauer Kreis ; Auschwitz and Zator had no administrative status, with both forming part of the Wadowicer Kreis , although nominally they were part of the German Confederation while the rest was not. The Kreise in Galicia and Lodomeria were abolished in 1865 (enacted 23 September, effective 31 October). In 1850 Galicia and Lodomeria

2491-511: Was designed by the Graz architect Leopold Theyer and erected in 1897 and 1898, after the earthquake in 1895. The entrance portal of the building faces the Adamič and Lunder Embankment. There is a balcony with a wrought iron fence above it, and above the balcony, there is a coat of arms of the town of Ljubljana in a cartouche , encased with a sculpture of a genius on each side. The genii are work of

2544-503: Was divided into three Regierungsbezirke ('government districts'), named after their capitals: Lemberg, Krakau and Stanislau . The Kreise were abolished and replaced with political districts ( Bezirkshauptmannschaften ). The 1850 changes to the administrative structure of the empire were reversed in Bach 's January 1853 reforms, although the precise divisions remained to be determined. In April 1854 Galicia and Lodomeria

2597-690: Was divided into two Verwaltungsgebiete ( lit.   ' administrative regions/territories ' ) and its Kreise formally restored: The cities of Lemberg and Krakau remained directly subordinate to the crown land. Bukovina was not part of Galicia and Lodomeria at this time. A list detailing the Bezirke of each Kreis from 1853 can be found at Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria § List of Kreise and Bezirke from 1854 In 1860 Verwaltungsgebiet Krakau and Bukovina were dissolved and re-subordinated to Lemberg. West or New Galicia ( Westgalizien/Neugalizien ) comprised

2650-536: Was headed by an Amtmann , usually a lesser nobleman or cleric, appointed by a territorial lord to administer and dispense justice within the Amt . While Iceland was a territory of the Danish-Norwegian realm, amts (singular: amt ; plural: ömt ) were established in the country on top of the existing counties . From 1684 to 1770, Iceland as whole was a single amt in the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway but

2703-551: Was returned to Denmark after the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites , four new counties were created in the area. During the 20th century, the powers of the counties were expanded, when they were granted responsibility for the hospital service. The købstæder , which by this time had been separated from the counties and were overseen by the Interior Ministry , assumed the same responsibility. As the population became increasingly urbanized, and many rural communities came to rely on

SECTION 50

#1732793129157

2756-434: Was then split into two amts: North and East Amt ( Norður- og Austuramt ) and South and West Amt ( Suður- og Vesturamt ). The latter was in 1787 split into a West Amt ( Vesturamt ) and South Amt ( Suðuramt ). Iceland was thus divided into three amts until 1872, when the South and West amts were again merged. Amts were abolished in 1904, when Iceland gained home rule from Denmark. Amts are not used to denote

2809-405: Was transferred to the re-established Kingdom of Croatia , except for Fiume (Rijeka), which returned to its previous status as a Corpus separatum under Hungary. This was organised into: Like the Littoral, these belonged to Gubernium Triest. During this time the remainder of Istria and the southern part of what was later Görz, including all of its coastline (much of which had been part of

#156843