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65-691: The Kurganets-25 is designed to be a successor to the BMP-3 Russian tracked troop carrier which fulfills a similar role as Western designs like the American M2 Bradley and British Warrior . The Kurganets-25 is based on the Armata Universal Combat Platform while being lighter than the T-15 Armata "heavy IFV" based on the same and similar to the wheeled VPK-7829 Bumerang . There are two versions of

130-595: A BMP-3 with a remotely controlled combat module. The batches of vehicles delivered to the Russian troops since 2023 are equipped with the Sodema main sight and extra protection as well as the ability to install ERA. Kurganmashzavod reported in May 2023 that during the first quarter of the year it supplied the same number of vehicles it did in the whole of 2019. In July 2023, Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu stated that

195-405: A GO-27 radiation and chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V "Tucha-2" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers. BMP-3M is equipped with Bakhcha-U turret, which has similar weapons to the original BMP-3 turret but with a new dual-channel FLIR gunner's sight, commander's panoramic thermal imaging device, vertical-storage conveyor, new autoloader, and

260-528: A bank of two Kornet-EM anti-tank guided missiles on either side. The Kurganets-25 APC variant has a 12.7 mm MG RWS instead of the Bumerang-BM turret. An SPAAG version with a 57 mm autocannon and a Kurganets-25 SPG with a 125 mm are planned. The Kurganets-25 weighs 25 tonnes. This allows the Kurganets-25 to be light enough to be mobile on water. The maximum speed of the vehicle

325-467: A high-strength aluminum alloy, with the front of the hull being provided with an extra steel plate welded over it plus spaced armor from the trim vane. The turret is also provided with a thick steel spaced armour shield over its frontal arc. Over the frontal arc, the vehicle is protected against 30 mm gun rounds at a range of 200 m. In addition to "hard" protection, the BMP-3's self-sealing fuel tank

390-523: A higher floor more suited for mounted combat rather than troop carrying, which provides better IED and mine protection. While the T-15 is expected to be deployed with T-14 tanks in armored formations, Kurganets-25 platforms will equip mechanized units. The Kurganets-25 IFV features the Bumerang-BM remote control turret with its 2A42 30 mm autocannon, a 7.62 mm coaxial PKT machine gun and

455-556: A new sighting system. It also has a stronger armor on the turret, and two-axis stabilisation. The turret of the BMP-3 has been fitted to the Patria Armoured Modular Vehicle and on the Turkish-UAE RABDAN 8x8 IFV. In August 2017, a BMP-3M was presented with a new ATGM remote weapon station fitted on the standard turret carrying two 9M120 Ataka (AT-9 Spiral-2) missiles. In June 2018,

520-597: A practice among post-Soviet nations , many of which have large Russian populations. In 1995, Russia, Kazakhstan , Belarus , and Ukraine held parades for the first time since 1991. In Belarus on non-jubilee years, a procession is held from October Square , which ends with the laying of wreaths on Victory Square . In 2015, a parade of young people, cadets of military lyceums, young athletes took place on Bishkek's Ala-Too Square , attended by President Almazbek Atambayev and Prime Minister Temir Sariev . The Immortal Regiment ( Russian : Бессмертный полк; Bessmertniy Polk )

585-416: A rate of fire of 350 to 400 rounds per minute and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 2,000 rounds are mounted coaxially in the turret. The main gun elevates from −5° to +60°. There are also two 7.62 mm PKT bow machine guns, again with 2,000 rounds each. The BMP-3 is capable of engaging targets out to 5,000–6,000 metres with its ATGM weapon system 9K116-3 "Basnya". With conventional ammunition, such as

650-901: A special prayer for this rite, taking as a basis the prayer of Philaret Drozdov , written in honor of the victory of the Imperial Russian Army over the French Grande Armee during the Napoleonic Wars . The completion of the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces was timed to Victory Day in 2020. Traditions such as the Victory Relay Race are held on jubilee anniversaries. In 2013, Turkmenistan conducted live-fire military exercises "Galkan-2013" (Shield-2013) dedicated to

715-401: A topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts. The ritual of the celebration gradually obtained a distinctive character with a number of similar elements: ceremonial meetings, speeches, lectures, receptions and fireworks. In Russia during the 1990s, the 9 May holiday was not celebrated with large Soviet-style mass demonstrations due to

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780-529: Is 80 km/h on land and 10 km/h on water. Both the IFV and APC variants have a front-mounted 800 hp engine. The Kurganets-25 IFV has 360-degree coverage from its active protection system launcher tubes. This APS is smaller than the one found on the T-14 Armata and T-15, but like the T-15, it is attached close the top of the hull. A two-part projectile detection system is placed on various places on

845-520: Is a Soviet and Russian infantry fighting vehicle , successor to the BMP-1 and BMP-2 . The abbreviation BMP stands for Boevaya Mashina Pekhoty ( Боевая Машина Пехоты , literally "infantry combat vehicle"). The design of the BMP-3 ( Obyekt 688M) can be traced back to the Obyekt 685 light tank prototype with an 2A48-1 100 mm gun from 1975. The prototype did not enter series production, but

910-437: Is a four-speed hydromechanical power unit, with power takeoff to its water jets. The suspension is independent, with a torsion bar and six hydraulic shock absorbers. Steering is by gear differential with hydrostatic drive. The track adjusting mechanism is remotely controlled from the driver's station, with tension force indication. The water-jet propulsion unit is single-stage, axial, auger-type . The hull and turret are made of

975-674: Is a holiday that commemorates the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany in 1945. It was first inaugurated in the 15 republics of the Soviet Union following the signing of the German Instrument of Surrender late in the evening on 8 May 1945 (9 May Moscow Time ). The Soviet government announced the victory early on 9 May after the signing ceremony in Berlin . Although the official inauguration occurred in 1945,

1040-607: Is a massive civil event staged in major cities in Russia and around the world every 9 May. Since it was introduced in 2012, it has been conducted in cities such as Moscow , Washington D.C. , Dushanbe , Berlin , and Yekaterinburg . Participants carry pictures of relatives or family members who served during the Second World War. The front line of the procession carries a banner with the words Bessmertniy Polk written on it. Up to 12 million Russians have participated in

1105-443: Is in the back of the vehicle to the right (unlike most other IFVs, which have the engine located forward in the hull). As a result, the driver is seated forward in the hull (in the center) together with two infantrymen (one on each side of the driver). The vehicle has a double bottom, and the engine is located under the floor of the vehicle (troops enter/leave the vehicle over the engine). The remaining five infantrymen are seated aft of

1170-579: Is located in front of the driver, directly behind the front armour plating. It is specially constructed to act as armour, effective against shaped charge warheads as well as any autocannon shells that managed to go through the front armour. The BMP-3 can create a smoke screen by injecting fuel into the exhaust manifolds. A chemical agent detector, an FVU filtration system, an automatic fire extinguisher and six 902V "Tucha-2" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers are standard. At least two distinct sets of explosive reactive armour kit are currently available, giving

1235-443: Is now combined with the bright hope of an imminent victory of truth and light over the untruth and darkness of German fascism, which before our eyes is crushed by the combined force of our valiant troops and the troops of our allies. The dark forces of fascism were not able to resist the light and power of Christ, and God's omnipotence appeared over the imaginary power of man. Every 26 April ( Old Style , O.S.; 9 May, New Style or N.S.),

1300-551: Is one of the most important and emotional dates in Russia. Victory Day Parades are military parades that are held on 9 May, particularly in various post-soviet nations such as Russia , Kazakhstan , Belarus , and until 2015, Ukraine . Outside of the former Soviet Union, military victory parades have also been held in Serbia , Poland and the Czech Republic . The first victory day parade on Red Square took place with

1365-598: Is protected against 12.7 mm machine gun rounds in the range of 100–200 m. Rostec reported in September 2023 that the production of additional protection kits for the BMP-3 increased 30 times in comparison with 2022. The BMP-3 saw action with the Russian forces during the First Chechen War . In 2000, the United Arab Emirates deployed some BMP-3s in peacekeeping operations during

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1430-575: The HE-Frag shell 3OF32, the 2A70 gun has a range of 4,000 metres. According to the manufacturer's website, all weapons can be fired while still, on the move, and afloat with the same effectiveness. The ability to hit targets on the move with missiles was successfully demonstrated during competitive evaluations in the UAE in 1991. The turret is fitted with the 2K23 system, which consists of an autoloader with 22 rounds (the remaining 18 rounds are stored in

1495-709: The Kosovo War . The BMP-3 also saw military use with Emirati forces during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen , where it is currently deployed. The BMP-3 has been used during the post-2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by Russian forces. An unknown number have been put into service by the Armed Forces of Ukraine after being captured. Ukrainian anti-tank missiles and attack drones with HEAT warheads have been able to overcome protection systems on

1560-712: The Latvian Parliament passed a bill to ban all public celebrations on May 9, the only exception being Europe Day. The law was meant to stop the "glorification of warfare and to stem the propagandist distortions of World War II history often implicit in Victory Day celebrations." In the Easter message of 1945, the Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow wrote: The Easter joy of the Resurrection of Christ

1625-507: The Nakidka camouflage system started as of May 2024. BMP-3 infantry combat vehicles started receiving serially outfitted drone suppression systems in June 2024. The standard weight of the vehicle is 18.7 tonnes. If additional armour overlay (metal sheet of armour and Kaktus ERA) is installed, the weight will reach to 22.2 tonnes. The body is covered from the sides and the top. In such kit, it

1690-602: The Russian Orthodox Church commemorates the dead, being the only special remembrance day for the dead with a fixed date. After the liturgy , a memorial service for the fallen soldiers is served in all churches and monasteries of the Orthodox Church. The annual commemoration on Victory Day "of the soldiers who for faith, the Fatherland and the people laid down their lives and all those who died in

1755-513: The Western Military District of Russia announced that an air show would be held at Kubinka air base in Victory Day. On Victory Day, many books on topics such as the war such as Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen are published. On the eve of the diamond jubilee, President Vladimir Putin, at the request of Chancellor Sebastian Kurz , gave a live address broadcast Austrian TV channel ORF . The Victory Banner refers to

1820-533: The "Victory speech" of the Russian president and the parade on Red Square for telecasts for viewers all over the globe, making the parade one of the world's most watched events of the year. RT also broadcasts the parade featuring live commentary, and also airs yet another highlight of the day – the Minute of Silence at 6:55   pm MST, a tradition dating back to 1965. Because of massive losses among both military and civilians during World War II , Victory Day

1885-878: The 68th anniversary of the Victory, observed by President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov at the Kelyata Training Center of the Ministry of Defence of Turkmenistan in the Bäherden District of the Ahal Region . In 2016, Moldovan Defence Minister Anatol Șalaru attended a display of vehicles from the Moldovan National Army and the United States Army in the central park of Chișinău . In April 2020, an official in

1950-586: The Army-2017 show, the Russian Defence Ministry signed a contract covering the first deliveries of an unspecified number of BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) fitted with the Bumerang-BM turret, also known as the B-19 variant. The BMP-3 B-19 took part in the large-scale Russian-Belarusian exercise Zapad in September 2021. In 2022, Russia started to promote to the international market

2015-421: The BMP-3 added side protection from autocannon fire as well. BMP-3s serial production with ERA started as of November 2022. The BMP-3 also has the ability to carry a Shtora-1 electro-optical jammer that disrupts semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) antitank guided missiles, laser rangefinders and target designators. Shtora is a soft-kill, or passive-countermeasure system. BMP-3s serial production with

Kurganets-25 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-435: The BMP-3 can be fitted with a new fire control system from the "Peleng" Joint Stock Company from Belarus. This consists of a SOZH-M gunner's main sight with an integrated laser rangefinder and missile guidance channel, a Vesna-K targeting system with thermal imaging camera and automatic target tracker AST-B, an armament stabilisation system, a ballistic computer with data input sensors and a PL-1 IR laser projector. Since 2017,

2145-400: The BMP-3 is fitted with a new fire control system from the "Vologda Optical-Mechanical Plant" from Russia. This consists of a Sodema two-plane stabilized gunner's main sight with an integrated laser rangefinder and missile guidance channel plus a SOZH-M thermal imaging camera. Standard equipment includes five firing ports with associated vision blocks, an R-173 transceiver, an R-173P receiver,

2210-667: The BMP-3 protection from less advanced rocket propelled grenades. One of them is the Kaktus ERA kit, which has a unique design that creates minimal acoustic and kinetic backlash to the armour behind it upon detonation, thus ensuring that the occupants will not be harmed by shockwaves from the ERA block. The ERA blocks will completely disintegrate after detonation. According to Kurganmashzavod, the BMP-3 may also be fitted with additional side armor tiles, which can resist .50 caliber armour-piercing ammunition perpendicularly at close ranges. They give

2275-514: The BMP-3 such as reactive and slat armor, so by 2024 they were increasingly being used for indirect fire support. A song titled "Song of the BMP Driver," was written sometime during the First or Second Chechen Wars . The song is from the perspective of a driver of a BMP-3, singing to his girlfriend to wait for him to return home for their wedding. Victory Day (9 May) Victory Day

2340-765: The BRM-3K. In May 2015, the Russian Defense Ministry signed a three-year contract to receive "hundreds" of BMP-3 vehicles to maintain its armored vehicle force until its replacement, the Kurganets-25 , completes research and development. In the process of the BMP's serial production, the vehicle's design underwent 1,500 amendments. The contract was fully executed in 2017. 200 more received in 2018-2019 and 168 more in production to be delivered in 2020–2021[outdated information] with additional protection. In

2405-799: The End of the Second World War . The Russian Federation has officially recognized 9 May since its formation in 1991 and considers it a non-working holiday even if it falls on a weekend (in which case any following Monday will be a non-working holiday). The holiday was similarly celebrated there while the country was part of the Soviet Union. Most other countries in Europe observe Victory in Europe Day (often abbreviated to VE Day, or V-E Day) on 8 May, and Europe Day on 9 May as national remembrance or victory days. The German Instrument of Surrender

2470-655: The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945" was established by the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1994. On the eve of the 65th anniversary in 2010, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow gave his blessing for all the churches of the Russian Orthodox Church to perform a "prayer service in memory of the deliverance of our people from a terrible, mortal enemy, from a danger that our Fatherland has not known in all history". The patriarch composed

2535-528: The Reims and Berlin instruments of surrender stipulated that forces under German control to cease active operations at 23:01 hours CET on 8 May 1945. However, due to the difference in Central European and Moscow time zones, the end of war is celebrated on 9 May in the Soviet Union and most post-Soviet countries. To commemorate the victory in the war, the ceremonial Moscow Victory Parade was held in

2600-703: The Reims instrument of surrender as a surrender to the Western Allies only, and fighting continued in the East, especially in Prague . [Quoting Stalin:] Today, in Reims, Germans signed the preliminary act on an unconditional surrender. The main contribution, however, was done by Soviet people and not by the Allies, therefore the capitulation must be signed in front of the Supreme Command of all countries of

2665-512: The Russian Defense Ministry announced that BMP-3s would be fitted with the AU-220M combat module equipped with a 57 mm cannon. The module can carry 80 rounds and fire 80 rounds per minute including air burst, high-explosive, fragmentation, armor-piercing and guided munitions with a maximum range of 14.5 km (9.0 mi), and can even punch through the side armor of main battle tanks . The vehicle has an unconventional layout. The engine

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2730-799: The Soviet capital on 24 June 1945. During the Soviet Union's existence, 9 May was celebrated throughout it and in the Eastern Bloc . Though the holiday was introduced in many Soviet republics between 1946 and 1950, it became a non-working day only in the Ukrainian SSR in 1963 and the Russian SFSR in 1965. In the Russian SFSR, a weekday off (usually a Monday) was given if 9 May fell on a Saturday or Sunday. The celebration of Victory Day continued during subsequent years. The war became

2795-592: The Soviet military banner raised by the Soviet soldiers on the Reichstag building in Berlin on 1 May 1945. Made during the Battle of Berlin by soldiers who created it while under battlefield conditions, it has historically been the official symbol of the Victory of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany. Being the 5th banner to be created, it was the only army flag that was prepared to be raised in Berlin to survive

2860-474: The anti-Hitler coalition, and not only in front of the Supreme Command of Allied Forces. Moreover, I disagree that the surrender was not signed in Berlin, which was the center of Nazi aggression. We agreed with the Allies to consider the Reims protocol as preliminary. A second surrender ceremony was organized in a surviving manor in the outskirts of Berlin late on 8 May, when it was already 9 May in Moscow due to

2925-515: The battle. The Cyrillic inscription on the banner reads: " 150th Rifle , Order of Kutuzov 2nd class, Idritsa Division, 79th Rifle Corps , 3rd Shock Army , 1st Belorussian Front ", representing the unit that soldiers who raised the banner were from. On 9 May, a specially made replica of the Victory Banner is carried by a color guard of the 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment through Red Square . The Victory Banner

2990-607: The ceremonies because of the Russian military intervention in Ukraine . The 2020 edition of the parade , marking the 75th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Russophone populations in many countries celebrate the holiday regardless of its local status, organize public gatherings and even parades on this day. Some multilanguage broadcasting television networks translate

3055-420: The chassis, with a new engine, was used for the next-generation infantry combat vehicle Obyekt 688 from A. Blagonravov's design bureau. The Ob. 688's original weapon configuration consisting of an externally mounted Shipunov 2A42 30 mm autocannon , a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun and twin 9M113 Konkurs ATGM launcher was rejected; instead, the new 2K23 armament system was selected. The resulting BMP-3

3120-631: The difference in time zones. Field-Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , chief of OKW, signed a final German Instrument of Surrender, which was also signed by Marshal Georgy Zhukov , on behalf of the Supreme High Command of the Red Army , and Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder , on behalf of the Allied Expeditionary Force, in the presence of General Carl Spaatz and General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny , as witnesses. The surrender

3185-423: The early 21st century, it became an awareness ribbon to commemorate the veterans of the war, being recognized as a patriotic symbol. In countries such as Ukraine and the Baltic states , it has been associated recently with Russophilia and Russian irredentism . It has become especially associated with Russian support for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . In Ukraine the government chose to replace it with

3250-401: The holiday became a non-labor day only in 1965. In East Germany , 8 May was observed as Liberation Day from 1950 to 1966, and was celebrated again on the 40th anniversary in 1985. In 1967, a Soviet-style "Victory Day" was celebrated on 8 May. Since 2002, the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has observed a commemoration day known as the Day of Liberation from National Socialism , and

3315-604: The hull and turret. The Kurganets-25 APC variant, when revealed in the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade , had a scaled down APS system which was mounted only on the turret with none on the hull. According to the first vice president and co-owner of Concern Tractor Plants, Albert Bakov, the Kurganets-25 uses a console similar to a Sony PlayStation DualShock gamepad . It is wider than previous generations of Russian APCs and IFVs. The front located engine increases crew comfort and ease of access. A few different versions of Kurganets-25 are in development. BMP-3 The BMP-3

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3380-399: The hull), a 1V539 ballistic computer, a crosswind sensor, a 2E52-2 stabilising system, a 1D16-3 laser rangefinder, a 1K13-2 gunner's sight/guidance device, a PPB-1 gunner's sight and an OU-5-1 IR searchlight . Optional autoloader for ATGM missiles is also available. The commander has a combined optical sight 1PZ-10, a day/night vision device TKN-3MB and an IR searchlight OU-3GA2. Since 2005,

3445-404: The largest popular holidays since the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1995, as the world celebrated the 50th anniversary of the end of the war, many world leaders converged on Moscow to attend the city's first state sponsored ceremonies since the end of the Soviet Union. In 2015 around 30 leaders, including those of China and India, attended the 2015 celebration, while Western leaders boycotted

3510-411: The march nationwide in recent years. Since 2015, the President Vladimir Putin and senior Russian officials have participated in the procession in Moscow. It has come under criticism by those who charge that participants are carrying photographs and discarding them after the event. Members of government usually take part in a wreath-laying ceremony at their national war memorial, usually dedicated to

3575-458: The participation of the Red Army and a small detachment from the First Polish Army on 24 June 1945. After a 20-year hiatus, the parade was held again and became a regular tradition among Eastern Bloc countries and Soviet allies. Countries that had this tradition included Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia , both of which had their last parades in 1985. After the fall of the Soviet Union , they quickly fell out of style in Europe and soon became

3640-436: The policies of successive Russian governments. Following Vladimir Putin 's rise to power, the Russian government began promoting the prestige of the governing regime and history, and national holidays and commemorations became a source of national self-esteem. Victory Day in Russia has become a celebration in which popular culture plays a central role. The 60th and 70th anniversaries of Victory Day in Russia (2005 and 2015) became

3705-581: The specific war victory. Wreaths are often laid at memorials such as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow) , the Monument to the Unknown Sailor ( Odesa ), and the Monument to Hazi Aslanov ( Baku ). Although Latvia does not officially recognize 9 May, most of the large Russian community informally celebrates the holiday, with trips to the Victory Memorial to Soviet Army being common in Riga , with some diplomats ( ambassadors of Russia , Kazakhstan, and Belarus) as well as some politicians ( Nils Ušakovs , Alfrēds Rubiks ) also taking part. On 20 April 2023

3770-617: The supplies and repair of BMP-3 by Kurganmashzavod had surged 2.1 times since early 2022. Kurganmashzavod reported in early September 2023 that the supply of BMP-3 increased by 3 times at comparison with peacetime. The BMP-3 is one of the most heavily armed infantry combat vehicles in service. The original version has a turret fitted with a low-velocity 2A70 100 mm rifled gun which can fire conventional shells or 9M117 Bastion Anti Tank Guided Missiles (AT-10 Stabber). It carries 40 100 mm rounds and 8 ATGMs. A 2A72 30 mm dual feed autocannon with 500 (300 HEI and 200 AP-T ) rounds and

3835-437: The text of the surrender, and because Susloparov, a relatively low-ranking officer, was not authorized to sign this document, the Soviet Union requested that a second, revised, instrument of surrender be signed in Berlin. Joseph Stalin declared that the Soviet Union considered the Reims surrender a preliminary document, and Dwight D. Eisenhower immediately agreed with that. Another argument was that some German troops considered

3900-447: The two-man turret. Early models were powered by a 450 hp engine UTD-29, but most BMP-3s are now equipped with the 500 hp UTD-29M version. The engine was developed at the Transmash Diesel Engine Plant in Barnaul. The BMP-3 has a range of 600 km, an altitude of operation of up to 3,000 m and it is transportable by train, truck, sea, and air. The BMP-3 engine is a diesel four-stroke, liquid-cooled design. The transmission

3965-455: The vehicle: a heavily armed infantry fighting vehicle carrying 6-7 troops, and a lightly armed APC carrying 8 troops. Other variants proposed for the Kurganets include an armored ambulance, an 82 mm Vasilek mortar carrier, an anti-tank vehicle, an armored recovery vehicle, a reconnaissance vehicle, a command vehicle, and an armored engineering vehicle. The vehicle represents a departure from traditional Russian low profile designs, having

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4030-462: Was brought to Kyiv from Moscow in October 2004 to take part in the parade in honor of the 60th Anniversary of the Liberation of Ukraine . In 2015, the banner was brought to Astana to participate in the Defender of the Fatherland Day parade on 7 May. The Ribbon of Saint George is a military symbol that dates back to the era of the Russian Empire . It consists of a black and orange bicolour pattern, with three black and two orange stripes. In

4095-407: Was developed in the early 1980s and entered service with the Soviet Army officially in 1987. It was shown for the first time in public during the 1990 Victory Day parade and was given the NATO code IFV M1990/1 . The BMP-3 is designed and produced by the Kurganmashzavod ("Kurgan Machine Building Plant") some variants however are built by the Rubtsovsk Machine Building Plant (RMZ), for example

4160-452: Was signed in the Soviet Army headquarters in Berlin-Karlshorst . Both English and Russian versions of the instrument of surrender signed in Berlin were considered authentic texts. The revised Berlin text of the instrument of surrender differed from the preliminary text signed in Reims in explicitly stipulating the complete disarmament of all German military forces , handing over their weapons to local Allied military commanders. Both

4225-428: Was signed twice. An initial document was signed in Reims on 7 May 1945 by Alfred Jodl (chief of staff of the German OKW ) for Germany, Walter Bedell Smith , on behalf of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force , and Ivan Susloparov , on behalf of the Soviet High Command , in the presence of French Major-General François Sevez as the official witness. Since the Soviet High Command had not agreed to

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