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72-585: Hogarth was dispatched to Jeddah to deliver the letter, which had been written by Sir Mark Sykes on behalf of the British Government. The message assured Hussein that "(1) The Entente Powers are determined that the Arab race shall be given full opportunity of once again forming a nation in the world. This can only be achieved by the Arabs themselves uniting, and Great Britain and her Allies will pursue

144-473: A catastrophe in 2011 when it was submerged with rainwater. Tahliyah Street is an important fashion and shopping street in central Jeddah. It contains many upscale departments and high fashion brands stores as well as boutiques. It has been renamed "Prince Mohammad bin Abdul Aziz Road" by the government, but this official name is not widely used. It also has many fine dining options. Madinah Road

216-607: A compensation scheme that accounted for 47% of those evicted. Jeddah is located in Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coastal plain (called Tihamah ). Jeddah lies in the Hijazi Tihama ( تهامة الحجاز ) region which is in the lower Hijaz mountains . Historically, politically and culturally, Jeddah was a major city of Hejaz Vilayet , the Kingdom of Hejaz and other regional political entities according to Hijazi history books. It

288-822: A fleet of 50 vessels under the Governor of Jeddah, Hussein the Kurd (aka. Mirocem). Jeddah was soon fortified with a wall, using forced labor, as a harbor of refuge from the Portuguese , allowing Arabia and the Red Sea to be protected. In 1517, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of Selim I . The Ottomans rebuilt the weak walls of Jeddah in 1525 following

360-699: A historic port for pilgrims arriving by sea to perform their Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. In 750 in the Abbasid Revolution , the Abbasids successfully took control of almost the whole Umayyad Empire, excluding Morocco (Maghrib) and Spain (Al-Andalus) . From 876, Jeddah and the surrounding area became the object of wars between the Abbasids and the Tulunids of Egypt, who at one point gained control of

432-489: A moral code established by Shari'ah. A very small minority of Saudi citizens are Shia Muslims , and there is also a large foreign workforce, mainly from countries like the Philippines and Pakistan. The city has over 1,300 mosques . The law does not allow other religions' buildings, books, icons, and expressions of faith. However, private religious observance not involving Muslims nor offending public order and morality

504-431: A number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area, like those of Al-Aḥzāb ("The Confederates"), Badr and Ḥunayn . They involved both Makkan companions , such as Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib , Ubayda ibn al-Harith and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas , and Madani companions. The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire. Due to

576-503: A policy with this ultimate unity in view. "(2) So far as Palestine is concerned we are determined that no people shall be subject to another, but "(3) Since the Jewish opinion of the world is in favour of a return of Jews to Palestine and inasmuch as this opinion must remain a constant factor, and further as His Majesty’s Government view with favour the realisation of this aspiration, His Majesty’s Government are determined that in so far as

648-466: A port city. Even before being designated the port city for Mecca, Jeddah was a trading hub for the region. In the 19th century, goods such as mother-of-pearl, tortoise shells, frankincense, and spices were routinely exported from the city. Apart from this, many imports into the city were destined for further transit to the Suez, Africa, or Europe. Many goods passing through Jeddah could not be normally found in

720-816: A revolt against the Ottoman Empire , seeking independence from the Ottoman Turks and the creation of a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen . King Hussein declared the Kingdom of Hejaz . Later, Hussein was involved in a war with Ibn Saud , who was the Sultan of Nejd . Hussein abdicated following the fall of Mecca , in December 1924, and his son Ali bin Hussein became

792-706: Is a historically significant street in Jeddah. It links the Southern districts with the North and contains the Main offices of several companies and showrooms. The northern end of the road links to the King Abdul Aziz Int'l Airport , which is a contributing factor to heavy traffic on this road at most times during the day. Most citizens are Sunni Muslims . The government, courts, and civil and criminal laws enforce

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864-638: Is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia , covering the cities of Mecca , Medina , Jeddah , Tabuk , Yanbu , Taif and Baljurashi . It is thus known as the "Western Province", and it is bordered in the west by the Red Sea , in the north by Jordan , in the east by the Najd , and in the south by the Region of 'Asir . Its largest city is Jeddah, which is the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia, with Mecca and Medina, respectively, being

936-420: Is compatible with the freedom of the existing population both economic and political, no obstacle should be put in the way of the realisation of this ideal. In this connexion the friendship of world Jewry to the Arab cause is equivalent to support in all States where Jews have a political influence. The leaders of the movement are determined to bring about the success of Zionism by friendship and co-operation with

1008-498: Is now the prevailing usage, although some street signs still use the older Jiddah. Traces of early activity in the area are testified by some Thamudic inscriptions that were excavated in Wadi Briman ( وادي بريمان ), east of the city, and Wadi Boweb ( وادي بويب ), northwest of the city. The oldest Mashrabiya found in Jeddah dates back to the pre-Islamic era. Some believe that Jeddah had been inhabited before Alexander

1080-405: Is still preserved. A house-by-house survey of the old districts was made in 1979, showing that some 1000 traditional buildings still existed, though the number of structures with great historic value was far less. In 1990, a Jeddah Historical Area Preservation Department was founded. The modern city has expanded wildly beyond its old boundaries. The built-up area expanded mainly to the north along

1152-406: Is the 100th largest city in the world by land area. Jeddah features an arid climate ( BWh ) under Koppen's climate classification , with a tropical temperature range. Unlike other Saudi Arabian cities, Jeddah retains its warm temperature in winter, which can range from 15 °C (59 °F) at dawn to 28 °C (82 °F) in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot, often breaking

1224-645: Is the largest city in Makkah Province , Saudi Arabia , and the country's second largest city after Riyadh , located along the Red Sea coast in the Hejaz region. Jeddah is the commercial center of the country. It is not known when Jeddah was founded, but Jeddah's prominence grew in 647 when the Caliph Uthman made it a travel hub serving Muslim travelers going to the holy city of Mecca for Islamic pilgrimage . Since those times, Jeddah has served as

1296-691: Is tolerated. Since the 7th century, Jeddah has hosted millions of Muslim pilgrims from all over the world on their way to the Hajj . This merge with pilgrims has a major impact on the society, religion, and economy of Jeddah. Jeddah's multi-ethnic citizenry has influenced Jeddah's traditional cuisine. Hejaz The Hejaz ( / h iː ˈ dʒ æ z , h ɪ ˈ -/ , also US : / h ɛ ˈ -/ ; Arabic : ٱلْحِجَاز , romanized :  al-Ḥijāz , lit.   'the Barrier';, Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [alħɪˈdʒaːz] )

1368-696: The Mahd adh-Dhahab ("Cradle of the Gold") ( 23°30′13″N 40°51′35″E  /  23.50361°N 40.85972°E  / 23.50361; 40.85972 ) and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow 600 miles (970 km) north east to the Persian Gulf via the Wādi Al-Rummah and Wādi Al-Bātin system. Archaeological research led by of Boston University and the University of Qassim indicates that

1440-472: The Al-Saud dynasty in December 1925. In 1926, Ibn Saud added the title King of Hejaz to his position of Sultan of Nejd. Today, Jeddah has lost its historical role in peninsular politics after it fell within the new province of Makkah , whose provincial capital is the city of Mecca . From 1928 to 1932, the new Khuzam Palace was built as the new residence of King Abdul Aziz in Jeddah. The palace lies south of

1512-567: The Arabic word for "grandmother". According to folk belief, the Tomb of Eve , who is considered the grandmother of humanity, is located in Jeddah. The Maghrebi traveler Ibn Battuta visited Jeddah during his world trip in around 1330. He wrote the name of the city into his diary as "Jiddah". The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other branches of the British government formerly used

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1584-572: The Ayyubid dynasty . Ayyubid conquests in Hejaz included Jeddah, which joined the Ayyubid dynasty in 1177 during the leadership of Sharif Ibn Abul-Hashim Al-Thalab (1094–1201). During their relatively short-lived tenure, the Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in

1656-536: The Islamic world . This period was also marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening Sunni dominance in the region by constructing numerous madrasas (Islamic schools) in their major cities. Jeddah attracted Muslim sailors and merchants from Sindh , Southeast Asia and East Africa , and other distant regions. In the year 1258, after the fall of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, to

1728-678: The Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea . Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its Song dynasty , which eventually determined the economic course of Tihamah during the High Middle Ages . After Saladin 's conquest of Jerusalem in 1171, he proclaimed himself sultan of Egypt, after dissolving the Fatimid Caliphate upon the death of al-Adid , thus establishing

1800-567: The OIC . Jeddah Islamic Port , on the Red Sea , is the thirty-sixth largest seaport in the world and the second-largest and second-busiest seaport in the Middle East (after Dubai 's Port of Jebel Ali ). Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca Sharif, the holiest city in Islam , 65 kilometers (40 mi) to the east, while Medina , the second-holiest city, is 360 kilometers (220 mi) to

1872-569: The Qur'an , and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to Petra . Construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud . The location is also called Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh"), as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet Saleh was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under

1944-646: The early Muslim conquests , and it formed part of successive caliphates, first the Rashidun Caliphate , followed by the Umayyad Caliphate , and finally the Abbasid Caliphate . The Ottoman Empire held partial control over the area; after its dissolution, an independent Kingdom of Hejaz existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring Sultanate of Nejd , creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd . In September 1932,

2016-590: The 40 °C (104 °F) mark in the afternoon. Summers are also quite steamy, with dew points often exceeding 27 °C (80 °F), particularly in September. Rainfall in Jeddah is generally sparse, and usually occurs in small amounts in November and December. Heavy thunderstorms are common in winter. The thunderstorm of December 2008 was the largest in recent memory, with rain reaching around 80 mm (3 in). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah

2088-642: The Arabs, and such an offer is not one to be lightly thrown aside," The message was not formally released in translation until 1939; after its release, it was used in testimony to the Permanent Mandates Commission by Malcolm MacDonald then Secretary of State for the Colonies in order to controversially reinterpret the meaning that had been given to the Mandate terms at prior meetings. Friedman and Kedourie argue that Hussein accepted

2160-539: The Balfour Declaration while Charles D.Smith argues that both Friedman and Kedourie misrepresent documents and violate scholarly standards in order to reach their conclusions. Hogarth reported that Hussein "would not accept an independent Jewish State in Palestine, nor was I instructed to warn him that such a state was contemplated by Great Britain". The secret Sykes–Picot Agreement had been revealed in

2232-527: The Balkans, Mandi ( مَنْدي ) and Mutabbag ( مُطَبَّق ) from Yemen, Biryāni برياني and Kābli ( كابلي ) rice dishes from South Asia . Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma and kebab are well-known in Hejaz. The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice. The region is located along the Red Sea Rift. It is also known for its darker , more volcanic sand . Depending on the previous definition,

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2304-554: The British press in late November of the previous year and in response to a query by Hussein, the British had sent the Bassett Letter of 8 February. It did not call for Arab sovereignty, but the French and British agreement did call for "suzerainty of an Arab chief" in its A and B areas and "an international administration, the form of which is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in consultation with

2376-456: The Gate of Al-Bunt, Gate of Al-Sham (also called Gate of Al-Sharaf), and Gate of Medina , facing north. The Turks also built The Qishla of Jeddah , a small castle for the city soldiers. In the 19th century, these seven gates were minimized into four giant gates with four towers. These giant gates were the Gate of Sham to the north, the Gate of Mecca to the east, the Gate of Sharif to the south, and

2448-605: The Gate of Al-Magharibah on the seaside. Jeddah became a direct Ottoman Eyalet , while the remaining Hejaz under Sharif Barakat II became a vassal state to the Ottoman Empire eight years after the Siege of Jeddah in 1517. The Portuguese attempted to attack the port again in 1541, but were repelled . Parts of the city wall still survive today in the old city . Even though the Portuguese were successfully repelled from

2520-513: The Great , who had a naval expedition to the Red Sea, by fishermen in the Red Sea, who considered it a center from which they sailed out into the sea as well as a place for relaxation and well-being. According to the Ministry of Hajj, Jeddah has been settled for more than 2500 years. Excavations in the old city have been interpreted to give the fact that Jeddah was founded as a fishing hamlet by

2592-655: The Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This day is commemorated as the Saudi National Day . The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by that of Islam , especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. Moreover, the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia, and the Sharia is the main legal source. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is not just adhered politically by

2664-608: The Hejaz includes some of the mountains of the Sarat range , which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah. Bdellium plants are also abundant in the Hejaz. Saudi Arabia, and in particular the Hejaz, is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes. Lava fields in the Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of ḥarrāt ( حَرَّات , singular: ḥarrah ( حَرَّة )), form one of Earth's largest alkali basalt regions, covering some 180,000 km (69,000 sq mi), an area greater than

2736-604: The Hejaz was part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea . According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) brought his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. The Adnanites were a tribal confederation of the Ishmaelite Arabs , who trace their lineage back to Ishmael son of the Islamic prophet and patriarch Abraham and his wife Hagar through Adnan , who originate from

2808-507: The Hejaz. Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the Ka'bah ('Cube'), which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region. For example, in Arab or Islamic belief,

2880-579: The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of Al-Hasa and Qatif , creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The name of the region is derived from a verb ḥajaza ( حَجَز ), from the Arabic root ḥ-j-z ( ح-ج-ز ), meaning "to separate", and it is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihāmah in the west. One or possibly two megalithic dolmen have been found in Hejaz. The Hejaz includes both

2952-769: The Mongols, Hejaz became a part of the Mamluk Sultanate . The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama , having found his way around the Cape and obtaining pilots from the coast of Zanzibar in AD 1497, pushed his way across the Indian Ocean to the shores of Malabar and Calicut , attacked fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the Red Sea , and struck terror into the surrounding potentates. The Princes of Gujarat and Yemen turned for help to Egypt . Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri accordingly fitted out

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3024-595: The Red Sea coastline, reaching the new airport during the 1990s and since edging its way around it toward the Ob'hur Creek, some 27 km (17 mi) from the old city center. In October 2021, Saudi authorities, led by Mohammad bin Salman , initiated a large-scale demolition and eviction plan in neighborhoods in the southern part of Jeddah to make way for the Jeddah Central Project , a revitalization project under Saudi Vision 2030 . The demolitions affected 558,000 people in more than 60 neighborhoods. Amnesty International confirmed through official documents that some of

3096-465: The Yemeni Quda'a tribe (Arabic: بني قضاعة ), who left to settle in Makkah after the collapse of Marib Dam in Yemen in 115 BC. Jeddah first achieved prominence around A.D. 647, when the third Muslim Caliph , Uthman Ibn Affan , turned it into a port making it the port of Makkah instead of Al Shoaib port, which was southwest of Makkah. The Umayyads inherited the entire Rashidun Caliphate including Hejaz and ruled from 661 to 750. In 702, Jeddah

3168-402: The city for two days in retaliation. In 1802, Nejdi forces conquered both Mecca and Jeddah from the Ottomans. When Sharif Ghalib Efendi informed Sultan Mahmud II of this, the Sultan ordered his Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha to retake the city. Muhammad Ali successfully regained the city in the Battle of Jeddah in 1813. During World War I , Sharif Hussein bin Ali declared

3240-423: The city or even in Arabia. All of the capitals of the Middle East and North Africa are within two hours flying distance of Jeddah, making it the second commercial center of the Middle East after Dubai. Also, Jeddah's industrial district is the fourth largest in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh , Jubail and Yanbu . King Abdullah Street is one of the most important streets in Jeddah and runs from King Fahd Road by

3312-408: The city's close proximity to the Red Sea, fishing and seafood dominate the food culture unlike other parts of the country. In Arabic, the city motto is "Jeddah Ghair", which translates to "Jeddah is different". There are at least two etymologies of Jeddah , according to Jeddah Ibn Al-Qudaa'iy, the chief of the Quda'a clan. The more common account has it that the name is derived from جدة Jaddah ,

3384-462: The city, fleets in the Indian Ocean were at their mercy. This was evidenced by the Battle of Diu . The Portuguese soldiers' cemetery can still be found within the old city today and is referred to as the site of the Christian Graves . Ahmed Al-Jazzar , the Ottoman military man mainly known for his role in the Siege of Acre , spent the earlier part of his career at Jeddah. In Jeddah in 1750, he killed some seventy rioting nomads in retaliation for

3456-399: The coast of the Red Sea. The project will involve "the development of 22 of the 90+ islands" that lie along the coast to create a "fully integrated luxury mixed-use destination", and will be "governed by laws on par with international standards". The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia, containing 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia. Most people of Hejaz are Sunnis with

3528-418: The defense of the city against the Lopo Soares de Albergaria's Armada at the Siege of Jeddah (1517) . The new stone wall included six watchtowers and six city gates . They were constructed to defend against the Portuguese attack. Of the six gates, the Gate of Mecca was the eastern gate and the Gate of Al-Magharibah , facing the port, was the western gate. The Gate of Sharif faced south. The other gates were

3600-409: The emirates of Egypt , Syria , Jordan and Hejaz . The power struggle between the Tulunid Governors and the Abbasids over Hejaz lasted for nearly twenty-five years, until the Tulunids finally withdrew from Arabia in 900. In 930 AD, the main Hejazi cities of Medina , Mecca and Taif were heavily sacked by the Qarmatians . It is probable, though not historically confirmed, that Jeddah itself

3672-407: The end of the Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, Hussein bin Ali became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz. In 1924, Ali bin Hussein succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then Ibn Saud succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from 1926 to 1932. On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of

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3744-405: The fourth- and fifth-largest cities in the country. As the location of the cities of Mecca and Medina, respectively the first and second holiest sites in Islam , the Hejaz is significant in the Arabo-Islamic historical and political landscape. This region is the most populated in Saudi Arabia, and Arabic is the predominant language, as in the rest of Saudi Arabia, with Hejazi Arabic being

3816-418: The gateway for millions of pilgrims who have arrived in Saudi Arabia, traditionally by sea and recently by air . With a population of about 3,751,722 people as of 2022, Jeddah is the largest city in Makkah Province , the largest city in Hejaz , the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia (after the capital Riyadh ), and the ninth-largest in the Middle East . It also serves as the administrative centre of

3888-687: The government but also it has a great influence on the people's culture and everyday life. The society is in general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family-oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage. Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia, Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like Saleeg . Other Dishes were imported from other cultures through Saudis of different origins, like Mantu ( منتو ), Yaghmush ( يَغْمُش ) and Ruz Bukhāri ( رُز بُخاري ) from Central Asia, Burēk ( بُريك ) and Šurēk شُريك and Kabab almīru ( كباب الميرو ) from Turkey and

3960-493: The influence of other people, such as the Nabataeans , whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca. As the land of Mecca and Medina, the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic Ummah of followers, bore patience with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, preached or implemented his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here,

4032-443: The killing of his commander, Abdullah Beg, earning him the nickname "Jezzar" (butcher). On 15 June 1858, rioting in the city, believed to have been instigated by a former police chief in reaction to British policy in the Red Sea , led to the massacre of 25 Christians , including the British and French consuls, members of their families, and wealthy Greek merchants. The British frigate HMS  Cyclops , anchored at port, bombarded

4104-407: The most widely spoken dialect here. Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins, although the vast majority are of Arab origin. According to Islamic tradition , this region is the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , who was born in Mecca, which is locally considered to have been founded by his ancestors Abraham , Ishmael , and Hagar . The area became part of his empire through

4176-404: The new king. A few months later, Ibn Saud , whose clan originated in the central Nejd province, conquered Medina and Jeddah via an agreement with Jeddans following the Second Battle of Jeddah . He deposed Ali bin Hussein , who fled to Baghdad , eventually settling in Amman , Jordan , where his descendants became part of its Hashemite royalty. As a result, Jeddah came under the sway of

4248-461: The north. Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East. Jeddah was ranked fourth in the Africa , MiddIe East, and ' stan countries region in the Innovation Cities Index in 2009. Jeddah is one of Saudi Arabia's primary resort cities and was named a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Given

4320-416: The old walled city and was constructed under the supervision of the engineer Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden . After 1963, the palace was used as a royal guest house; since 1995, it has housed the Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. The remaining walls and gates of the old city were demolished in 1947. A fire in 1982 destroyed some ancient buildings in the old town center, called Al-Balad , but much

4392-404: The older spelling of "Jedda", contrary to other English-speaking usages, but in 2007, it changed to the spelling "Jeddah". T. E. Lawrence felt that any transcription of Arabic names into English was arbitrary. In his book Revolt in the Desert , Jeddah is spelled in three different ways on the first page alone. On official Saudi maps and documents, the city name is transcribed "Jeddah", which

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4464-414: The other allies, and the representatives of the Shereef of Mecca " in its brown area (a reduced Palestine). Jeddah Jeddah ( English: / ˈ dʒ ɛ d ə / JED -ə ), alternatively transliterated as Jedda , Jiddah or Jidda ( / ˈ dʒ ɪ d ə / JID -ə ; Arabic : جِدَّة ‎ , romanized :  Jidda , Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [ˈ(d)ʒɪd.da] ),

4536-435: The presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz, the region was ruled by numerous empires. The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate , in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 ACE . The region was then under the control of regional powers, such as Egypt and the Ottoman Empire , throughout much of its later history. After the Ottomans lost control of it, Hejaz became an independent state. After

4608-458: The residents were notified about evictions only 24 hours before, while others were between 1–6 weeks. In some cases "evacuate" was written on the buildings, while the state media and billboards informed others about the demolitions to others. Saudi state media claimed the majority of affected neighborhoods were "rife with diseases, crime, drugs and theft" and home to predominantly undocumented immigrants . In January 2022, Saudi authorities announced

4680-410: The river system was active in 2500–3000 BCE. According to Al-Masudi the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of ancient Israel, and according to Butrus al-Bustani the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state. The German orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz. The Midianites of the Bible lived in Hejaz. The northern part of

4752-542: The state of Missouri . Al Bahah Region : Medina : Mecca Province : Tabuk Region : As a component of Saudi Vision 2030 , a touristic destination with an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 square miles) is under development, between the towns of Umluj ( 25°3′0″N 37°15′54.36″E  /  25.05000°N 37.2651000°E  / 25.05000; 37.2651000 ) and Al-Wajh ( 26°14′11.76″N 36°28′8.04″E  /  26.2366000°N 36.4689000°E  / 26.2366000; 36.4689000 ), on

4824-413: The tribe of Quraysh would descend from Isma'il ibn Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah, and include Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf . From the Period of Jāhiliyyah ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of Pilgrimage , and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrahim. It

4896-411: The waterfront in the west of Jeddah to the eastern end of the city. It is famous for hosting numerous corporate offices and commercial developments. It will be near the HSR Entrance in Jeddah central train station which connects Jeddah with Makkah, Al-Madinah, and King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC). It also has the second tallest flagpole in the world at a height of 170 m (558 ft). This road faced

4968-439: Was 9.8 °C (49.6 °F) on February 10, 1993. The highest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah was 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) on June 22, 2010, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Saudi Arabia. Dust storms happen in summer and sometimes in winter, coming from the Arabian Peninsula 's deserts or from North Africa . Occasionally, the dust storms accompany thunderstorms. Jeddah has long been

5040-513: Was attacked. Soon after, in early 935, the Ikhshidids , the new power in Egypt, took control of the Hejaz region. There are no historical records that detail the Ikhshidid rule of Hejaz. At this point in time, Jeddah was still unfortified and without walls. In 969 AD, the Fatimids from Algeria took control in Egypt from the Ikhshidid Governors of Abbasids and expanded their empire to the surrounding regions, including The Hijaz and Jeddah. The Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both

5112-403: Was briefly occupied by pirates from the Kingdom of Axum . However, Jeddah remained a key civilian harbor, serving fishermen and pilgrims travelling by sea for the Hajj . It is also believed that the Sharifdom of Makkah , an honorary Viceroy to the holy land, was first started in this period of the Islamic Caliphate. Jeddah has been established as the main city of the historic Hijaz province and

5184-484: Was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to migrate to Medina, to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca . Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al-Hijr . The name Al-Ḥijr ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in

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