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107-419: Hong Kong International Airport ( IATA : HKG , ICAO : VHHH ) is an international airport on the island of Chek Lap Kok in western Hong Kong . The airport is also referred to as Chek Lap Kok International Airport or Chek Lap Kok Airport , to distinguish it from its predecessor, the former Kai Tak Airport . Opened in 1998, Hong Kong International Airport is the world's busiest cargo gateway and one of

214-413: A Category II Precision Approach , while the centre runway has the higher Category IIIA rating, which allows pilots to land in only 200-metre (660 ft) visibility. The two runways have a capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour. The airport is upgrading ATC and runways so that they can handle 68 movements per hour. Normally, the centre runway (07C/25C; until 1 December 2021 the north runway 07L/25R)

321-435: A HK$ 141.5 billion expansion project that would increase its land footprint by 50%. On the other hand, there exists only one airway between Hong Kong and mainland China, and this single route is often and easily backed up causing delays on both sides. In addition, China requires that aircraft flying the single air route between Hong Kong and the mainland must be at an altitude of at least 15,000 feet. Talks are underway to persuade

428-549: A Mott MacDonald employee distracted by a cell phone call left a tank unattended for an hour while working at the railroad's Albina Yard in Portland, Oregon , United States. The tank overflowed and released several thousands gallons of oil into the environment according to US attorneys . 1,800 gallons of the released oil was estimated to have been lost into the Willamette River . The former employee Robert LaRue Webb II

535-707: A South African electrical engineering consultancy. 2009 also marked the opening of Mbombela Stadium , a stadium in South Africa for which Mott MacDonald designed the roof. In 2010, the firm added South African healthcare and development specialist HDA, and Australian engineering consultancy Hughes Trueman to its portfolio. In 2011, Mott MacDonald purchased Australian firm Mortimer Project Management and opened an office in Auckland , New Zealand. Mott MacDonald continued to expand its international presence in April 2013 with

642-487: A breakdown at the new cargo terminal, named Super Terminal One (ST1). However, after six months the airport started to operate normally. On 31 July 2000, Todd Salimuchai , a regularised illegal immigrant in Hong Kong with no provable nationality , forced his way through a security checkpoint using a fake pistol, took a woman hostage, and boarded a Cathay Pacific aircraft. He demanded to be flown to Burma, which he claimed

749-559: A concern: although the proposal would increase the number of direct jobs associated with HKIA to 150,000 by 2030 and generate an ENPV of HK$ 912 billion (in 2009 dollars), the estimated cost was approximately $ 86.2 billion (2010) Hong Kong Dollars. There were also environmental and local noise pollution concerns. On 20 March 2012, the Hong Kong Government adopted this option as the official expansion plan. The third runway, with its dedicated passenger concourse (T2 Concourse),

856-703: A few entertainment facilities. T2 also houses a 36-bay coach station for buses to and from mainland China and 56 airline check-in counters, as well as customs and immigration facilities. Besides T2, the SkyCity Nine Eagles Golf Course was opened in 2007 whereas the second airport hotel, the Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel; and a permanent cross-boundary ferry terminal, the Skypier , began operations in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Development around T2 also includes

963-567: A new airport is built, replacing the old one, leaving the city's new "major" airport (or the only remaining airport) code to no longer correspond with the city's name. The original airport in Nashville, Tennessee, was built in 1936 as part of the Works Progress Administration and called Berry Field with the designation, BNA. A new facility known as Nashville International Airport was built in 1987 but still uses BNA. This

1070-698: A partnership with Archibald MacCorquodale. In 1927, the two were later joined by PH East (also an engineer in the Egyptian government from 1907 to 1926) and Oswald Longstaff Prowde , at which time the name of the company was changed to Sir M MacDonald & Partners. One of the first major projects of the partnership included the second heightening of the Aswan Low Dam, which continued from 1929 through design and construction stages until 1933. The firm continued on projects through its merger with Mott, Hay and Anderson in 1989. Mott MacDonald began to expand after

1177-557: A route to HKIA from Seoul and Beijing respectively using the Airbus A380, but these airlines decided to not use them due to unprofitable nature of the aircraft type. Air France , Lufthansa and Thai Airways International previously operated services to Hong Kong from Paris , Frankfurt and Bangkok using the Airbus A380, though they retired the aircraft types early due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In addition to Chek Lap Kok,

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1284-529: A specialist water technology and consulting company based in New Zealand and Australia. During 2014, Mott MacDonald acquired its UK water industry design and build joint venture partner Bentley Holdings Ltd (including its subsidiary company JN Bentley Ltd). The move was a natural progression in the highly successful 15 year partnership between the companies through the joint venture Mott MacDonald Bentley. In 2015, Mott MacDonald and Hatch have announced that

1391-694: A third runway to the north of the Chek Lap Kok , the island the airport is built on, by land reclamation, using deep cement mixing , of about 650 hectares (1,600 acres). Associated facilities, additional terminals, airfield and apron facilities, would be built as well, and, combined with the new runway, it was estimated that the airport would be able to handle a maximum of 620,000 flights per year (102 per hour, or about one flight every 36 seconds), and meet forecast annual passenger and cargo throughput of about 97 million and 8.9 million tonnes by 2030 respectively. There were possible drawbacks. Development costs were

1498-471: A total gross floor area of 531,000 square metres (5,720,000 sq ft). It briefly conceded the status to Bangkok 's Suvarnabhumi Airport (563,000 m (6,060,000 sq ft)) when the latter opened on 15 September 2006, but reclaimed the title when the East Hall was expanded, bringing the total area to its current size of 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft). Terminal 1's title as

1605-582: A total of 89 boarding gates, with 77 jet bridge gates (1–22, 23–36, 40–50, 60–71, 201–219) and 12 virtual gates (228–230, 511–513, 520–524) which are used as assembly points for passengers, who are then ferried to the aircraft by apron buses . Of the 77 jet bridges, five (Gates 5, 23, 60, 62, 64) are capable of handling the Airbus A380 , the current users of which are Asiana Airlines , British Airways , Emirates , Qantas and Singapore Airlines . Korean Air and China Southern Airlines previously operated

1712-760: A way of expanding its sustainable energy consultancy in the building sector. Fulcrum was a building services engineer consultancy and a founding member of the UK Green Building Council , specializing in green and eco-friendly engineering and design. Fulcrum was responsible for projects such as the Darwin Centre and considered a pioneer of low-energy building techniques . MacDonald also expanded to open principal offices in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Albania, and Serbia while opening smaller offices in throughout Africa. It also purchased Merz & McLellan ,

1819-509: Is GSN and its IATA code is SPN, and some coincide with IATA codes of non-U.S. airports. Canada's unusual codes—which bear little to no similarity with any conventional abbreviation to the city's name—such as YUL in Montréal , and YYZ in Toronto , originated from the two-letter codes used to identify weather reporting stations in the 1930s. The letters preceding the two-letter code follow

1926-508: Is a management, engineering and development consultancy headquartered in the United Kingdom . It employs over 18,000 staff in 150 countries. Mott MacDonald is one of the largest employee-owned companies in the world. Mott MacDonald was formed in 1989 through the merger of Mott, Hay and Anderson and Sir M MacDonald & Partners . Mott, Hay and Anderson was a transportation engineering consultancy responsible for projects such as

2033-868: Is also an average of approximately 31 non-scheduled passenger and cargo flights each week. The operation of scheduled air services to and from Hong Kong is facilitated by air services agreements between Hong Kong and other countries. Since the opening of HKIA, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services. Many low-cost airlines have started various regional routes to compete head-on with full-service carriers on trunk routes. The airport's long-term expansion opportunities are subject to variables. The airport opened its third runway in July 2022 as part of

2140-617: Is available. However, many railway administrations have their own list of codes for their stations, such as the list of Amtrak station codes . Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location identification in the 1930s. Initially, pilots in the United States used the two-letter code from the National Weather Service (NWS) for identifying cities. This system became unmanageable for cities and towns without an NWS identifier, and

2247-568: Is completed in 2020, there will be sufficient lands remaining for further new concourses to be built as and when demand for them materialises. One year after, on 2 June 2011, the Airport Authority announced and released their latest version of a 20-year blueprint for the airport's development, the Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030 . The study took three years and according to

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2354-523: Is different from the name in English, yet the airport code represents only the English name. Examples include: Due to scarcity of codes, some airports are given codes with letters not found in their names: The use of 'X' as a filler letter is a practice to create three-letter identifiers when more straightforward options were unavailable: Some airports in the United States retained their NWS ( National Weather Service ) codes and simply appended an X at

2461-671: Is governed by IATA Resolution 763, and it is administered by the IATA's headquarters in Montreal , Canada. The codes are published semi-annually in the IATA Airline Coding Directory. IATA provides codes for airport handling entities, and for certain railway stations. Alphabetical lists of airports sorted by IATA code are available. A list of railway station codes , shared in agreements between airlines and rail lines such as Amtrak , SNCF , and Deutsche Bahn ,

2568-513: Is in conjunction to rules aimed to avoid confusion that seem to apply in the United States, which state that "the first and second letters or second and third letters of an identifier may not be duplicated with less than 200 nautical miles separation." Thus, Washington, D.C. area's three airports all have radically different codes: IAD for Washington–Dulles , DCA for Washington–Reagan (District of Columbia Airport), and BWI for Baltimore (Baltimore–Washington International, formerly BAL). Since HOU

2675-543: Is not followed outside the United States: In addition, since three letter codes starting with Q are widely used in radio communication, cities whose name begins with "Q" also had to find alternate codes, as in the case of: IATA codes should not be confused with the FAA identifiers of U.S. airports. Most FAA identifiers agree with the corresponding IATA codes, but some do not, such as Saipan , whose FAA identifier

2782-637: Is one of the hubs of Oneworld , and is also one of the Asia-Pacific cargo hubs for UPS Airlines . It is a focus city for China Airlines and China Eastern Airlines . Ethiopian Airlines utilizes Hong Kong as a stopover point for their flights. Hong Kong International Airport, which employed about 60,000 people at the start of 2024, is an important contributor to Hong Kong's economy . The economic contribution generated by Hong Kong’s air travel industry in 2018 amounted to US$ 33 billion, 10.2% of Hong Kong’s GDP . More than 100 airlines operate flights from

2889-623: Is scheduled to repair bridges in Niagara County in the western part of New York. The $ 125 million contract for engineering the single bore tunnel segment of the Silicon Valley BART extension was awarded to a joint venture bid placed by Mott MacDonald and San Francisco based PGH Wong Engineering in January 2019. Since 1998, Mott MacDonald has been providing waste water management for Union Pacific . In January 2018,

2996-416: Is used for William P. Hobby Airport , the new Houston–Intercontinental became IAH. The code BKK was originally assigned to Bangkok–Don Mueang and was later transferred to Suvarnabhumi Airport , while the former adopted DMK. The code ISK was originally assigned to Gandhinagar Airport (Nashik's old airport) and later on transferred to Ozar Airport (Nashik's current airport). Shanghai–Hongqiao retained

3103-564: Is used for landing passenger planes. The south runway (07R/25L) is used for passenger planes taking off and cargo flights due to its proximity to the cargo terminal. A third runway (designated 07L/25R) to their north has opened in mid-2022, while the Centre runway has been closed for upgrades. When all three runways are opened, it is estimated that the airport will be able to handle a maximum of 620,000 flights per year (102 per hour, or about one flight every 36 seconds). There are 49 frontal stands at

3210-472: The Airbus A380 and cater for an additional 10 million passengers annually. Passengers reach the concourse through an extension of the underground automated people mover . A joint venture of Mott MacDonald and Arup led the design of the project. Gammon Construction undertook the construction work. The Concourse began operations on 28 December 2015, and the first flight that used it was the HX658 operated by

3317-435: The COVID-19 pandemic ). Chek Lap Kok Airport was designed as a replacement for the former Hong Kong International Airport (commonly known as Kai Tak Airport) built in 1925. Located in the densely built-up Kowloon City District with a single runway extending into Kowloon Bay , Hong Kong airport had turned on the runway lights for expansion to cope with steadily increasing air traffic. By the 1990s, Kai Tak had become one of

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3424-571: The Canadian transcontinental railroads were built, each station was assigned its own two-letter Morse code : When the Canadian government established airports, it used the existing railway codes for them as well. If the airport had a weather station, authorities added a "Y" to the front of the code, meaning "Yes" to indicate it had a weather station or some other letter to indicate it did not. When international codes were created in cooperation with

3531-635: The Civil Aviation and Public Works departments identified the small island of Chek Lap Kok, off Lantau Island , as a possible future airport replacement site. Far from the congested city centre, flight paths would be routed over the South China Sea rather than populous urban areas, enabling efficient round-the-clock operation of multiple runways. The Chek Lap Kok (CLK) airport master plan and civil engineering studies were completed between 1982 and 1983, respectively. In February 1983, however,

3638-815: The Hatch Mott MacDonald (HMM) joint venture will be separated into two distinct businesses. HMM’s Canada business will become part of Hatch while HMM’s US business will become part of Mott MacDonald. HMM’s pipelines business, which operates in both Canada and the US, will also join Mott MacDonald. Mott MacDonald has worked on many notable projects. It was the design engineer for Heathrow Terminal 5 sub-structures and foundations, as well as providing rail assurance services, tunnelling advice and project and program management. The project began in 2002, with construction being completed in 2008. Mott MacDonald

3745-759: The Hong Kong Airlines flying from Hong Kong to Okinawa . On 31 March 2016, the concourse was officially inaugurated in a ceremony marking its full commissioning. Former Terminal 2 with an area measuring 140,000 m (1,500,000 sq ft), together with the SkyPlaza , opened on 28 February 2007 along with the opening of the Airport station's Platform 3. It was only a low-cost carrier check-in and processing facility for departing passengers with no gates or arrival facilities (passengers were transported underground to gates at Terminal 1). The SkyPlaza

3852-559: The London Underground while Sir M MacDonald & Partners was a water engineering consultancy with projects that included the Aswan Dam . The merger made Mott MacDonald one of the first international engineering, management, and development consultancies. Mott, Hay and Anderson was founded as a private partnership between Basil Mott and David Hay in 1902, with the original firm name of Mott & Hay. Prior to forming

3959-669: The Northern line of the London Underground . Both founding partners died in 1938, at which time most of the construction projects stopped. During the 1940s after World War II , it began expanding and working on additional projects, some of which including repairing of roads and bridges damaged or destroyed during the war, and, later, included the Victoria line of the London Underground and Australia's Melbourne Underground Rail Loop . The firm continued in these fields until

4066-550: The Tsing Ma Bridge , the main access to Lantau Island and the airport and its supporting community in May 1997, The airport itself was opened in July 1998. The construction period was very rushed; specialists considered that only a 10–20-year period was sufficient for this massive project. Another cause for this rush was due to the uncertain future of the airport construction after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to

4173-436: The world's busiest airport for cargo traffic in 2010. In terms of international traffic, the airport is the third busiest for passenger traffic and the busiest for cargo since its operation in 1998. Over 95 international airlines are providing about 900 scheduled passenger and all-cargo flights each day between Hong Kong and some 160 destinations worldwide. About 76 percent of these flights are operated with wide-body jets. There

4280-542: The world's busiest passenger airports . It is also home to one of the world's largest passenger terminal buildings, which was the largest when the airport opened. The airport is operated by Airport Authority Hong Kong (AAHK), a statutory body of the Hong Kong government established on 1 December 1995. It runs 24 hours a day and is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific , Greater Bay Airlines , Hong Kong Airlines , HK Express and Air Hong Kong (cargo carrier). The airport

4387-717: The 1989 merger. Early acquisitions included the consultancies of Husband & Company as well as James Williamson & Partners. These acquisitions brought Mott MacDonald's total staffing to 3,300. Its 1994 acquisition of Ewbank Preece expanded its reach into the power and telecommunication fields, with its 2000 purchase of Cambridge Education Associates expanding its education consultancy. Additional early acquisitions included India-based firm Dalal Consultants in 2001, cost consultants Franklin + Andrews in 2002 and health practice HLSP in 2003. In 2007, Mott MacDonald bought Dutch firm Euroconsult BMB who specialized in international development and natural resource management. 2008 marked

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4494-691: The AsiaWorld-Expo which started operation in late 2005. A second passenger concourse, the North Satellite Concourse (NSC), opened in 2010, followed by the Midfield Concourse in December 2015. During August 2019, the airport was shut down multiple times as demonstrations were held inside the airport during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , over 160 flights were cancelled as both the arrivals and departures sections of

4601-577: The Central London Railway, the construction of lifts beneath St Mary Woolnoth church at Bank tube station , the underpinning of Clifford's Tower, the reconstruction of Southwark Bridge and the widening of Blackfriars Bridge . Mott and Hay employed a young engineer called David Anderson as resident engineer for the latter project. The firm also advised on proposals for underground railways in Sydney , Africa, and Russia. David Anderson

4708-561: The Chinese military to relax its airspace restriction because of worsening air traffic congestion at the airport. Other than that, Hong Kong Airport Authority is cooperating with other airports in the area to relieve air traffic and in the future, Shenzhen may act as a regional airport while Hong Kong receives all the international flights. The Government Flying Service provides short and long-range search and rescue services, police support, medical evacuation and general-purpose flights for

4815-711: The Communist Party Jiang Zemin at noon Hong Kong Time on 2 July 1998. Hours later, Air Force One , carrying the President of the United States Bill Clinton , landed at the new airport and became the first foreign visitor to arrive at the new airport. The actual operation of the airport commenced on 6 July 1998, concluding the six-year construction that cost US$ 20 billion. On that day at 06:25 Hong Kong Time , Cathay Pacific Flight CX 889 from New York JFK Airport became

4922-522: The Government. Despite its size, the passenger terminal was designed for convenience. The layout and signage, moving walkways and the automated people mover help passengers move through the building. The HKIA Automated People Mover , a driverless people mover system with 3 stations transports passengers between the check-in area and the gates. The trains travel at 62 kilometres per hour (39 mph). The airport also contains an IMAX theatre that has

5029-473: The HKBAC for private aircraft. HKBAC has broken ground on a HK$ 400 million ($ 51 million) expansion. The project, which will double the airport's handling capacity for business jet movements, is expected to be completed in 2025. To sustain the growth of passengers, the Airport Authority formulated a "push and pull through" strategy to expand its connections to new sources of passengers and cargo. This means adapting

5136-548: The Legislative Council that a decision had been made on the territory's long-term port and airport development strategy. The strategy to be adopted was that which included a replacement airport at Chek Lap Kok and incorporating new container terminals 8 and 9 at Stonecutters Island and east of the island of Tsing Yi, respectively. In the PADS study, the consultants advised that the earliest the airport could be opened

5243-676: The North Satellite Concourse (NSC), which opened in December 2009. This concourse was designed for narrow-body aircraft and is equipped with 10 jet bridges . The concourse has a floor area of 20,000 square metres (220,000 sq ft) and will be able to serve more than five million passengers annually. T1S was built so the airport could accommodate at least 90 percent of its passengers by aerobridges. It has two levels (one for departures and one for arrivals). A new sky bridge connecting Terminal 1 and T1S opened in November 2022, allowing passengers to walk above taxiing planes, saving time from taking

5350-536: The People's Republic of China. Shortly after the then-British colonial government of Hong Kong announced plans to construct the new airport, the Chinese government in Beijing began voicing objections to various aspects of the massive project, which prompted financial institutions to delay extending project finance. Without access to this financing, many of the companies who had secured contracts to build various portions of

5457-762: The SkyPier high-speed ferry terminal opened. Passengers arriving at the SkyPier board buses to the terminal and arriving air passengers board ferries at the pier for their ride back to the PRD. Passengers travelling in both directions can bypass customs and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou , Shenzhen , Macau and Humen ( Dongguan ) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong , Dongguan's Humen , Macau , Zhongshan and Zhuhai . Passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau can complete airline check-in procedures with participating airlines before boarding

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5564-530: The T2 expansion, new T2 Concourse, automatic people mover, and baggage handling system . The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong , a statutory body wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . The airport has three parallel runways, all of which are 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) in length and 60 metres (200 ft) wide. The south runway has

5671-456: The U.S. For example, several airports in Alaska have scheduled commercial service, such as Stebbins and Nanwalek , which use FAA codes instead of ICAO codes. Thus, neither system completely includes all airports with scheduled service. Some airports are identified in colloquial speech by their IATA code. Examples include LAX and JFK . Mott MacDonald The Mott MacDonald Group

5778-481: The United States, because "Y" was seldom used in the United States, Canada simply used the weather station codes for its airports, changing the "Y" to a "Z" if it conflicted with an airport code already in use. The result is that most major Canadian airport codes start with "Y" followed by two letters in the city's name (for example, YOW for O tta w a , YWG for W innipe g , YYC for C algar y , or YVR for V ancouve r ), whereas other Canadian airports append

5885-426: The airport and its operations. Computer glitches were mostly to blame for the major crisis. Lau Kong-wah , a Hong Kong politician, was quoted saying "This was meant to be a first-class project, but it has turned into a ninth-class airport and a disgrace. Our airport has become the laughingstock of the world." At one time, the government reopened the cargo terminal at Kai Tak Airport to handle freight traffic because of

5992-440: The airport itself instead of the city it serves, while another code is reserved which refers to the city itself which can be used to search for flights to any of its airports. For instance: Or using a code for the city in one of the major airports and then assigning another code to another airport: When different cities with the same name each have an airport, they need to be assigned different codes. Examples include: Sometimes,

6099-477: The airport occupies what was Lam Chau . Terminal 1 of the HKIA, with an area measuring 570,000 square metres (6,100,000 sq ft), is one of the largest passenger airport terminal buildings in the world, after the likes of Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 and Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 . Opened on 6 July 1998, Terminal 1 was the largest airport passenger terminal building, with

6206-731: The airport property. HK Express has its head office on the airport property, in what was previously the Dragonair House, head office of Cathay Dragon . The Government Flying Service (GFS) has its head office building in the airport. The head office of the Air Accident Investigation Authority (AAIA) is in the Facility Building on the airport property. In June 2010, the Airport Authority unveiled plans to develop in stages

6313-455: The airport shuttle bus. On 25 January 2011, Airport Authority Hong Kong (AA) unveiled phase 1 of its midfield development project which was targeted for completion by the end of 2015. The midfield area is located to the west of Terminal 1 between the two existing runways. It was the then last piece of land on the airport island available for large-scale development. This includes 20 aircraft parking stands, three of which are wide enough to serve

6420-441: The airport to handle a maximum of 420,000 flight movements per year, with annual passenger and cargo throughput increased to 74 million and six million tonnes respectively. The approximate cost of this plan was $ 23.4 billion Hong Kong dollars in 2010 prices. The Airport Authority estimated that the airport would reach its maximum runway capacity sometime around 2020 if no extra runway were to be added. This plan focussed on adding

6527-407: The airport to over 180 cities across the globe. In 2015, HKIA handled 68.5 million passengers, making it the 8th busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic and the 4th busiest airport worldwide by international passenger traffic. Since 2010, it has also surpassed Memphis International Airport to become the world's busiest airport by cargo traffic (except in 2020 due to disruptions related to

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6634-731: The airport were occupied. The third runway, known as the North Runway, was opened in July 2022. It is the first part of the Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030 to be implemented. The third runway is 650 hectares in land area, roughly the size of Gibraltar . The Centre Runway and Terminal 2 of the airport were then closed to facilitate construction works, expansion and upgrades. They are expected to re-enter service in 2024. Hong Kong International Airport covers an area of 4,707 acres or 1,905 hectares (7.36 sq mi). The airport has

6741-418: The airport's former name, such as Orlando International Airport 's MCO (for Mc C o y Air Force Base), or Chicago's O'Hare International Airport , which is coded ORD for its original name: Or char d Field. In rare cases, the code comes from the airport's unofficial name, such as Kahului Airport 's OGG (for local aviation pioneer Jimmy H ogg ). In large metropolitan areas, airport codes are often named after

6848-419: The authority, nine consulting organisations have been hired for the research, observation, planning and advice. The main focus is to improve the overall capacity and aircraft handling ability of the airport. Based on this, two options have been developed. To maintain the two-runway system, there would be enhancements to the terminal and apron facilities to increase the airport's capacity. This option would enable

6955-502: The code SHA, while the newer Shanghai–Pudong adopted PVG. The opposite was true for Berlin : the airport Berlin–Tegel used the code TXL, while its smaller counterpart Berlin–Schönefeld used SXF; the Berlin Brandenburg Airport has the airport code BER, which is also part of its branding. The airports of Hamburg (HAM) and Hannover (HAJ) are less than 100 nautical miles (190 km) apart and therefore share

7062-886: The end. Examples include: A lot of minor airfields without scheduled passenger traffic have ICAO codes but not IATA codes, since the four letter codes allow more number of codes, and IATA codes are mainly used for passenger services such as tickets, and ICAO codes by pilots. In the US, such airfields use FAA codes instead of ICAO. There are airports with scheduled service for which there are ICAO codes but not IATA codes, such as Nkhotakota Airport/Tangole Airport in Malawi or Chōfu Airport in Tokyo, Japan. There are also several minor airports in Russia (e.g., Omsukchan Airport ) which lack IATA codes and instead use internal Russian codes for booking. Flights to these airports cannot be booked through

7169-576: The environment and included a narrow form, acoustic privacy, and natural ventilation. It was also featured in the book Microgeneration: Low Energy Strategies for Larger Buildings for its sustainability features. In 2012, Mott MacDonald was chosen as the concept designer for engineering the New Mosaic Stadium . Mott MacDonald was chosen to be part of the design-build team for a $ 41 million bridge rehabilitation project announced by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo in January 2014. The project

7276-556: The ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the flight at HKIA. In 2009, the permanent SkyPier Terminal opened. The permanent ferry terminal is equipped with four berths, but the terminal is designed to accommodate eight berths. Transfer desks and baggage handling facilities are included, and the terminal is directly connected to the airport automatic people mover system. Ramp handling services are provided by Hong Kong Airport Services Limited (HAS), Jardine Air Terminal Services Limited and SATS HK Limited. Their services include

7383-409: The first commercial flight to land at the airport, pipping the original CX 292 from Rome which was the scheduled first arrival. However, the airport had already started to experience some technical difficulties on the first day of opening. The flight information display system (FIDS) had suddenly shut down which caused long delays. Shortly afterwards, the cargo-communication link with Kai Tak, where all

7490-557: The first three letters of the city in which it is located, for instance: The code may also be a combination of the letters in its name, such as: Sometimes the airport code reflects pronunciation, rather than spelling, namely: For many reasons, some airport codes do not fit the normal scheme described above. Some airports, for example, cross several municipalities or regions, and therefore, use codes derived from some of their letters, resulting in: Other airports—particularly those serving cities with multiple airports—have codes derived from

7597-824: The first year that Mott MacDonald earned more internationally than it did in the United Kingdom, earning it recognition by New Civil Engineer as the International Consultant of the Year . Its top two international projects for that year were the Delhi Metro in India and Macau City of Dreams in China. The same year, the firm had 7,021 staff assigned to overseas projects, with 6,669 working overseas. Mott MacDonald purchased Fulcrum Consulting in 2009 as

7704-478: The following format: Most large airports in Canada have codes that begin with the letter "Y", although not all "Y" codes are Canadian (for example, YUM for Yuma, Arizona , and YNT for Yantai , China), and not all Canadian airports start with the letter "Y" (for example, ZBF for Bathurst, New Brunswick ). Many Canadian airports have a code that starts with W, X or Z, but none of these are major airports. When

7811-597: The form of " YYZ ", a song by the rock band Rush , which utilizes the Morse code signal as a musical motif. Some airports have started using their IATA codes as brand names , such as Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Vancouver International Airport (YVR). Numerous New Zealand airports use codes that contain the letter Z, to distinguish them from similar airport names in other countries. Examples include HLZ for Hamilton , ZQN for Queenstown , and WSZ for Westport . Predominantly, airport codes are named after

7918-458: The former Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau islands (3.02 square kilometres (1.17 sq mi) and 0.08 km (0.031 sq mi) respectively) and reclaiming 9.38 km (3.62 sq mi) of the adjacent seabed. The 12.48-square-kilometre (4.82 sq mi) airport site, with its reclamation, added nearly 1% to Hong Kong's total surface area, connecting to the north side of Lantau Island near Tung Chung new town . Construction of

8025-475: The government shelved the project for financial and economic reasons. In 1988, the Port & Airport Development Strategy (PADS) Study was undertaken by consultants, headed by Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited , reporting in December 1989. This study looked at forecasts for both airport and port traffic to the year 2011 and came up with three recommended strategies for overall strategic development in Hong Kong. One of

8132-472: The handling of mail and passenger baggage, transportation of cargo, aerobridge operations and the operation of passenger stairways. The airport has an advanced baggage handling system (BHS), the main section of which is located in the basement level of the passenger terminal, and a separate remote transfer facility at the western end of the main concourse for the handling of tight connection transfer bags. IATA airport code The assignment of these codes

8239-487: The international air booking systems or have international luggage transferred there, and thus, they are booked instead through the airline or a domestic booking system. Several heliports in Greenland have 3-letter codes used internally which might be IATA codes for airports in faraway countries. There are several airports with scheduled service that have not been assigned ICAO codes that do have IATA codes, especially in

8346-600: The largest screen in Hong Kong. The theatre is located in Terminal 2, level 6 and can seat 350 persons at a time. The Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre (HKBAC) is located within the airport and has its terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal. It provides services for executive aircraft and passengers, including a passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, business centre facilities, ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Designated spaces and hangars are also provided at

8453-533: The main passenger concourse, 28 remote stands and 25 cargo stands. There are also five parking bays at the Northwest Concourse. A satellite concourse with 10 frontal stands for narrow-body aircraft was commissioned to the north of the main concourse at the end of 2009, bringing the total number of frontal stands at the airport to 59. The airport was the busiest for passenger traffic in Asia in 2010, and

8560-691: The merger with Sir M MacDonald & Partners in 1989, at which time it was also working on the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France beneath the English Channel . Sir M MacDonald & Partners was named after Murdoch Macdonald , a British civil engineer and later politician. The company formed out of affairs relating directly to British infrastructure development in Egypt between 1890 and 1930, in particular MacDonald's involvement with Aswan Low Dam , starting in 1898. MacDonald

8667-612: The name of the airport itself, for instance: This is also true with some cities with a single airport (even if there is more than one airport in the metropolitan area of said city), such as BDL for Hartford, Connecticut 's B ra dl ey International Airport or Baltimore's BWI, for B altimore/ W ashington I nternational Airport ; however, the latter also serves Washington, D.C. , alongside Dulles International Airport (IAD, for I nternational A irport D ulles) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA, for D istrict of C olumbia A irport). The code also sometimes comes from

8774-614: The necessary data was stored (some still stored there then), went down. During the same period, someone accidentally deleted an important database for cargo services. This meant that cargo had to be manually stored. At one point, the airport had to turn away all air cargo and freight headed for and exported from Hong Kong (except food and medical supplies) while it sorted out the huge mess. HKIA simply could not keep up without an automated assistant-computer system. For three to five months after its opening, it suffered various severe organisational, mechanical and technical problems that almost crippled

8881-522: The network to the rapidly growing markets in China and in particular to the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). In 2003, a new Airport-Mainland Coach Station opened. The coach station has a 230-square-metre (2,500 sq ft) waiting lounge and sheltered bays for ten coaches. Many buses operate each day to transport passengers between HKIA and major cities on the Mainland. The Coach Station

8988-538: The new airport was only part of the Airport Core Programme , which also involved the construction of new roads and rail links to the airport, with associated bridges and tunnels, and major land reclamation projects on both Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon . The project holds the record for the most expensive airport project ever, according to Guinness World Records . The construction of the new airport

9095-416: The one they are located in: Other airport codes are of obscure origin, and each has its own peculiarities: In Asia, codes that do not correspond with their city's names include Niigata 's KIJ , Nanchang 's KHN and Pyongyang 's FNJ . EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg , which serves three countries, has three airport codes: BSL, MLH, EAP. Some cities have a name in their respective language which

9202-630: The original partnership, Mott and Hay had spent time building London tube railways and Hay had worked on the Blackwall Tunnel . Both engineers had worked together since 1888 on the City & South London Railway under Sir Benjamin Baker and James Henry Greathead . Early projects included the reconstruction and extension of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR), the building and extension of

9309-447: The project halted construction, resulting in delays that pushed the actual opening of the airport, originally planned to take place before the transition in sovereignty until one year after. As agreements were reached with the government in China, Beijing withdrew most of its objections and work then continued, albeit behind schedule. Hong Kong International Airport was built on a large artificial island formed by flattening and levelling

9416-438: The purchase of Habtec Engenharia Ambiental, a Brazil-based environmental consultancy with 80 people. Later the same month, it purchased PD Naidoo & Associates, a consultancy based in South Africa with 550 people. The acquisitions added to the company's previous purchases of Canadian consultancy Engineering Northwest, oil and gas firm Procyon, and the oil and gas operations of Mouchel . In 2014, Mott MacDonald acquired AWT,

9523-443: The roof. Mott Connell was the designer for foundations, all other structural components and the mechanical and electrical work. The sides of the terminals, predominantly glass, were designed to break during high-speed winds, relieving pressure and allowing the terminal to withstand an intense typhoon. The airport was officially opened in an opening ceremony by the President of the People's Republic of China and General Secretary of

9630-506: The same first and middle letters, indicating that this rule might be followed only in Germany. Many cities retain historical names in their airport codes, even after having undergone an official name/spelling/transliteration change: Some airport codes are based on previous names associated with a present airport, often with a military heritage. These include: Some airports are named for an administrative division or nearby city, rather than

9737-479: The sky bridge opened as part of a wider HK$ 9 billion airport upgrade, connecting Terminal 1 to the T1 Satellite Concourse (T1S). Lined with glass floor panels at the edges, the 200 metre long and 28 metre high bridge, the largest of its kind, is high enough for an Airbus A380 to pass underneath. In 2007, HKIA began the construction of a two-storey T1 Satellite Concourse (T1S), previously known as

9844-500: The station code of Malton, Mississauga , where it is located). YUL is used for Montréal–Trudeau (UL was the ID code for the beacon in the city of Kirkland , now the location of Montréal–Trudeau). While these codes make it difficult for the public to associate them with a particular Canadian city, some codes have become popular in usage despite their cryptic nature, particularly at the largest airports. Toronto's code has entered pop culture in

9951-558: The three assumed maintaining the existing airport at Kai Tak; a second assumed a possible airport in the Western Harbour between Lantau Island and Hong Kong Island, and the third assumed a new airport at Chek Lap Kok. The consultants produced detailed analyses for each scenario, enabling the government to consider these appraisals for each of the three "Recommended Strategies". In October 1989, the Governor of Hong Kong announced to

10058-515: The two-letter code of the radio beacons that were the closest to the actual airport, such as YQX in Gander or YXS in Prince George . Four of the ten provincial capital airports in Canada have ended up with codes beginning with YY, including: Canada's largest airport is YYZ for Toronto Pearson (as YTZ was already allocated to Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , the airport was given

10165-529: The use of two letters allowed only a few hundred combinations; a three-letter system of airport codes was implemented. This system allowed for 17,576 permutations, assuming all letters can be used in conjunction with each other. Since the U.S. Navy reserved "N" codes, and to prevent confusion with Federal Communications Commission broadcast call signs , which begin with "W" or "K", the airports of certain U.S. cities whose name begins with one of these letters had to adopt "irregular" airport codes: This practice

10272-661: The vast midfield site of the airport island. Stage 1 will involve the construction of a new 20-gate passenger concourse to be built in two phases (completion 2015 and 2020) with 11 gates in phase 1 growing to 20 gates in phase 2. The configuration of the new concourse is similar to those at Atlanta , Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi , Berlin (Terminal 1), Chicago–O'Hare (Global Terminal), Denver , Detroit (McNamara Terminal), London–Heathrow (Terminals 2 and 5), Los Angeles (TBIT), Munich (Terminal 2), Salt Lake City , Seoul–Incheon , Washington–Dulles and Felipe Ángeles International Airport ( Zumpango ). After stage 1 of midfield development

10379-514: The world's busiest airports – it far exceeded its annual passenger and cargo design capacities, and one out of every three flights experienced delays, largely due to a lack of space for aircraft, gates, and a second runway. In addition, noise mitigation measures restricted nighttime flights, as severe noise pollution (exceeding 105  dB(A) in Kowloon City ) adversely affected an estimated 340,000 people at least. A 1974 planning study by

10486-439: The world's largest was surrendered to Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 on 29 February 2008. In late 2021, the air side of Terminal 1 started segregating Mainland Chinese flights and other international flights into two separate zones, "Green Zone" and "Orange Zone", to reduce the risk of cross infection of novel coronavirus between travellers and airport workers serving different destinations. On 1 November 2022,

10593-417: Was January 1998. However, in reaching the government's decision, this date was modified to January 1997, six months before the handover of Hong Kong to China. Construction of the new airport began in 1991. As construction progressed, an agreement was reached with China that as much as possible of the airport would be completed before the handover to China in July 1997. British Prime Minister John Major opened

10700-547: Was also voted as one of the Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century at the ConExpo conference in 1999. The detailed design for the airport terminal was awarded to a consortium led by Mott Connell (the Hong Kong office of UK consultant Mott MacDonald) with British Airports Authority as specialist designers for airport-related aspects, Foster and Partners as architects and Ove Arup as specialist structural designers for

10807-518: Was built parallel to the current two runways on reclaimed land directly north of the existing airport island. The third runway (referred to as the North runway) began operations in July 2022, while the original North runway (re-designated as the Centre runway) was closed for reconfiguration and is expected to be completed by 2024, alongside other facilities of the Three-runway system project including

10914-544: Was his native country but had refused to admit him due to his lack of documents. He surrendered to the police two and a half hours later. Officially opened in June 2007, the second airport terminal, called T2 (check-in facility only), is linked with the MTR Airport Express on a new platform. The terminal also features a new shopping mall, SkyPlaza , providing a large variety of shops and restaurants, together with

11021-540: Was involved in the original construction of the Aswan Dam and later became an advisor to the Egyptian Ministry of Public Works after the dam was completed in 1902. He became closely associated with the development and first heightening of the Aswan Low Dam for the development of hydroelectricity . MacDonald retired from his service with the Egyptian government in 1921 and returned to Britain where he began

11128-718: Was made a partner in 1920 after returning from army service. The firm was thereafter known as Mott, Hay and Anderson. During the 1920s, it designed the rolling bridge over the River Dee at Queensferry , the Tyne Bridge in Newcastle and the Trent Bridge in Nottingham . It also designed the enlargement of the City & South London Railway tunnels and their extension past Camden Town and Clapham South to form

11235-442: Was relocated to the ground floor (level 3) of Terminal 2 in 2007. The 36 bays at the new Coach Station allow cross-border coaches to make 320 trips a day carrying passengers between the airport and 90 cities and towns in the PRD. Local tour and hotel coaches also operate from T2. The coach station at T2 has shops and waiting lounges as well as a mainland coach service centre which gathers all operators together. In late September 2003,

11342-521: Was situated within. Former Terminal 2 was shut down in 28 November 2019 at 23:00 to make way for a new satellite terminal from the three-runway system. Cathay Pacific City , the head office of Cathay Pacific and Air Hong Kong , is located on the airport island. CNAC House, the office for Air China is also located in the airport complex, together with the Civil Aviation Department headquarters. HAECO also has its head office on

11449-611: Was the engineer and worked with Denton Corker Marshall on the design of the Manchester Civil Justice Centre which was completed in 2007. The Centre was the largest court complex in the United Kingdom built in a century and has won 26 awards for its design, including the Major Project of the Year Award in 2008 from Building.com. The Centre was designed and constructed to have minimal impact on

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