Misplaced Pages

#938061

79-589: On October 31, 1988, “An Act to partition certain reservation lands between the Hoopa Valley Tribe and the Yurok Tribe , to clarify the use of tribal timber proceeds, and for other purposes” (the “Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act”) was enacted by 1st Session of the 100th Congress of 1988, after being introduced by U.S. Senator for California Alan MacGregor Cranston as S. 2723. The Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act (“HYSA”) provided an administrative alternative to

158-493: A harder wood such as hemlock . A variety of hand mauls , wedges, chisels, and knives are also used. Excavations done at Ozette, Washington , turned up iron tools nearly 800 years old, far before European contact. When James Cook passed the area, he observed that almost all tools were made of iron. There has been speculation on the origin of these iron tools. Some theories include shipwrecks from East Asia or possible contact with iron-using cultures from Siberia , as hinted in

237-753: A line of stakes. Redcedar wood is used to make huge monoxyla canoes in which the men went out to high sea to harpoon whales and conduct trade. One of those canoes, a 12-metre (38 ft) craft dug out about a century ago, was bought in 1901 by Captain John Voss , an adventurer. He gave her the name of Tilikum ('Relative' in Chinook jargon), rigged her, and led her in a hectic three-year voyage from British Columbia to London . Redcedar branches are very flexible and have good tensile strength. They were stripped and used as strong cords for fishing line, nets, rope cores, twine, and other purposes where bark cord

316-510: A major disturbance occurs. It is considered to have low to moderate fire resistance, as its thin bark, shallow roots, low dense branching habit and flammable foliage confer little protection. Smaller trees are commonly killed by fire, but larger specimens often survive due to their size if they are not completely girdled . The intervals between fires within western redcedar stands tend to be very long, from 50 up to 350 years or more. Western redcedar shows susceptibility of varying degrees to

395-536: A population for Hupa alone of 2,900. William J. Wallace felt that the latter estimate was "much too high", and allowed 1,000 for Hupa, 500–600 for Chilula, and 500 for Whilkut. The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation has a resident population of 2,633 persons according to the 2000 census . Hupa descendants have since been incorporated mainly into the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation and other tribes: Thuja plicata Thuja plicata

474-466: A result of warmer, drier summers due to climate change . The authors of the study conceded that they were unable to incorporate the impacts of warmer winter temperatures into their model because research on the topic was lacking at the time of their study. They hypothesized that warmer winter temperatures could result in increased incidence of cedar leaf blight and cautioned that management decisions should take this uncertainty into account. Thuja plicata

553-451: A revival of cedar weaving in some communities, and along with it, new forms of cedar bark products. For example, in some recent weddings cedar roses are used to decorate the tables. The soft red-brown timber has a tight, straight grain and few knots. It is valued for its distinct appearance, aroma, and its high natural resistance to decay, being extensively used for outdoor construction in the form of posts, decking, shingles , and siding. It

632-492: A single glacial refugium near the south of the current distribution, with subsequent expansion northward and inland since the last glacial maximum. Refugial populations may have undergone repeated population bottlenecks during the glacial maxima of the Pleistocene . Pollen cores indicate that Thuja plicata only became common in southern coastal British Columbia starting at approximately 6,000 YBP . This coincides with

711-1008: A substrate on which western redcedar does not exhibit elevated mortality rates. Western redcedar is less cold-tolerant than many conifer species that it shares its range with and is vulnerable to frost damage in late spring and early fall. Its northern range limit in Southeast Alaska and its upper elevational limits on Vancouver Island are controlled by temperature. In Southeast Alaska, it is absent from areas with mean summer temperatures less than 11 °C (52 °F). It does not grow in areas of coastal British Columbia with minimum temperatures of less than −30 °C (−22 °F), although some interior populations experience colder temperatures. It has been introduced to other temperate zones, including further north in Alaska, western Europe , Australia (at least as far north as Sydney ), New Zealand , and higher elevations of Hawaii . The species

790-441: A suitable alternative to other conifers when regenerating a site affected by these pathogens. Western redcedar foliage can become infected by the ascomycete fungus Didymascella thujina , which causes cedar leaf blight. The fungus causes leaves to turn brown and does not spread between adjacent leaves through hyphae . It is present throughout the native range of western redcedar, but reproduces best when western redcedar foliage

869-1192: A thousand years, with the oldest verified aged 1,460. The foliage forms flat sprays with scale-like leaves in opposite pairs, with successive pairs at 90 degrees to each other. The foliage sprays are green above and green marked with whitish stomatal bands below; they emit a strong aroma reminiscent of pineapple when crushed. The individual leaves are 1 to 4 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 32 to 5 ⁄ 32  in) long and 1 to 2 mm ( 1 ⁄ 32 to 3 ⁄ 32  in) broad on most foliage sprays but up to 12 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2  in) long on strong-growing lead shoots. The foliage of individual branchlets turns orange-brown before falling off in autumn. Branches growing in full sunlight produce denser foliage with more overlap, while shaded branches grow more horizontally, with less self-overlap. The cones are slender, 10 to 18 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 to 11 ⁄ 16  in) long, and 4 to 5 mm ( 5 ⁄ 32 to 3 ⁄ 16  in) broad, with 8 to 12 (rarely 14) thin, overlapping scales. They are green to yellow-green, ripening brown in fall about six months after pollination, and open at maturity to shed

SECTION 10

#1732765516939

948-540: A transition from the warmer, drier climate of the early Holocene to a cooler, wetter climate. The species arrived later in the Canadian Rockies , as recently as 4,000–5,000 YBP. Pollen Assemblages at Seeley Lake , on the eastern slope of the Coast Mountains east of Haida Gwaii , indicate that western redcedar became common there at approximately 2,200 YBP. The species name plicata derives from

1027-561: A wet, maritime climate, and only occurs where precipitation exceeds 71 centimetres (28 in) annually. It grows from the Cascade Range and Coast Mountains westward to the Pacific Ocean , from central South East Alaska (near the village of Kake) to northern California (growing closer to the coast at the northern and southern extremes). A disjunct population occurs inland from central-southeast British Columbia through

1106-482: Is a host to several destructive insect species such as the western cedar borer , cedar bark beetle , redcedar cone midge , and conifer seedling weevils . Redcedar cone midge ( Mayetiola thujae ) larvae hatch from eggs laid between the scales of immature cones, then feed on the cone scales and seeds. The application of insecticides has been used as a control measure. "Uncommonly hot, dry weather" in coastal Washington State, beginning in 2015, has been attributed as

1185-518: Is a large evergreen coniferous tree in the family Cupressaceae , native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Its common name is western redcedar in the U.S. or western red cedar in the UK, and it is also called pacific red cedar , giant arborvitae , western arborvitae , just cedar , giant cedar , or shinglewood . It is not a true cedar of the genus Cedrus . T. plicata

1264-399: Is also associated with a long tradition of curing and cooking fish over the open fire. Roots and bark are used for baskets, bowls, ropes, clothing, blankets, and rings. A huge number of archaeological finds point to the continuous use of redcedar wood in native societies. Woodworking tools dating between 8,000 and 5,000 years ago, such as carved antlers, were discovered in shell middens at

1343-527: Is also less susceptible to H. annosum and A. ostoyae than other conifer species. Studies have found that western redcedar produces a phytochemical called thujaplicin which has been credited with granting the species its natural resistance to fungal attacks. Additional research has shown that western redcedar responds to A. ostoye infection by producing necrophylactic periderms and resin ducts near infection sites. Because of these natural defenses, it has been suggested that western redcedar may serve as

1422-508: Is available. Western redcedar foliage is more palatable for browsing herbivores than the commonly associated Sitka spruce and western hemlock. Browsing by introduced Sitka black-tailed deer is a major source of mortality for seedlings and saplings in old-growth forests on Haida Gwaii, where the deer lack natural predators. The presence of deer there has been linked to a decline in western redcedar recruitment . The seeds may be eaten by birds and rodents such as deer mice , but are apparently not

1501-463: Is believed to be the main irritant and contact allergen responsible for provoking allergic reactions and asthma exacerbation. This leads to occupational asthma in woodworkers that are exposed to western redcedar wood dust . Thujaplicins serve as natural fungicides which prevent the wood from rotting . This effect lasts around a century even after the tree is felled. However, thujaplicins are only found in older trees. Saplings do not produce

1580-423: Is commonly used for the framing and longwood in lightweight sail boats and kayaks. In larger boats it is often used in sandwich construction between two layers of epoxy resin and/or fiberglass or similar products. Due to its light weight – 390 to 400 kg/m (24 to 25 lb/cu ft) dried – it is about 30% lighter than common boat building woods, such as mahogany. For its weight it

1659-440: Is detrimental to the traditional spirit of the art. Non-traditionalists simply buy redcedar logs or lumber at mills or lumber yards, a practice that is commonly followed by most working in smaller sizes such as for masks and staves. Because felling required such an extraordinary amount of work, if only planks for housing were needed, these would be split from the living tree. The bark was stripped and saved, and two cuts were made at

SECTION 20

#1732765516939

1738-677: Is next to the territory of the Yurok at the connection of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers in northeastern Humboldt County. The reservation has a land area of 141.087 square miles (365.41 km ). Hupa are involved in the talks to remove hydroelectric dams along the Klamath and Trinity rivers , and were a party to a lawsuit against the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Marine Fisheries Service. On February 8, 2017,

1817-541: Is present on all landforms and soil classes on Vancouver Island, but is restricted to wet, low-lying areas and streamsides in the drier eastern portions of its range. Unlike its associates western hemlock and Douglas-fir, western redcedar can grow well in environments with stagnant groundwater present less than 5 centimetres (2.0 in) below the soil surface in the winter. It does not grow as well in areas with flowing groundwater, unlike another common associate, Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ). Western redcedars growing in

1896-513: Is quite strong but can be brittle. It glues well with epoxy resin or resorcinol adhesive. Its light weight, strength, and dark, warm sound make it a popular choice for guitar soundboards , particularly among European guitar builders such as Lowden and Furch. Western redcedar wood is export-restricted in the United States . The tree is highly allergenic and woodworkers or loggers who work with it may have adverse reactions, including

1975-602: Is still lacking. Thuja plicata is one of two Thuja species native to North America, the other being T. occidentalis . Nuclear genome analysis indicates that it is likely more closely related to T. koraiensis , which is native to the Korean Peninsula. The two species are hypothesized to have diverged in the Miocene . A 2008 study found that western redcedar populations in coastal areas of Washington and Oregon are more genetically variable than populations in

2054-437: Is the largest species in the genus Thuja , growing up to 70 metres (230 ft) tall and 7 m (23 ft) in diameter. It mostly grows in areas that experience a mild climate with plentiful rainfall, although it is sometimes present in drier areas on sites where water is available year-round, such as wet valley bottoms and mountain streamsides. The species is shade-tolerant and able to establish in forest understories and

2133-463: Is then split lengthwise into the required width and woven or twisted into shape. Bark harvesting was mostly done by women, despite the danger of climbing ten meters in the air, because they were the primary makers of bark goods. Today bark rope making is a lost art in many communities, although it is still practiced for decoration or art in a few places. Other uses of bark are still common for artistic or practical purposes. In recent years there has been

2212-527: Is thus considered a climax species . It is a very long-lived tree, with some specimens reaching ages of well over 1,000 years. Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest use the wood of this species for many purposes, such as building canoes, totem poles , and tools. The bark is harvested by indigenous peoples and processed into a fiber, which they use to make items such as rope, baskets, clothing, and rain hats. Because of its wide range of uses,

2291-571: Is used as a nest tree by cavity-nesting bird species such as yellow-bellied sapsuckers , hairy woodpeckers , tree swallows , chestnut-backed chickadees , and Vaux's swifts . Pileated woodpeckers on the Olympic Peninsula prefer very large western redcedars with heart rot when selecting roosting sites, but do not use them for nesting, instead relying on Pacific silver fir ( Abies amabilis ) for that purpose. Old-growth valley bottom forests of western redcedar and western hemlock are

2370-483: Is wet for long periods of time, with minimal wind exposure. Significant variation in resistance to cedar leaf blight exists between populations of Thuja plicata ; trees sourced from coastal populations exhibit higher resistance than trees from interior populations. Additional variation also occurs within populations. A study published in 2013 projected a decrease in the incidence of cedar leaf blight among western redcedars in coastal British Columbia by late 21st century as

2449-547: The Coast Salish peoples describes the origins of the western redcedar. In this legend, there was a generous man who gave the people whatever they needed. When the Great Spirit saw this, he declared that when the generous man died, a great Red Cedar tree will grow where he is buried, and that the cedar will be useful to all the people, providing its roots for baskets, bark for clothing, and wood for shelter. The wood

Hoopa–Yurok Settlement Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

2528-860: The Idaho Panhandle . The easternmost extent of its distribution occurs in Glacier National Park in Montana, where it is a major component of forests surrounding Lake McDonald . It is present east of the continental divide in the park, growing in a handful of small, isolated stands. It is usually found from sea level to elevations of 1,100 m (3,600 ft), but grows at altitudes of up to 2,290 m (7,510 ft) at Crater Lake in Oregon and 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Idaho. Western redcedar grows on many types of soils. It

2607-1052: The North Shore Mountains of British Columbia have higher growth rates than associated western hemlock and Pacific silver fir when growing underneath a closed canopy. The study also found that western redcedars do not increase their growth rates in response to canopy gap formation that occurs after the death of a mature overstory tree as much as the two other species. This result indicates that western redcedar may be less reliant on canopy gaps for recruitment than western hemlock and Pacific silver fir. Western redcedar can also reproduce vegetatively via layering , as well as branch development from fallen branches or entire trees. On northeastern Vancouver Island, western redcedar grows along with western hemlock in relatively open-canopied forests with an understory dominated by salal ( Gaultheria shallon ). Another type of forest characterized by dense stands of western hemlock and Pacific silver fir with sparse understory vegetation also occurs in

2686-597: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : Western redcedar is considered the Tree of Life by many of the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest, as the tree gave them everything that they needed for life – food, water (in the form of water tight woven cedar bark baskets), clothing, medicine, transportation (they made their canoes from the cedar tree), shelter (boards of wood from

2765-526: The Squamish language . Further south, in the Lushootseed language , the root for red cedar is x̌payʔ and x̌payʔac refers to a red cedar tree. Thuja plicata is among the most widespread trees in the Pacific Northwest . It is associated with Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ) in most places where it grows. It grows best on moist sites in areas with

2844-520: The American horticultural trade, it is also known as the giant arborvitae , by comparison with arborvitae for its close relative Thuja occidentalis . Other names include giant red cedar, Pacific red cedar, shinglewood, British Columbia cedar (being the province's official tree ), canoe cedar, and red cedar. Arborvitae comes from the Latin for 'tree of life'; coincidentally, Native Americans of

2923-685: The California Wilderness Act). In the fifteen years immediately before the U.S. Congress considered passing the HYSA, the Yurok Tribe had been party to Three cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States that dealt directly with the Yurok Tribe's cultural rights and resources (Mattz, Jessie Short, and Lyng). As such, the U.S. Congress was expressly aware that the rights and resources of the Yurok Tribe that it requiring

3002-487: The Glenrose site, near Vancouver , British Columbia. In Yuquot , on the west coast of Vancouver Island, tools dating 4,000 to 3,000 years old have been found. The Musqueam site, also near Vancouver, yielded bark baskets woven in five different styles, along with ropes and ships dated to 3,000 years ago. At Pitt River , adzes and baskets were dated around 2,900 years ago. Wooden artefacts 1000 years old were unearthed on

3081-553: The HYSA payment that formally separated the Resighini Rancheria from legal claims to rights and resources of the historic tribe of Yurok People . Each member of the Resighini Rancheria met with Tribal leadership and representatives of the Government of United States prior to deciding their individual election on whether to take the buyout and surrender their rights to the Yurok Tribe and were fully informed of

3160-584: The Latin word plicāre and means 'folded in plaits' or 'braided,' a reference to the pattern of its small leaves. Most authorities, both in Canada and the United States transliterate the English name in two words as 'western redcedar', or occasionally hyphenated as 'western red-cedar', to indicate that it is not a true cedar ( Cedrus ), but it also appears as 'western red cedar' in some popular works. In

3239-684: The Rancheria was created in 1939. All other Yurok lands, Yurok culture, People of the Yurok Tribe , the Klamath River , the Klamath River Basin, and the lands and waters at the mouth of the Klamath River – as well as any other land, objects, or culture originating from within the Yurok Tribe ’s unceded Ancestral Land – irrespective of whether it was located within the current reservation boundaries, rightfully belong to

Hoopa–Yurok Settlement Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

3318-570: The Resighini Rancheria to waive and release, and the Resighini Rancheria did too. The Resighini Rancheria chose exclusive control of the smaller parcel held in trust for the members of the Resighini Rancheria , and the gaming review from the Casino owned by the Resighini Rancheria at the time, over a shared interest in the Yurok Tribe and Yurok Reservation . To that end, members of the Resighini Rancheria received their share of

3397-555: The Rocky Mountains and along the eastern slope of the Washington Cascades are subject to higher mortality rates when growing on glacial till and sedimentary rocks than on other substrates. Western white pine ( Pinus monticola ) and Douglas-fir growing in these areas exhibit the opposite pattern, exhibiting low mortality rates on these substrates but high mortality rates on nutrient-poor metasedimentary rocks ,

3476-563: The Rocky Mountains and coastal British Columbia, indicating that the species most likely spread throughout its current range from a single refugium in the southern portion of its range after the Last Glacial Maximum . Some studies have suggested the existence of an inland refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum, likely in central Idaho. However, more recent genomic approaches corroborate the existence of only

3555-559: The United States government signed a treaty recognizing the Hupa tribe's sovereignty over their land. The United States called the reservation the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation (located at 41°05′57″N 123°40′21″W  /  41.09917°N 123.67250°W  / 41.09917; -123.67250 ), where Hupa people now reside, one of very few California tribes not forced from their homeland. The reservation

3634-516: The West Coast also address the species as "long life maker". One endonymous name for the tree is the Halkomelem word xepá:y , from the roots xíp , meaning 'scratch' or 'line', and á:y , 'bark'; the former root may be in reference to both the lined or "folded/braided" appearance of the bark and the tree's ubiquity in carving and other forms of woodwork. It is called x̱ápay̓ay in

3713-439: The Yurok Tribe and the restored Yurok Reservation unless the Rancheria voted to extinguish their separate and distinct tribe and reservation by joining the Yurok Tribe. In the ten years immediately before the U.S. Congress considered passing the HYSA, the Yurok Tribe and the Yurok Tribe's Ancestral Land had been a primary or contributing factor in the passage of three major acts of legislation (Redwood National Park, AIRFA, and

3792-895: The Yurok Tribe, and not the Rancheria. Hupa Hupa people migrated from the north into northern California around 1000 CE and settled in Hoopa Valley, California (Hupa: Natinook ). Their heritage language is Hupa , which is a member of the Athabaskan language family . Their land stretched from the South Fork of the Trinity River to Hoopa Valley, to the Klamath River in California. Their red cedar -planked houses, dugout canoes , basket hats and many elements of their oral literature identify them with their northern origin; however, some of their customs, such as

3871-475: The acorns of Notholithocarpus densiflorus to make meal, from which they would make mush, bread, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. They also roast the acorns and eat them. They also use the dyed fronds of Woodwardia radicans for basketry. They also use Xerophyllum tenax to create a border pattern in baskets. Hupa, like many tribes in the area, fish for salmon in the Klamath and Trinity rivers. One of

3950-469: The area. The two forest types occur in areas with very similar environmental conditions and are separated by sharp boundaries, often less than 10 metres (33 ft) wide. Western redcedar recruitment is nearly absent in the western hemlock-Pacific silver fir forest type, and there is no evidence of a transitional stage between the two types. It has been hypothesized that, once established, these forest types are self-sustaining and are unlikely to change unless

4029-416: The base and has shallow roots. The bark is thin, gray-brown, and fissured into vertical bands. Trees growing in the open may have a crown that reaches the ground, whereas trees densely spaced together will exhibit a crown only at the top, where light can reach the leaves. As the tree ages, the top is damaged by wind and replaced by inferior branches. The species is long-lived; some trees can live well over

SECTION 50

#1732765516939

4108-547: The cedar tree were used to build their long houses), and spirituality (in that the boughs were used in many ceremonies). Some northwest coast tribes refer to themselves as "people of the Red Cedar" because of their extensive dependence on the tree for basic materials. The wood has been used for constructing housing and totem poles , and crafted into many objects, including masks, utensils, boxes, boards, instruments, canoes, vessels, houses, and ceremonial objects. Western redcedar

4187-628: The chemical, causing them to often develop rot at an early stage, causing some trees to grow with a somewhat hollow trunk, as the tree moves to heal itself as it grows. Due to their fungicidal and anti- browning properties, thujaplicins are used in agriculture for fungal diseases and to prevent post-harvest decay . Thujaplicins, like other tropolones, are potent chelating agents and bind divalent metal ions. Basic and animal studies have shown that thujaplicins may have other biological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, however reliable evidence on their effectiveness

4266-426: The consequences of that choice. The Resighini Rancheria released all legal claims and rights to any and all things Yurok, and limited their claims exclusively to (1) lands within the boundaries of the Resighini Rancheria ; (2) claims established through direct lineal descent where no descendant exists within the Yurok Tribe; and, (3) the gains/profits resulting from conduct of members of the Resighini Rancheria after

4345-843: The development of occupational asthma , exacerbation of existing asthma , reduction of lung function , and eye irritation. Approximately 5% of workers are allergic to western redcedar. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for western redcedar dust of 2.5 mg/m as a time-weighted average over eight hours. The essential oil of western redcedar leaves contains natural compounds, such as α- thujone , β- thujone , fenchone , sabinene , terpinen-4-ol and beyerene, which have also been isolated from different other essential oils. Some of these substances are aroma compounds and are used in perfumery . Thujones are GABA A receptor competitive antagonists , but do not have any pharmacological use due to their high toxicity and convulsive activity. It

4424-540: The east coast of Vancouver Island. Western redcedar was used extensively wherever it was found along the northwest coast (British Columbia, Washington state , parts of Alaska). Evidence of this use is found in culturally modified trees (CMTs) that are found throughout the coast. When First Nations people removed the bark from cedars, it left a scar – which is considered a CMT. Other types of harvest (for planks, tinder, and other uses) leave different types of evidence of cultural modification. A legend amongst

4503-504: The ends of the planking. Then wedges would be pounded in along the sides and the planks slowly split off the side of the tree. Trees which have been so harvested are still visible in some places in the rainforest, with obvious chunks taken off of their sides. Such trees usually continue to grow perfectly well, since redcedar wood is resistant to decay. Planks are straightened by a variety of methods, including weighing them down with stones, lashing them together with rope, or forcing them between

4582-578: The federal district court judge ruled in favor of the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the three other Klamath River fishing tribes, and other stakeholders. The judge agreed to plans designed by the Tribes' scientists to reduce outbreaks of a deadly fish disease that had infected 90% of juvenile salmon in 2014 and 2015. Hupa people have been excelling at basketry and elk horn carving since the 17th century, petroglyphs . Traditionally, Hupa people have used

4661-473: The following soil pathogens: Armillaria ostoyae , Fomitopsis pinicola , Heterobasidion annosum , Phaeolus schweinitzii , Phellinus weirii , Rhizinia undulata , and Postia sericeomollis . P. sericeomollis is responsible for brown cubical butt and pocket rot of cedar. It is the second-most common cause of decay in Western redcedar following P. weirii . Rather than forming a single column of decay in

4740-401: The heartwood, P. sericeomollis tends to cause rings or pockets of decay in the lower bole. While Western redcedar is a host to P. weirii, the fungus which causes the disease laminated root rot, it is rated as resistant while other conifers are rated as highly susceptible or susceptible. P. weirii in Western redcedar expresses as a butt rot. In addition to P. weirii, western redcedar

4819-662: The improvised methods the BIA was forced to adopt after the 1973 rulings recognized the continuing status of the Yurok Reservation and the BIA's failure to treat the Yurok Tribe appropriately. When the U.S. Congress partitioned the former joint reservation into the Yurok Reservation and the Hoopa Valley Reservation , it explicitly divorced the Resighini Rancheria from all rights and resources of

SECTION 60

#1732765516939

4898-504: The introduction of steel tools was a complex and time-consuming art. Typically the bark was removed around the base of the tree above the buttresses. Then some amount of cutting and splitting with stone adzes and mauls would be done, creating a wide triangular cut. The area above and below the cut would be covered with a mixture of wet moss and clay as a firebreak. Then the cut would be packed with tinder and small kindling and slowly burned. The process of cutting and burning would alternate until

4977-574: The methods they once used to capture fish was the fish weir , which tribal members would maintain. Hupa share all of their fishing practices with the neighboring Yurok Hupa tribal fishers and their families rely on the Spring and Fall Chinook Salmon runs. Acorns, once abundant, were a main staple until they grew scarce. Because Hupa were not located as close to the sea as their neighboring Yurok Tribe, they traded supplies with them, such as salt in exchange for baskets, or acorns for canoes. Estimates for

5056-744: The more advanced woodworking found in northern tribes such as the Tlingit . Harvesting western redcedar required some ceremony and included propitiation of the tree's spirits as well as those of the surrounding trees. In particular, many people specifically requested the tree and its brethren not to fall or drop heavy branches on the harvester, a situation which is mentioned in a number of different stories of people who were not sufficiently careful. Some professional loggers of Native American descent have mentioned that they offer quiet or silent propitiations to trees which they fell, following in this tradition. Felling of large trees such as western redcedar before

5135-621: The most shade-tolerant species in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest it is considered to be a climax species along with western hemlock. It will readily establish and grow in the shade of other, less shade-tolerant species such as red alder ( Alnus rubra ), black cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa ), or Douglas-fir, and prevent seedlings of those species from establishing themselves in its shade. However, western hemlock and Pacific silver fir are more tolerant of shade. A 2010 study found that Thuja plicata growing in old-growth forests 300 to 700 metres (980 to 2,300 ft) above sea level in

5214-415: The pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber thought that the 1770 population of Hupa was 1,000 and that Chilula and Whilkut accounted for another 1,000. Kroeber estimated the population of Hupa in 1910 to be 500. In 1943, Sherburne F. Cook proposed an aboriginal population of 1,000 for Hupa and 600 for Chilula. He subsequently suggested

5293-471: The preferred food source for most species, possibly due to their small size or unpleasant odor. A 1937 study conducted in western Cowlitz County, Washington demonstrated a strong preference among deer mice for Douglas-fir and western hemlock seeds over western redcedar seeds. However, pine siskins apparently favor western redcedar seeds over those of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Western redcedar appears in all stages of forest succession, but as one of

5372-481: The preferred habitat for white-tailed deer in the Priest River drainage of northern Idaho. The dense canopies of these forests prevent deep snow accumulation, which makes movement difficult for the deer. The foliage, especially that of saplings, is an important food source year-round for browsing ungulates such as Roosevelt elk and black-tailed deer , especially during the winter months when little else

5451-606: The seeds. The seeds are 4 to 5 mm ( 5 ⁄ 32 to 3 ⁄ 16  in) long and 1 mm ( 1 ⁄ 32  in) broad, with a narrow papery wing down each side. The pollen cones are 3 to 4 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 to 5 ⁄ 32  in) long, red or purple at first, and shed yellow pollen in spring. The heartwood of western redcedar contains numerous chemical substances, such as plicatic acid , thujaplicatin methyl ether , hinokitiol and other thujaplicins , β- thujaplicinol , thujic acid , methyl thujate , 1,4-cineole , and γ-eudesmol . Plicatic acid

5530-399: The shore. If the tree was to become canoes, then it would often be divided into sections and worked into rough canoe shapes before transport. If it were to be used for a totem pole or building materials, it would be towed in the round to the village. Many trees are still felled in this traditional manner for use as totem poles and canoes, particularly by artists who feel that using modern tools

5609-538: The species is of great cultural importance to these people. Western redcedar wood is aromatic and rot-resistant and is used for applications such as the construction of shingles and siding. It has been introduced to cool temperate areas in other parts of the world, such as Northern Europe and New Zealand . Thuja plicata is a large to very large tree, ranging up to 45 to 70 metres (150 to 230 feet) tall and 2.4 to 7 m (8 to 23 ft) in trunk diameter, larger than any other species in its genus. The trunk swells at

5688-429: The tree are used and the harvester climbs by alternating between them for support. Since western redcedars lose their lower branches as all tall trees do in the rainforest, the harvester may climb 10 m (33 ft) or more into the tree by this method. The harvested bark is folded and carried in backpacks. It can be stored for quite some time as mold does not grow on it and is moistened before unfolding and working. It

5767-412: The tree was mostly penetrated through, and then careful tending of the fire would fell the tree in the best direction for handling. This process could take many days. A constant rotation of workers was involved to keep the fires burning through night and day, often in a remote and forbidding location. Once the tree was felled, the work had only just begun, as it then had to be stripped and dragged down to

5846-415: The tree. To prevent this, the harvester usually only harvests from trees that have not been stripped before. After harvesting, the tree is not used for bark again, although it may later be felled for wood. Stripping bark is usually started with a series of cuts at the base of the tree above any buttresses, after which the bark is peeled upwards. To remove bark high up, a pair of platforms strung on rope around

5925-430: The underlying cause of a large dieback of this species that could not otherwise be attributed to any "killer pest or known pathogen." Like its relative Thuja occidentalis and many other conifer species, T. plicata is grown as an ornamental tree , and for screens and hedges , throughout the world in gardens and parks. A wide variety of forms, sizes, and colors is available. The following cultivars have gained

6004-570: The use of a sweat house for ceremonies and the manufacture of acorn bread, were adopted from surrounding indigenous peoples of California . Close associated peoples - both by language and custom - were/are the Tsnungwe (South Fork Hupa) , the Chilula (Lower Redwood Creek Hupa) and Whilkut (Redwood Creek Hupa) . Hupa people had limited contact with non-native peoples until the 1849 Gold Rush brought an influx of miners onto their lands. In 1864,

6083-818: Was described as invasive in Great Britain by a 2004 survey, although it is not listed as such by the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 as of September 2022. Its presence has also been recorded in Poland, where it has been identified as a potentially problematic exotic species in the Białowieża Forest . Western redcedar provides cover for bears, raccoons, skunks, and other animals which nest inside trunk cavities. It

6162-528: Was not strong enough or might fray. Both the branches and bark rope have been replaced by modern fiber and nylon cordage among the aboriginal northwest coast peoples, though the bark is still in use for the other purposes mentioned above. At the right time of year, the bark is easily removed from live trees in long strips. It is harvested for use in making mats, rope and cordage, basketry , rain hats, clothing , and other soft goods. The harvesting of bark must be done with care, as stripping too much bark will kill

6241-549: Was worked primarily with the adze , which was preferred over all other tools, even ones introduced by Europeans. Alexander Walker, an ensign on the fur trade ship Captain Cook , reported that the indigenous peoples used an elbow adze, which they valued over tools brought by the Europeans, such as the saw or the axe , going so far as to modify traded tools back into an adze. Tools were generally made from stone, bone, obsidian , or

#938061