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34-660: Hadiyya (speakers call it Hadiyyisa , others sometimes call it Hadiyigna , Adiya , Adea , Adiye , Hadia , Hadiya , Hadya ) is the language of the Hadiya people of Ethiopia . It is a Highland East Cushitic language of the Afroasiatic family. Most speakers live in the Hadiya Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). The closely related Libido language , located just to

68-536: A language entity and preserved an identity of oneness, the Hadiya proper. The term Hadiya specifically designates the Qabeena people. Other ethnic groups such as Siltʼe , Wulbareg, Azarnat, Barbare, Wuriro, Wolane and Gadabano profess that they're the seven Hadiya clans. Ancient Hadiyans are distinguished by their Muslim heritage however these populations have decreased in the following centuries. Hadiya are related to

102-560: A rich, the largest militarily and the most powerful Muslim state among the seven states of the Muslim federation of Zeila . Absence of strong successors to Amdä Sion provided the Border States almost a century in which to re-organize their power. Hadiya once again emerged as a cohesive unit. Its army was estimated at 40,000 horsemen and double the number of foot soldiers. During the reign of Zara Yaqob (1434–1468), Garad Mahiko ,

136-545: Is a part of the great East African Rift System. The main areas inhabited by the Hadiyya, who have preserved their original ethnic identity, are situated on the western edge of the Rift Valley; east of the axis there are only parts assimilated by ethnic groups who are known by other names. The Rift Valley extends in a north-north-easterly direction from approximately 6° north latitude as a rough estimate, and continues through

170-526: The Adal leader Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi that their people were forced to give their Muslim daughters to the Emperor of Ethiopia to be converted to Christianity annually as tribute. Hadiya would join the Adal troops in its invasion of Ethiopia during the sixteenth century. With the outbreak of Imam Ahmad's jihad in 1529, the rulers of Hadiya and Bale identified with the cause of Islam and Adal, slaughtered

204-570: The Battle of Hadiya . In the late sixteenth century, the Hadiya regions were overrun by Oromo migrations . In 1689, Iyasu's Armenian trade agent, Khodja Murad told the Dutch in Batavia that the king of Hadiya had ‘‘submitted of his own free will to the rule of Abyssinia .’’ after suffering defeats and displacements by Oromos. The chief of Hadiya ‘‘together with his entire people’’ had ‘‘embraced

238-2364: The Harari . During the military campaigns of Emir Nur ibn Mujahid , a troop contingent of Somalis reached the slopes of the Gurage Mountains whose descendants have preserved the name "Barbare" which is said to have derived from the port-town of Berbera . This origin was affirmed by the Barbare in the Gurage zone. 1. Current Hadiyyisa speaking groups (Hadiya proper): Leemo , Sooro, Shaashoogo, Baadawwaachcho, Haballo, Hojje, Sha’ammanna, Gabara, Baadoogo (Weexo Giira-Baadoog, Haballo) 2. Libidoo (Maraqo, Marako) (total about 27 sub-groups): Abaachche, Agabeello, Waaremanna, Weerarmanna, etc. 3. Cushitic speaking: Alaaba and Qabeena 4. East-Gurage speaking: Azernet, Barbare, Ulbarag, Woriro, Wolane, Zay, Gadabaano, Abeechcho, Aboosare, Abbiyyo, Gammaso, Wosharmine, Qaalisha, Shandar 5. Hadiya Clans in Arsi and Bale: Abaanna, Abbayymanna, Abbure, Aboosara, Holbaatmanna, Wonamanna, Woshermine, Yabsanna, Oodomanna, Lataamanna, Insemanna, Dollomana, etc. 6. Hadiya Clans in Sidama: Buchche (Bushe) (5 Clans): Fakisa, Hollo, Malga, and Awacho 7. Hadiya Clans in Wolega (among Maaca Oromo around Nekemte ) 8. Hadiya Clans in Wolayta (total 11 sub-groups): Ansoomooso, Bohalmanna, Doodichchmanna, Haballooso 9. Hadiya Clans in Harar (among Ittu Oromo, total 5 sub-groups): Abosaara, Asalmanna(Asallicho(Haballosa)), Dooyyomanna, Horsumanna, Tokkomanna 10. Alaaba (total 12 sub-groups): Bukaanna, Kitaabo, Kolmine, Shaamanna 11. Hadiya clans in Kambata(Haballo clans dominantly and Bargage) 12. Hadiya clans in Afar and Somali 13. Hadiya clans in Amhara and Tigray (Raya) 14. Hadiya clans around Jimma and Kafa(Haballosa and Badoge) In addition,

272-465: The Abyssinians took advantage of the famine that had struck the region and led a conquest into their territory. Historical definition of Hadiya people includes a number of Ethiopian ethnic groups currently known by other names according to ethnologist Ulrich Braukämper, who lived in various parts of southern-central Ethiopia for over four years during his research. In his book titled A history of

306-884: The Armenian) as an ambassador to the King of Portugal and the Pope in Rome. Apparently, the Portuguese only came to understand the nature of Matheus's mission after they arrived in Ethiopia, which complicated D. Rodrigo da Lima's mission to the Ethiopian Emperor . Eleni served as chief regent for the under-age Lebna Dengel, along with his mother, the Dowager Empress Na'od Mogassa , and Ras Degelhan of Gojjam ,

340-528: The Awaš depression towards the funnel-shaped Afar lowlands. Within this massive rupture zone, which came into being in the middle tertiary period, there is a difference in altitude of between 1,250m (Lake Abbayya) to sometimes well over 2,000m. Eleni of Ethiopia Eleni ( Ge’ez : እሌኒ, "Helena"; died April 1522) also known as Queen of Zeila was Empress of Ethiopia by marriage to Zara Yaqob (r. 1434–1468), and served as regent between 1507 and 1516 during

374-565: The Christian garrisons in their midst, and sent their best troops to help in the invasion of the Christian kingdom. The southern frontiers were left unguarded, and the Oromo began to break in. Meanwhile, the Christian reconquest under Galawdewos devastated northern Hadiya, but failed to check the Oromo advance. Crushed between the upper and the nether millstone, Hadiya as a state ceased to exist. Of its very diverse population, some, including most of

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408-579: The Christian religion’’, and married ‘‘a certain princess from the dynasty of the Abyssinian emperors.’’ However historians indicate the Hadiya Muslim cluster state survived until the Abyssinian invasion under Menelik II in the 1800s. The Hadiya state of Qabeena under imam Umar Baksa capitulated to the Abyssinians without resistance due to fears of a direct occupation in 1875. This

442-416: The Emperor's senior male relative. Álvares also notes that Eleni possessed extensive estates in the province of Gojjam . Others said that "she was accomplished in everything: in front of God by practising righteousness and having strong faith, by praying and receiving Holy Communion; in worldly terms, she was accomplished in preparing food [for the royal table], in familiarity with the books, in knowledge of

476-531: The Habarnoosa(Haballosa) clan claim descent from the Habar Yoonis subclan of Isaaq . The Hadiya nation is divided approximately into 16 sub-clans. Each clan traced its lineage to a single male ancestor. The clans were not restricted to any particular geographical area; they lived side by side. Some clans had a recognized leader, others did not. However, in either case, real political power

510-556: The Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia, he established linkages to the ancient Hadiya Kingdom. Currently, Hadiya is not a homogeneous ethnic group but is rather sub-divided into a number of ethnonyms, partly with different languages and cultural affiliations. They were initially all inhabitants of a single political entity, a Sultanate, which in the 4th centuries following its break-down became remarkably diverse. The Libidoo (Maräqo), Leemo, Sooro, Shaashoogo, and Baadawwaachcho remained

544-587: The Indies , a male relative of Lebna Dengel who escaped from Amba Geshen is described as her son, according to the translator but not the original text After Zara Yaqob's death, the next emperor, Baeda Maryam I , gave Eleni the title of Queen Mother, as his own mother Tsion Mogasa had been beaten to death during his father's reign. Eleni proved to be an effective member of the royal family; Paul B. Henze comments that she "was practically co-monarch" during his reign. When Eskender succeeded his father, Empress Eleni

578-735: The King of Hadiya , Eleni's kingdom was invaded by Emperor Zara Yaqob for refusing to pay the annual tribute, leading to her capture, conversion to Christianity, and marriage to Zara Yaqob. Hadiya rulers later appealed to the Adal Sultanate for assistance, which lead to the climax of conflict in the region during the Ethiopian-Adal war . Although the Portuguese historian Baltasar Teles wrote that Eleni had no children, in some manuscripts of Francisco Álvares 's The Prester John of

612-460: The King of Hadiya, Amano, refused to submit to the Emperor of Ethiopia. Amano was encouraged in this by a Muslim "prophet of darkness" named Bel'am. Amda Seyon subsequently set forth for Hadiya, where he "slew the inhabitants of the country with the point of the sword", killing many of the inhabitants while enslaving others. Arab historian, Shihab al-Din al-'Umari (1300 – 1349), referred to Hadiya as

646-468: The Rift valley pastoralists, joined the Oromo, adopting both their language and their gada social organization, which was the basis of their military strength. The rest fled in all directions, but eventually resettled themselves in pockets along the western margin of the Rift valley and in the adjoining highlands. In the 1600s Garad Sidi Mohammed ruler of Hadiya defeated the troops of Emperor Susenyos I at

680-675: The area comprises southern Šäwa, the entire General Arsi and the north of Bale. On today's map it covers the Hadiyya Zone and parts of the Gurage Zone in the north of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS) and some central-southern parts of Oromia. The geography of this region is characterized by a division into an eastern and a western zone by the Ethiopian Rift Valley, which

714-622: The dynasty was started by descendants of Harar Emir Abadir , who intermarried with Sidama. The earliest surviving mention of Hadiya is in the Kebra Nagast (ch. 94), indicating that the kingdom was in existence by the 13th century. Another early mention is in a manuscript written on the island monastery of Lake Hayq , which states that after conquering Damot , Emperor Amda Seyon I proceeded to Hadiya and brought it under his control using Gura armies from modern day Eritrea which would later become Gurage . Later during Amda Seyon's reign,

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748-478: The law, and in understanding the affairs of state. For these qualities, the King greatly loved our Queen Eléni. He considered her like his own mother’. The date of Eleni's death is not entirely certain. However, Henze states that she died at an advanced age in the 1520s, and Beckingham and Huntingford confirms this by arguing that the evidence in Álvares account provides enough information to date her death to April, 1522. Álvares makes it clear that she died while he

782-428: The minority of emperor Dawit II . She played a significant role in the government of Ethiopia during her lifetime, acting as de facto co-regent or advisor to a number of emperors ; one testimony of this is the manuscript Bruce 88, which states that she had been in the palace of three illustrious Emperors: Zara Yaqob; his son by another wife, Baeda Maryam I (r. 1468–1478), and Na'od (r. 1494–1505). The daughter of

816-488: The north in the Mareko district of Gurage Zone , is very similar lexically, but has significant morphological differences. Hadiyya has a set of complex consonant phonemes consisting of a glottal stop and a sonorant : /ʔr/, /ʔj/, /ʔw/, /ʔl/ . In their book (English version 1999), Braukämper and Mishago compiled a reasonably sized collection of the presently vanishing art of traditional songs of Hadiyya. The lyrics adhere to

850-453: The population) identified themselves as Hadiya, of whom 150,087 were urban inhabitants. The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region is home to 93.9% of this people. The area occupied by the Hadiyya proper and groups of Hadiyya descent extends from the upper Gibe in the west to the bend of the Wabi Šäbälle in the east. Transferred to the administrative map of Ethiopia of the 1970s,

884-495: The region. In 1444 Eleni of Hadiya is mentioned in the Zara Yaqob chronicles as Empress, and she is linked to the aggression towards Ethiopia by Sultan Badlay of Adal. According to Portuguese explorer Francisco Alvarez , Abyssinian Christian aristocracy continued marrying Hadiya Muslim women as late as the sixteenth century during the reign of Lebna Dengel . In the middle of the sixteenth century Hadiya chiefs informed

918-637: The scattered remnants of a formerly much larger ethnic complex under the once mighty Muslim principality called Hadiya Sultanate . A connection with the Harla people who lived under the Harla Kingdom in the ninth century has been sometimes assumed but is unsubstantiated. A cluster of speakers labelled Hadiya-Sidama developed maintaining Islamic identity and later creating the Hadiya Sultanate as founding population. According to Hadiya elders,

952-537: The son of Garaad Mehmad, or Sultan of Hadiya, repeated his predecessor's actions and refused to submit to the Abyssinian Emperor. Mahiko collaborated with both the Hadiya people and Adalites to launch a conflict with Ethiopia. However, with the help of one of Mahiko's followers, the Garaad was deposed in favor of his uncle Bamo. Garaad Mahiko then sought sanctuary at the court of the Adal Sultanate . He

986-580: The strict rule of Hadiyya traditional poetry where rhythmical rhyming occurs at the beginning of the verse. The New Testament of the Christian Bible has been translated into Hadiyya, published by the Bible Society of Ethiopia in 1993. It was originally produced using the traditional Ethiopic syllabary. A later printing used the Latin alphabet. Hadiya people The Hadiya people are

1020-470: Was exercised by the ruling council of elders for each clan. Each clan then forwarded the leader of its council to the apex council of elders for the whole community. The overall council of elders representing all the clans was then led by a headman or the nation's spokesman. The Hadiya Zone is named after the Hadiya people, whose homeland covers part of this administrative division . The 2007 Ethiopian national census reported that 1,269,382 people (or 1.5% of

1054-579: Was initially pushed out of power by the Bitwoded Amda Mikael. However, around 1486 she participated in a palace coup that led to his deposition and execution, and Eleni thereafter played a leading role in government, which continued into the reign of Emperor Na'od . From her childhood, Eleni retained awareness of the wider Muslim world and sought to reach a reconciliation with the neighbouring Muslim Empire of Adal , promoting commercial relations. The Portuguese missionary Francisco Álvares

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1088-538: Was later slain by the military contingent Adal Mabrak, who had been in pursuit. The chronicles record that the Adal Mabrak sent Mahiko's head and limbs to Zara Yaqob as proof of his death. Following the annexation of Hadiya state by the Ethiopian Empire, Zara Yacob began a tradition of Abyssinian elites marrying high ranking Hadiya women, Zara Yaqob himself married Eleni which was denounced by Muslims in

1122-518: Was opposed by nobles especially the Garad of Qabeena at the time Hassan Enjamo who began a resistance movement. In the following years, Hassan would expand his dominion into all of Hadiya, some parts of Gurage and Oromo territory. Hassan was however defeated in 1889 at the battle of Jabdu Meda leading to Qabeena Hadiya states annexation by the Abyssinians. The last remaining Halaba Hadiya state held off until 1893 under their chief Barre Kagaw when

1156-478: Was told by the Abuna Marqos , that upon Emperor Na'od's death in combat, "he and Queen Eleni made him [Lebna Dengel] King, because they had all of the great men in their hands." This statement points to the power Eleni wielded. Understanding the growing threat that Ethiopia faced from the expanding Ottoman influence in the region, with the counsel of Pero da Covilhã , sent Mateus (also known as Matthew

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