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54-429: Hanshan administers 10 subdistricts, 2 towns, and 1 township. Subdistricts: Towns: The only township is Mazhuang Township ( 马庄乡 ) This Handan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Handan Handan is a prefecture-level city located in the southwest of Hebei province, China. The southernmost prefecture-level city of the province, it borders Xingtai on

108-461: A brilliant and pragmatic strategy. With the advanced technology of the Chinese states and tactics of the steppe nomads, Zhao's cavalry became a powerful force. As a result, the newly empowered Zhao were more evenly matched with their greatest threat, Qi. Zhao demonstrated its increased military prowess by conquering the state of Zhongshan in 295 BC after a protracted war and annexing territory from

162-489: A complete list. In 2007, Handan was the location of China's largest-ever bank robbery . The population at the 2010 census was 941,427 for the 3 urban districts, 2,845,790 for the built up area and 9,174,683 for the entire Prefecture-level city area of 12,068 km (4,659 sq mi). The municipal executive, legislative and judiciary are situated in Congtai District ( 丛台区 , Cóngtái Qū), as well as

216-521: A growing services sector, with retail, banking and trading making up 40% of the economy. The GDP per capita in Renminbi was estimated at ¥13,449 in 2005. In 2015, the figure was ¥33,554.87 . According to a survey by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Handan was one of China's most polluted cities due to heavy industrial outputs. However the government has made a significant effort to make

270-453: A head in 354 BC when Wei invaded Zhao, forcing Zhao to seek help from Qi. The resulting Battle of Guiling was a major victory for Qi, reducing the threat to Zhao's southern border. Zhao remained relatively weak until the military reforms of King Wuling of Zhao (325–299 BC). Zhao soldiers were ordered to dress like their Hu neighbours and to replace war chariots with cavalry archers ( 胡服骑射 ; 胡服騎射 ; húfúqíshè ). This reform proved to be

324-526: A noble from the state of Yan heard of a particularly elegant manner of walking unique to Handan. Arriving in Handan, he spent weeks trying to master the Handan style of walking on a bridge, only to fail. In the process, however, he had forgotten how to walk normally and had to crawl back to Yan. This story inspired the Chinese expression, "to learn the walk of Handan" ( 邯郸学步 , Hándān xué bù ), which means learning something difficult too intensely, thereby forgetting

378-669: Is Chinese folk religion , including Taoism and Buddhism . In 2013, there were more than 150,000 Catholics in Handan according to the Catholic Church , in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Yongnian . Mother of Grace Cathedral in Daming County was built in 1918. The most recent church was built in 2007. There are also 300,000 Protestants. The largest Protestant church is on Qianjin Avenue ( 邯郸市西堂 ) and

432-579: Is that these nine regions are unified into one state through the travels of the eponymous sage, Yu the Great , and the sending of each region's unique goods to the capital as tribute. Other texts also discussed these regional differences in culture and physical environment. One such text was Wuzi (The Book of Master Wu), a military treatise of the Warring States, written in response to a request from Marquis Wu of Wei for advice on how to deal with

486-619: The Baidi state of Dai in the mid-5th century BC. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Jin was divided between three powerful ministers, one of whom was Zhao Xiangzi , patriarch of the Zhao family. In 403 BC, the Zhou king formally recognised the existence of the Zhao state along with two other states, Han and Wei. Some historians, beginning with Sima Guang , take this recognition to mark

540-649: The CPC and Public Security bureaux. Handan has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate / semi-arid climate ( Köppen Dwa/BSk ), with strong monsoonal influence, typical of the North China Plain . The normal monthly daily mean temperature ranges from −0.9 °C (30.4 °F) in January to 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) in July, while the annual mean temperature is 14.3 °C (57.7 °F). A majority of

594-599: The Cishan culture . Throughout the city's long history, it contributed significantly to Chinese culture, serving as the capital of State of Zhao , was northern China's political, economic and cultural center, and home to Tai chi and the first compass , made from stones collected in the nearby Mount Ci (magnet mountain). Handan is designated as one of China's National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities . The city's name, Handan (Chinese: 邯 郸 ), has remained unchanged for over 3,000 years. The name first appeared during

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648-865: The Eighth Route Army ’s 129th Division, also known as the Liu - Deng Army Headquarters, is located in She County , within Handan. Following Japan’s defeat in 1945, Handan was designated a city and served as the seat of the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu (晋冀鲁豫) Border Region Government. In October 1945, during the Chongqing Negotiations , the National Revolutionary Army advanced north along the railway, passing through Communist-controlled areas. Armed conflict broke out, leading to

702-618: The Han dynasty . Before Qin Shi Huang unified China in 221 BC, each region had its own customs and culture, although elite culture was identical throughout. In the Yu Gong (Tribute of Yu) chapter of the Book of Documents – probably written in the 4th century BC – China is described as divided into nine regions, each with its own distinctive peoples and products. The central theme of this section

756-675: The Handan Campaign . By November, the Communist forces achieved a decisive victory, consolidating the North China Liberated Zone into a unified territory. In 1946, the Chinese Communist Party ’s Central Bureau of the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu region planned to launch a major official newspaper in Handan. Initially considered names included Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu Daily and Taihang Daily, but Mao Zedong suggested

810-705: The Jin state defeated the Di, and Handan was incorporated into Jin. In 546 BCE, after Wey's restoration, a rebellion forced members of the Wey royal family to flee to Handan for refuge. This event is recorded in The Spring and Autumn Annals (Guliang Commentary). During the Warring States period (5th–3rd centuries BCE), Handan is an important city of the state of Zhao . In 386 BCE, Marquess Jing of Zhao officially relocated

864-664: The Northern Dynasties , spanning a total of 364 years. In 580, the Northern Zhou general Yuchi Jiong , stationed in Ye, launched a rebellion against Yang Jian but was defeated, leading to the destruction of the ancient city of Ye by fire. During the late Sui dynasty , Handan became the center of activities for Dou Jiande 's rebel army in Hebei. Dou Jiande established Guangfu, which is in current Yongnian, Handan , as

918-665: The Warlord Era , Handan became a contested site between the Zhili and Anhui warlords. In 1927, a Communist Party branch was established in Handan, and the region was embroiled in the Central Plains War . By the mid-1940s, Handan had declined to a small commercial town, covering only 1 square kilometer with a population of about 28,000. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the former headquarters of

972-592: The Xiangtangshan Caves . Handan is served by Handan Airport . Handan has two main train stations: one is Handan railway station which serves for the normal speed train, the other is named Handandong railway station, which serves for the high speed train. According to Handan government in 2007, 40 ethnic groups were present in Handan. Ethnic minorities represent 50,000 people, among which 48,000 Hui. There are 22 Hui schools and 5 Hui junior high schools in Handan. The most widespread religion in Handan

1026-592: The Xiongnu in the Zhao–Xiongnu War and later against Qin. By the end of the Warring States period, Zhao was the only state strong enough to oppose the mighty Qin . An alliance with Wei against Qin began in 287 BC, but ended in defeat at Huayang in 273 BC. The struggle then culminated in the bloodiest battle of the entire period, the Battle of Changping in 260 BC. Zhao's forces were utterly defeated by Qin. Although

1080-529: The Ming, with the area still called Zhili . Daming Prefecture served as the seat of the Zhili Governor-General, while Handan County remained under Guangping Prefecture, which functioned as the political and economic center of southern Hebei and northern Henan during the Ming and Qing periods. In 1928, Zhili was renamed Hebei Province, and Handan came under direct provincial administration. During

1134-482: The area suffered from frequent flooding and locust plagues, leaving the population in hardship. In 1368, with the establishment of the Ming dynasty , the Handan area was placed under the jurisdiction of Northern Zhili . It was governed by the prefectures of Guangping and Daming . Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang implemented a resettlement policy, relocating impoverished families from Shanxi to Daming and Guangping, revitalizing

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1188-711: The basics in the process. The nearby Xiangtangshan Caves contain massive Buddha statues carved into the mountainside, some dating to the 6th century, many of which were severely damaged by invading Japanese forces during World War II. At that time, Handan was prized by the Japanese invaders for its coal reserves. Many parts of the Buddhist statues are now in museums arouns the world. For example, several parts are currently in Metropolitan Museum of Art , The San Diego Museum of Art , and Penn Museum . See for

1242-480: The beginning of the Warring States period. At the beginning of the Warring States period, Zhao was one of the weaker states. Despite its extensive territory, its northern border was frequently harassed by the Eastern Hu , Forest Hu, Loufan , Xiongnu , and other northern nomadic peoples. Zhao lacked the military might of Wei or the wealth of Qi, and became a pawn in the struggle between them. This struggle came to

1296-535: The best generals of the period), Wang Jian was unable to make any headway. The invasion ended in a stalemate. The Qin emperor, Qin Shihuang , realised that he needed to get rid of Li Mu in order to conquer Zhao, and tried to sow discord among the Zhao leadership. The Zhao king Youmiu fell for the plot: on the false advice of disloyal court officials and Qin infiltrators, he ordered Li Mu's execution and relieved Sima Shang of his duties. Li Mu's replacement, Zhao Cong,

1350-591: The capital of the short-lived Xia regime. Under the Tang dynasty , Handan was incorporated into Mingzhou and Cizhou. Meanwhile, Weizhou in the region began to rise in prominence and was later renamed Daming Prefecture, which is the current Daming County in Handan. By 621, Daming had emerged as the central city north of the Yellow River. During the An Lushan rebellion , Ye has been a base for An Qingxu . There

1404-511: The capital to Handan and initiated large-scale construction. It was their second capital, after Zhongmu . It remained the capital for 158 years, until Zhao was conquered by the Qin. King Wuling of Zhao turned Zhao into one of the Qin state's most stalwart foes, pioneering the use of walls to secure new frontiers (which would inspire the eventual construction of the Great Wall of China). The city

1458-528: The city cleaner, which involved closing down many polluting power plants. It is no longer the most polluted city, and, according to a 2016 government survey, the number of good air quality days is 189 days, an increase of 135 days compared with 2013. Handan Prefecture is home to the AAAAA tourist attractions Guangfu Ancient City and the Nüwa Imperial Palace . Handan Prefecture is also home to

1512-712: The city had a population of over one million, with a bustling trade that attracted merchants from as far as the Western Regions . In the late Northern Song period, the Jurchen Jin dynasty invaded the Central Plains . In the Handan region, locals joined Wang Yan’s "Bazijun" guerrilla force in the Taihang Mountains , resisting the Jin for decades until the southern campaign of Wanyan Liang . Due to

1566-986: The city. The following are some of the most well known idioms. Direct-administered municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state-planning cities . Special economic-zone cities . Open coastal cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead. Zhao (state) Zhao ( traditional Chinese : 趙 ; simplified Chinese : 赵 )

1620-664: The current Linzhang County . During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao established his base in Ye, marking the rise of Ye City. After the founding of the Cao Wei state, Ye became the northern capital of Wei, serving as the political center of northern China. The construction of the Wei capital was renowned for its symmetrical design along a central axis, and iconic structures such as the Bronze Bird Terrace . In

1674-567: The discoveries of jade writings in Houma, Shanxi in 1965, where the "Dan" in Handan was spelt " 丹 ", meaning red. This then lead to another explanation that Handan was named so because Mount Han appeared reddish-purple in color. The different spellings of the city's name consolidated into the modern spelling in Qin dynasty . According to the Bamboo Annals , during the late Shang dynasty ,

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1728-430: The forces of Wei and Chu saved Handan from a subsequent siege by the victorious Qin, Zhao would never recover from the enormous loss of troops in the battle. In 229 BC, invasions led by the Qin general Wang Jian were resisted by Li Mu and his subordinate officer Sima Shang ( 司馬尚 ) until 228 BC. Li Mu was one of the finest generals of the Warring States period, and although he was unable to defeat Wang Jian (also one of

1782-583: The founding emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty, raised an army in Hebei, he captured Handan and downgraded it to Handan County, marking the first time the city was demoted from a capital to a county seat. This began Handan's decline. By the late Eastern Han period, Yuan Shao seized control of Hebei and established Ye , which gradually replaced Handan and rose to prominence. Note that Ye is still contained in Handan Prefecture nowadays, located in

1836-539: The kings constructed palaces in the Handan area, with a time span of 3,050 to 3,100 years ago. In the early Western Zhou period, during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou , Handan was part of the Bei state and was inhabited by Wu Geng , the son of the last king of Shang . Later, it came under the control of the state of Wey . In 661 BCE, the Di people conquered Handan and ruled it for over 40 years after destroying Wey. In 588 BCE,

1890-778: The late Western Jin period, northern China fell into chaos during the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians , and Handan was occupied by various non-Han ethnic groups, such as the Xianbei and Jie people , leaving the city in ruins. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Ye City in Linzhang served successively as the capital for Later Zhao , Ran Wei , Former Yan , and later the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi during

1944-410: The late Western Han period, Handan remained one of the five major cities in the country, covering an urban area of 13.6 square kilometers with a population of over 150,000. Its handicrafts, commerce, and iron smelting industries were highly developed. In the late Western Han, a peasant uprising erupted, and Wang Lang launched a rebellion in the Handan area in support of the peasant army. After Liu Xiu ,

1998-511: The many Chinese idioms that the city inspired, such as the road into which Lin Xiangru , courier of the precious Heshibi , backed in order to let his nemesis Lian Po pass first, as well as the location in which Lian Po begged for Lin Xiangru 's forgiveness. Modern-day Congtai Park is located on the site of the historical Zhao court. Next to Congtai Park is the legendary "Xuebu Bridge" ( 学步桥 ), or "Learning to Walk Bridge". Legend has it that

2052-536: The modern provinces of Inner Mongolia , Hebei , Shanxi and Shaanxi . It bordered the states of Qin, Wei, and Yan , as well as various nomadic peoples including the Hu and Xiongnu . Its capital was Handan , in modern Hebei province. Zhao was home to the administrative philosopher Shen Dao , Confucian Xun Kuang , and Gongsun Long , who is affiliated to the school of names . The Zhao clan within Jin had been accumulating power for centuries, including annexing

2106-436: The neighbouring states of Wei, Yan, and Qin. During this time, Zhao cavalry also occasionally intruded into Qi during latter campaigns against Chu . Several brilliant military commanders of the period served Zhao contemporaneously, including Lian Po , Zhao She , and Li Mu . Lian Po was instrumental in defending Zhao against Qin. Zhao She was most active in the east, leading the invasion of Yan . Li Mu defended Zhao against

2160-515: The normal annual precipitation of 502 mm (19.8 in) occurs in July and August. Handan has witnessed rapid growth over the past 20 years. Industrial growth in the city has focused on communication and transport activities. Handan is a major producer of coal and steel, with Coal mines at Fengfeng providing power for Handan's iron, steel and textile mills. Chemical and cement plants along with other industries also benefit. Local agriculture produces maize, pomegranates and eggs. Handan also has

2214-485: The north, and the provinces of Shanxi on the west, Henan on the south and Shandong on the east. At the 2010 census, its population was 9,174,683 inhabitants whom 2,845,790 lived in the built-up ( or metro ) area made of 5 urban districts. Yongnian District in Handan and Shahe City in Xingtai have largely formed into a single conurbation . Handan is one of the oldest cities in China , first settled around 6500 BC by

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2268-726: The other states. Wu Qi , to whom work is attributed, explained that the government and nature of the people are linked to the physical environment and territory in which they live. Of Zhao, he said: The two states of Han and Zhao train their troops rigorously but have difficulty in applying their skills to the battlefield. Han and Zhao are states of the Central Plain. Theirs are a gentle people, weary from war and experienced in arms, but have little regard for their generals. The soldiers' salaries are meager and their officers have no strong commitment to their countries. Although their troops are experienced, they cannot be expected to fight to

2322-530: The prolonged warfare, Handan fell into decline and was eventually submerged by flooding. The ruins of Song-era Handan remain preserved beneath four meters of Yellow River silt. After the Jin dynasty fell to the Mongol Empire , Handan was incorporated into the Mongol realm. During the early Yuan dynasty , it was part of the capital region of Dadu (modern-day Beijing ). However, in the later Yuan period,

2376-719: The region after its decline during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In the late Ming period, influenced by Li Zicheng , the people of Handan staged uprisings. In 1644, after the Qing army crossed the Great Wall and entered the Central Plains, local resistance, led by Zhang Zhibang, fought against the invaders but was brutally suppressed. Under the Qing, the administrative structure remained similar to that of

2430-442: The reign of King Zhou of Shang , in the chronicle Bamboo Annals . A dictionary from the Tang dynasty explained that "Han" (Chinese: 邯 ) is the name of a nearby mountain ( Hanshan ), and "Dan" (Chinese: 单 ) meant "the terminus of a mountain" with an added radical (Chinese: 阝 ) denoting a city. Together, "Handan" means "the city at the terminus of Mount Han". This explanation has been widely accepted until

2484-441: The title People's Daily . Although the inaugural issue was printed on May 15, 1946, in Xibaipo , the project originated in Handan, and the publication became known as the “Handan Edition of the People’s Daily (人民日报邯郸版).” On December 22, 1952, Handan was reestablished as a city and became a provincial city in 1954. In 1956, Fengfeng City was merged into Handan, followed by the incorporation of Handan County in 1983. In 1984, Handan

2538-409: Was again designated a provincial city, and Wu'an (later Wu'an City) was annexed in 1986. Handan maintained a reputation for its fine Cizhou ware well into the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). It was also the birthplace in the 19th century of Yang-style tai chi , one of Tai Chi's five major schools. Though much of Handan's ancient history is no longer visible, it still has some attractions, deriving from

2592-476: Was built in 1997. The oldest church was on Congtai Street and was built in 1920. The church was destroyed in 2009 by the local government. A new church was built in 2011. According to the local government 30,000 Hui Muslims live in the prefecture of Handan. Handan is hailed as the capital of Chinese idioms. As a prosperous city and cultural center during the Warring States period , Handan attracted many scholars. Over 1,500 idioms and proverbs are attributed to

2646-463: Was conquered by the State of Qin after the virtual annexation of Zhao by Qin in 228 BCE, except for the Dai Commandery . The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang , was born in Handan. His father is King Zhuangxiang of Qin , a statesman from the state of Qin, and his mother is Queen Dowager Zhao , who is a Handan native. At the beginning of the Han dynasty , Handan was Liu Bang 's base for suppressing Chen Xi 's rebellion in 197 and 196 BCE. By

2700-401: Was defeated by Liu Bang 's generals Han Xin and Zhang Er. Chen Yu was defeated by Han Xin in 204 BC, and later Zhao Xie was killed by Han forces. Liu Bang gave the state of Zhao to Zhang Er. In 154 BC, an unrelated Zhao , led by Prince of Zhao Liu Sui ( 劉遂 ), participated in the unsuccessful Rebellion of the Seven States ( Chinese : 七國之亂 ) against the newly installed sixth emperor of

2754-512: Was later killed by his subordinate Li Liang ( 李良 ), Zhang Er ( 張耳 ) and Chen Yu ( 陳餘 ), former officials of Zhao, created the Zhao royal Zhao Xie ( 趙歇 ) as King of Zhao. In 206 BC, the rebel lord Xiang Yu of Chu defeated the Qin dynasty and made himself and seventeen other lords kings , appointing Zhao Xie the king of Dai. Chen Yu helped Zhao Xie reclaim the land of Zhao from Zhang Er, so Zhao Xie created Chen Yu as Prince of Dai. In 205 BC, Chen Yu's subordinate in Dai, Xia Yue ( 夏說 ),

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2808-409: Was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It emerged from the tripartite division of Jin , along with Han and Wei , in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of King Wuling , but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin at the Battle of Changping . Its territory included areas in

2862-431: Was promptly defeated by Wang Jian. Qin captured King Youmiu and defeated Zhao in 228 BC. Prince Jia, half-brother of King Qian, was proclaimed King Jia at Dai and led the last Zhao forces against the Qin. This regime lasted until 222 BC, when the Qin army captured him and defeated his forces at Dai. A rebel named Wu Chen , following the example of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang in Chu , proclaimed himself King of Zhao. Wu

2916-445: Was the famous Battle of Ye, after which An Qingxu was killed by Shi Siming . In 923, Li Cunxu ascended the throne in Daming, proclaiming himself emperor and establishing the Later Tang dynasty, known historically as Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang. During the Song dynasty , in response to the Liao invasion, Daming Prefecture was elevated to serve as the auxiliary capital to the main capital (present-day Kaifeng ). At its peak,

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