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51-1038: The Herbert Range runs from west to east between the Axel Heiberg Glacier to the south and the Strom Glacier to the north. Peaks in the west include Gjelsvik Peak, Mount Fridtjof Nansen, Webster Knob and Mount Balchen. Peaks further east include Bell Peak, Mount Cohen, Zigzag Bluff and Mount Betty, to the north of Bigend Saddle. Cohen Glacier runs north from Mount Cohen to join Strom Glacier. Sargent Glacier runs southwest from Mount Cohen to join Axel Heiberg Glacier. Geographical features include: 85°19′S 168°00′W  /  85.317°S 168.000°W  / -85.317; -168.000 . A peak, 3,660 metres (12,010 ft) high, standing 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) northwest of Mount Fridtjof Nansens. Named by

102-637: A Historic Site or Monument (HSM 24), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting . 85°12′S 163°50′W  /  85.200°S 163.833°W  / -85.200; -163.833 . A snow-covered saddle at the southwest side of Mount Betty in northern Herbert Range, Queen Maud Mountains. The saddle was traversed in December 1929 by the ByrdAE geological party under Laurence Gould. It

153-538: A Norwegian businessman and patron of science who contributed to numerous Norwegian polar expeditions. Amundsen used this glacier as his route up onto the polar plateau during his successful expedition to the South Pole . According to Sailing Directions for Antarctica (1960), "The Axel Heiberg Glacier, about 6 miles wide and 27 miles long, lies southeastward of the Fridtjof Nansen massif . It trends in

204-529: A northeast.–southwest direction and is steep, reaching an elevation of 10,920 feet at the southem portal. It was discovered and traversed by Amundsen in rovember 1911, on his journey to the south pole." Unlike the big “outlet” glaciers such as the Beardmore , Shackleton and Liv , the Axel Heiberg is in effect an alpine glacier, cut off from the polar plateau by a dolerite rim and fed entirely from

255-427: A physical invitation to interact with the environment around you, but there are many voices that oppose the construction of cairns. Concerns have been raised over the construction of needless cairns. Cairns have been noted to hold cultural significance to indigenous people , the construction of inauthentic cairns by visitors can be seen as an appropriation of indigenous traditions. The concerns arise primely over how

306-594: A process which would help shed further light on local history and facilitate their preservation for posterity. Since Neolithic times, the climate of North Africa has become drier. A reminder of the desertification of the area is provided by megalithic remains, which occur in a great variety of forms and in vast numbers in presently arid and uninhabitable wastelands: cairns ( kerkour ), dolmens and circles like Stonehenge , underground cells excavated in rock, barrows topped with huge slabs, and step pyramid -like mounds. The Biblical place name Gilead (mentioned in

357-469: A stone from the pile. The stones that remained were built into a cairn to honour the dead. Cairns in the region were also put to vital practical use. For example, Dún Aonghasa , an all-stone Iron Age Irish hill fort on Inishmore in the Aran Islands , is still surrounded by small cairns and strategically placed jutting rocks, used collectively as an alternative to defensive earthworks because of

408-399: A stone up from the bottom of a hill to place on a cairn at its top. In such a fashion, cairns would grow ever larger. An old Scottish Gaelic blessing is Cuiridh mi clach air do chàrn , "I'll put a stone on your cairn". In Highland folklore it is recounted that before Highland clans fought in a battle, each man would place a stone in a pile. Those who survived the battle returned and removed

459-571: A survey conducted, 75 participants out of 144 participants stated that they believe in ovoo ceremonies. However, mining and other industrial operations today threaten the ovoos In Hawaii , cairns, called by the Hawaiian word ahu , are still being built today. Though in other cultures, the cairns were typically used as trail markers and sometimes funerary sites, the ancient Hawaiians also used them as altars or security towers. The Hawaiian people are still building these cairns today, using them as

510-795: Is a valley glacier , 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long, descending from the high elevations of the Antarctic Plateau into the Ross Ice Shelf (nearly at sea level ) between the Herbert Range and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen in the Queen Maud Mountains . The glacier was discovered in November 1911 by the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen , and named by him for Consul Axel Heiberg ,

561-832: Is the inuksuk (plural inuksuit), used by the Inuit and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. The building of cairns for various purposes goes back into prehistory in Eurasia , ranging in size from small rock sculptures to substantial human-made hills of stone (some built on top of larger, natural hills). The latter are often relatively massive Bronze Age or earlier structures which, like kistvaens and dolmens , frequently contain burials; they are comparable to tumuli ( kurgans ), but of stone construction instead of earthworks . Cairn originally could more broadly refer to various types of hills and natural stone piles, but today

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612-474: Is used exclusively of artificial ones. The word cairn derives from Scots cairn (with the same meaning), in turn from Scottish Gaelic càrn , which is essentially the same as the corresponding words in other native Celtic languages of Britain , Ireland and Brittany , including Welsh carn (and carnedd ), Breton karn , Irish carn , and Cornish karn or carn . Cornwall ( Kernow ) itself may actually be named after

663-577: The Bronze Age , burial cists were sometimes interred into cairns, which would be situated in conspicuous positions, often on the skyline above the village of the deceased. Though most often found in the British Isles, evidence of Bronze Age cists have been found in Mongolia . The stones may have been thought to deter grave robbers and scavengers. Another explanation is that they were to stop

714-470: The Krajina , they are known as gromila . In Portugal, a cairn is called a moledro . In a legend the moledros are enchanted soldiers, and if one stone is taken from the pile and put under a pillow, in the morning a soldier will appear for a brief moment, then will change back to a stone and magically return to the pile. The cairns that mark the place where someone died or cover the graves alongside

765-646: The United States Geological Survey . Cairn A cairn is a human-made pile (or stack) of stones raised for a purpose, usually as a marker or as a burial mound . The word cairn comes from the Scottish Gaelic : càrn [ˈkʰaːrˠn̪ˠ] (plural càirn [ˈkʰaːrˠɲ] ). Cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes. In prehistory , they were raised as markers, as memorials and as burial monuments (some of which contained chambers ). In

816-748: The continental United States and Canada, some Indigenous peoples of the Americas have built structures similar to cairns. In some cases, these are general trail markers, and in other cases they mark game-driving "lanes", such as those leading to buffalo jumps . Peoples from some of the Indigenous cultures of arctic North America (i.e. northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland ) have built carefully constructed stone sculptures called inuksuit and inunnguat , which serve as landmarks and directional markers. The oldest of these structures are very old and pre-date contact with Europeans . They are iconic of

867-743: The karst landscape's lack of soil. In February 2020, ancient cairns dated back to 4,500 year-old used to bury the leaders or chieftains of neolithic tribes people were revealed in the Cwmcelyn in Blaenau Gwent by the Aberystruth Archaeological Society. In Scandinavia , cairns have been used for centuries as trail and sea marks, among other purposes, the most notable being the Three-Country Cairn . In Iceland , cairns were often used as markers along

918-415: The modern era , cairns are often raised as landmarks, especially to mark the summits of mountains. Cairns are also used as trail markers . They vary in size from small stone markers to entire artificial hills, and in complexity from loose conical rock piles to elaborate megalithic structures. Cairns may be painted or otherwise decorated, whether for increased visibility or for religious reasons. A variant

969-505: The tree line . Examples can be seen in the lava fields of Volcanoes National Park to mark several hikes. Placed at regular intervals, a series of cairns can be used to indicate a path across stony or barren terrain, even across glaciers . In Acadia National Park , in Maine , the trails are marked by a special type of cairn instituted in the 1890s by Waldron Bates and dubbed Bates cairns. Coastal cairns called sea marks are also common in

1020-922: The Axel Heiberg Glacier from Cooper Glacier. In its upper reach the glacier descends through the Amundsen Icefall, then flows west to the south of the Herbert Range . It is joined by the Cooper Glacier from the south, and by the Sargent Glacier from the north, to the east of Bell Peak . It turns north and flows into the Ross Ice Shelf to the east of the Strom Glacier and west of the Bowman Glacier and Amundsen Glacier . 85°26′S 168°10′W  /  85.433°S 168.167°W  / -85.433; -168.167 . A mainly ice-covered ridge which extends southward from

1071-536: The Herbert Range to enter Axel Heiberg Glacier just southeast of Bell Peak. Probably first seen by Roald Amundsen's polar party in 1911, the glacier was mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. It was named by US-ACAN for Howard H. Sargent III who made ionospheric studies at the South Pole Station in 1964. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

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1122-568: The Herbert Range. Discovered by Rear Admiral Byrd on several ByrdAE plane flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929, and named by him for Emanuel Cohen of Paramount Pictures, who assisted in assembling the motion picture records of the expedition. 85°18′S 163°30′W  /  85.300°S 163.500°W  / -85.300; -163.500 . A rock bluff at the foot of Herbert Range, overlooking Ross Ice Shelf about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west of

1173-467: The Old Testament books of Genesis , Numbers , Judges and elsewhere) means literally 'a heap of testimony (or evidence)' as does its Aramaic translation Yegar Sahaduta . In modern Hebrew, gal-'ed ( גל-עד ) is the actual word for "cairn". In Genesis 31 the cairn of Gilead was set up as a border demarcation between Jacob and his father-in-law Laban at their last meeting. Starting in

1224-467: The Queen Maud Mountains. Discovered by Roald Amundsen in 1911, and named by him for Fridtjof Nansen, polar explorer, who helped support Amundsen's expedition. 85°20′S 166°35′W  /  85.333°S 166.583°W  / -85.333; -166.583 . A long jagged ridge which terminates on the north in Webster Knob. The ridge is an extension from the base of Mount Fridtjof Nansen into

1275-657: The Southern Party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE) (1961-62) for Tore Gjelsvik, Director of the Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo. 85°21′S 167°33′W  /  85.350°S 167.550°W  / -85.350; -167.550 . A high massive mountain, 4,070 metres (13,350 ft) high, which dominates the area between the heads of Strom and Axel Heiberg Glaciers, in

1326-407: The ashes of a Buddhist saint or lama . A traditional and often decorated, heap-formed cairn called an ovoo is made in Mongolia . It primarily serves religious purposes, and finds use in both Tengriist and Buddhist ceremonies. Ovoos were also often used as landmarks and meeting points in traditional nomadic Mongolian culture . Traditional ceremonies still take place at ovoos today, and in

1377-465: The cairns that dot its landscape, such as Cornwall's highest point, Brown Willy Summit Cairn , a 5 m (16 ft) high and 24 m (79 ft) diameter mound atop Brown Willy hill in Bodmin Moor , an area with many ancient cairns. Burial cairns and other megaliths are the subject of a variety of legends and folklore throughout Britain and Ireland. In Scotland , it is traditional to carry

1428-452: The dead from rising . There remains a Jewish tradition of placing small stones on a person's grave as a token of respect, known as visitation stones , though this is generally to relate the longevity of stone to the eternal nature of the soul and is not usually done in a cairn fashion. Stupas in India and Tibet probably started out in a similar fashion, although they now generally contain

1479-506: The divide between the heads of Axel Heiberg and Cooper Glaciers. It was discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen, who named it for one of the expedition's chief supporters who lived in Buenos Aires. 85°30′S 164°30′W  /  85.500°S 164.500°W  / -85.500; -164.500 . A tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) long, flowing northeast between Butchers Spur and Quarles Range to enter

1530-520: The edge of the polar plateau 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Mount Engelstad and overlooks the south side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier. It was discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen and named by him for Wilhelm Christophersen, Norwegian diplomat and Minister at Buenos Aires at that time. 85°34′S 166°30′W  /  85.567°S 166.500°W  / -85.567; -166.500 . A high ice-covered spur which descends southwestward from Mount Don Pedro Christophersen to

1581-589: The focal points for ceremonies honoring their ancestors and spirituality. In South Korea , cairns are quite prevalent, often found along roadsides and trails, up on mountain peaks, and adjacent to Buddhist temples. Hikers frequently add stones to existing cairns trying to get just one more on top of the pile, to bring good luck. This tradition has its roots in the worship of San-shin, or Mountain Spirit, so often still revered in Korean culture. Throughout what today are

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1632-658: The head of Strom Glacier. Discovered and visited in 1929 by the geological party under Laurence Gould of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE), 1928-30. It was climbed by geologists of the Southern Party of the NZGSAE, 1963–64. The descriptive name, applied by the Southern Party derives from the appearance of the toothlike pinnacle along the crest of the ridge. 85°13′S 167°12′W  /  85.217°S 167.200°W  / -85.217; -167.200 . A rock peak, 2,070 metres (6,790 ft) high, on

1683-411: The intent of visitors creating cairns disrespects traditional practices and attempts at land preservation. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory asks visitors to say “no” to rock piles after a surge in the creation of cairns by visitors. The construction of these rock formations comes at the cost of important geological features that visitors pry rocks off of. The practice is viewed as an act of graffiti on

1734-603: The landscape of the park. The US National Park Service has a set of rules regarding public interaction with cairns found within the boundaries of the park. Falling within the rules set by the Leave No Trace rule, the Park Service has three rules: This guideline is made with the intent of preventing needless cairns created by visitors and preventing the destruction of important trail-marking cairns. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

1785-532: The north side of Bigend Saddle in the northeast extremity of the Herbert Range. Discovered in November 1911 by Captain Roald Amundsen, and named by him for Betty Andersson, nurse and housekeeper in the Amundsen family for many years. A cairn was erected on the ridge by Amundsen on 6 January 1912, on his way back to Framheim from the South Pole . It is known as "Amundsen’s cairn" and has been designated

1836-558: The northern latitudes, especially in the island-strewn waters of Scandinavia and eastern Canada. They are placed along shores and on islands and islets. Usually painted white for improved offshore visibility, they serve as navigation aids . In Sweden, they are called kummel , in Finland kummeli , in Norway varde , and are indicated in navigation charts and maintained as part of the nautical marking system. Cairns can be seen as

1887-427: The numerous single-file roads or paths that crisscrossed the island; many of these ancient cairns are still standing, although the paths have disappeared. In Norse Greenland , cairns were used as a hunting implement, a game-driving "lane", used to direct reindeer towards a game jump . In the mythology of ancient Greece, cairns were associated with Hermes , the god of overland travel. According to one legend, Hermes

1938-748: The polar plateau at the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier, about midway between Helland-Hansen Shoulder and Mount Wilhelm Christophersen. It was discovered in 1911 by Roald Amundsen and named by him for Captain Ole Engelstad, of the Norwegian Navy, who had been selected as second in command of the Fram to carry the expedition to Antarctica, but who was killed in a scientific experiment preceding its departure. 85°33′S 167°20′W  /  85.550°S 167.333°W  / -85.550; -167.333 . A mound-shaped, ice-covered knob which rises from

1989-466: The polar plateau between Mount Fridtjof Nansen and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen. It was named by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1961-62) for Captain Roald Amundsen, who ascended Axel Heiberg Glacier enroute to the South Pole in 1911. 85°23′S 163°50′W  /  85.383°S 163.833°W  / -85.383; -163.833 . A steep-walled tributary glacier, flowing southeast from

2040-581: The polar plateau. This feature on the south margin of the Queen Maud Mountains is the location of Roald Amundsen's "Butcher Shop." It was here in November 1911 that his party slaughtered their excess sledge dogs, consuming portions themselves and permitting the remaining sledge dogs a feast, prior to making the final dash to the South Pole, which was reached December 14. 85°32′S 165°47′W  /  85.533°S 165.783°W  / -85.533; -165.783 . A massive, largely ice-covered, gabled mountain 3,765 metres (12,352 ft) high, surmounting

2091-660: The region (an inuksuk even features on the flag of the Canadian far-northeastern territory, Nunavut ). Cairns have been used throughout what is now Latin America , since pre-Columbian times, to mark trails. Even today, in the Andes of South America , the Quechuan peoples build cairns as part of their spiritual and religious traditions. Cairns can be used to mark hiking trails, especially in mountain regions at or above

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2142-550: The ridge separating the heads of Strom Glacier and Liv Glacier in the Queen Maud Mountains. The peak is 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) north-northeast of the summit of Mount Fridtjof Nansen. It was visited by the Southern Party of NZGSAE (1963-64) who gave this name because the unusual knob of rock forming the summit resembles a monument. 85°22′S 166°12′W  /  85.367°S 166.200°W  / -85.367; -166.200 . A prominent peak, 3,085 m, standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of

2193-556: The roads where in the past people were buried are called Fiéis de Deus . The same name given to the stones was given to the dead whose identity was unknown. Cairns ( taalo ) are a common feature at El Ayo , Haylan , Qa'ableh , Qombo'ul , Heis , Salweyn and Gelweita , among other places. Somaliland in general is home to a lot of such historical settlements and archaeological sites wherein are found numerous ancient ruins and buildings, many of obscure origins. However, many of these old structures have yet to be properly explored,

2244-473: The south side of Axel Heiberg Glacier. It was discovered by Rear Admiral Byrd on several plane flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929, and named by him for Kent Cooper, an official of the Associated Press. 85°28′S 166°42′W  /  85.467°S 166.700°W  / -85.467; -166.700 . A steep and turbulent icefall where the Axel Heiberg Glacier descends from

2295-458: The summit of Mount Fridtjof Nansen. Named by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1961-62) for Bernt Balchen, pilot with Roald Amundsen on Arctic flights, and with R. Admiral Richard E. Byrd on his South Pole flight of 1929. 85°22′S 164°14′W  /  85.367°S 164.233°W  / -85.367; -164.233 . A peak, 1,620 metres (5,310 ft) high, surmounting a southeast trending spur, just southwest of Sargent Glacier. The peak

2346-414: The terminus of Axel Heiberg Glacier. Probably first seen by Roald Amundsen in 1911, the bluff was roughly mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. So named by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE, 1961-62, because of the peculiar folding of the marble on the bluff. 85°11′S 163°45′W  /  85.183°S 163.750°W  / -85.183; -163.750 . A small ridge overlooking Ross Ice Shelf, located on

2397-434: The uncharacteristically heavy snow falling within its own catchment. It falls over 2,700 m (9,000 ft) in 32 km (20 mi), most of it over 11 km (7 mi). The Axel Heiberg Glacier forms below the polar plateau below Helland Hansen Shoulder to the north, Mount Engelstad in the center and Mount Wilhelm Christopherson and Butchers Spur to the south. Mount Don Pedro Christophersen defines the eastern end of Butchers spur, and separates

2448-462: The west portion of Mount Fridtjof Nansen and overlooks the northern side of the head of Axel Heiberg Glacier. It was discovered in 1911 by Roald Armundsen and named by him for Prof. B. Helland Hansen, of the University of Oslo, Norway. 85°29′S 167°24′W  /  85.483°S 167.400°W  / -85.483; -167.400 . A rounded snow-covered summit rising from the edge of

2499-532: Was named by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE, 1963-64, because one of the party's motor toboggans was abandoned here with a smashed big end bearing. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Axel Heiberg Glacier The Axel Heiberg Glacier ( 85°25′S 163°00′W  /  85.417°S 163.000°W  / -85.417; -163.000 ) in Antarctica

2550-451: Was probably observed by Roald Amundsen's south polar party in 1911, and was later roughly mapped by the ByrdAE, 1928-30. Named by US-ACAN for G. Grant Bell who studied cosmic rays at McMurdo Station, winter party 1962. 85°16′S 164°27′W  /  85.267°S 164.450°W  / -85.267; -164.450 . A peak, 1,765 metres (5,791 ft) high, standing 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) southwest of Mount Betty in

2601-455: Was put on trial by Hera for slaying her favorite servant, the monster Argus . All of the other gods acted as a jury, and as a way of declaring their verdict they were given pebbles, and told to throw them at whichever person they deemed to be in the right, Hermes or Hera. Hermes argued so skillfully that he ended up buried under a heap of pebbles, and this was the first cairn. In Croatia , in areas of ancient Dalmatia , such as Herzegovina and

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