A short film is a film with a low running time. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as "an original motion picture that has a running time of not more than 40 minutes including all credits". Other film organizations may use different definitions, however; the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television , for example, currently defines a short film as 45 minutes or less in the case of documentaries, and 59 minutes or less in the case of scripted narrative films.
55-659: The Heritage Minutes is a series of sixty-second short films , each illustrating an important moment in Canadian history . Published by Historica Canada the Minutes integrate Canadian history, folklore and myths into dramatic storylines. Like the Canada Vignettes of the 1970s, the Minutes themselves have become a part of Canadian culture and been the subject of academic studies as well as parody. The Minutes were first introduced on March 31, 1991, as part of
110-503: A TV special , a few films from the studio have added theatrical shorts as well. Warner Bros. often includes old shorts from its considerable library, connected only thematically, on the DVD releases of classic WB movies. From 2010–2012, Warner Bros. also released new Looney Tunes shorts before family films. Shorts International and Magnolia Pictures organize an annual release of Academy Award -nominated short films in theatres across
165-480: A low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by one or more film grants, nonprofit organizations , sponsors , or personal funds. Short films are generally used for industry experience and as a platform to showcase talent to secure funding for future projects from private investors, a production company , or film studios . They can also be released with feature films, and can also be included as bonus features on some home video releases. All films in
220-753: A Canadian charitable organization dedicated to promoting the country's history and citizenship . All of its programs are offered bilingually and reach more than 28 million Canadians annually. A registered national charitable organization, Historica Canada was originally established as the Historica-Dominion Institute following a 2009 merger of two existing groups—the Historica Foundation of Canada and The Dominion Institute—and changed to its present name in September 2013. Anthony Wilson-Smith has been president and CEO of
275-646: A Nation . By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from categories such as second feature , short comedy, 4–10 minute cartoon, travelogue , and newsreel. Short comedies were especially common, and typically came in a serial or series (such as the Our Gang movies, or the many outings of Charlie Chaplin 's Little Tramp character). Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects. Virtually all major film production companies had units assigned to develop and produce shorts, and many companies, especially in
330-471: A commercial category. The year 1938 proved to be a turning point in the history of film comedies. Hal Roach , for example, had discontinued all short-subject production except Our Gang , which he finally sold to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1938. The Vitaphone studio, owned by Warner Bros. , discontinued its own line of two-reel comedies in 1938; Educational Pictures did as much that same year, owing to its president Earle W. Hammons unsuccessfully entering
385-496: A jury (one for arts and another for stories) of accomplished Indigenous authors, artists, and community leaders. The contest was born out of a joint project of the Dominion Institute and Doubleday Canada : Our Story , a short story compilation that brings together 9 leading Indigenous authors, including Thomas King , Tomson Highway , and Tantoo Cardinal . In its 15-year run, more than 5,500 youth have participated in
440-675: A lack of consultation with the Métis community at the time of production, and concerns about presenting the Heritage Minute in classrooms, due to it graphically showing the hanging of the Metis Leader. However, the Manitoba Metis Federation stated that Historica had not consulted with them about removing the Heritage Minute and expressed support for the violent reality of the depiction. Short film In
495-573: A later sponsor), Power Broadcasting (the broadcasting arm of the Power Corporation of Canada ), and the National Film Board . They were devised, developed, and largely narrated (as well as scripted) by noted Canadian broadcaster Patrick Watson , while the producer of the series was Robert Guy Scully. In 2009, "The Historica Foundation of Canada" merged with "The Dominion Institute" to become "The Historica-Dominion Institute",
550-639: A mock citizenship exam in English or French. Presented by Historica Canada and funded by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada , the Citizenship Challenge has tested of over 1.05 million people as of January 2021 . As a studying resource for both the challenge and for actual citizenship tests themselves, Historica Canada offers a "Citizenship Collection" through the Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia
605-455: A national charitable organization. In September 2013, the organization changed its name to "Historica Canada". While the foundations have not paid networks to air Minutes , in the early years they have paid to have them run in cinema theatres across the country. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has ruled that Heritage Minutes are an "on-going dramatic series"; each vignette thus counts as ninety-seconds of
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#1732793554869660-659: A one-off history quiz show hosted by Wayne Rostad . Originally distributed to schools, they appeared frequently on Canadian television and in cinemas before feature films, and were later available online and on DVD. "Radio minutes" have also been made. From 1991 to 1995, 50 episodes aired. In 2012, new Minutes were produced in the lead-up to Canada's sesquicentennial (150th anniversary of Canadian Confederation ) in 2017. The Minutes have featured appearances by some of Canada's best-known personalities, including Jared Keeso , Michael Shanks , Calum Worthy , Colm Feore , Dan Aykroyd , and Kate Nelligan . Voice-over end narration for
715-440: A regular series in 1946 and lasted until 1956. By and large, however, the movies' one-reel subject of choice was the animated cartoon, produced by Walt Disney , Warner Bros. , MGM, Paramount , Walter Lantz , Columbia, and Terrytoons . One of the movies' oldest short-subject formats was the adventure serial , first established in 1912. A serial generally ran for 12 to 15 chapters, 15 to 20 minutes each. Every episode ended with
770-453: A short along with each of its feature films during its initial theatrical run since 1995 (producing shorts permanently since 2001). Since Disney acquired Pixar in 2006, Disney has also produced animated shorts since 2007 with the Goofy short How to Hook Up Your Home Theater and produced a series of live-action ones featuring The Muppets for viewing on YouTube as viral videos to promote
825-612: A significant person, event, or story—those of great importance, accomplishment, tragedy, and bravery—in Canadian history . Shown on television, in cinemas, and online, some topics covered by the Heritage Minutes include Terry Fox ; the Asahi Baseball team ; Lucy Maud Montgomery ; the Acadian Deportation ; the invention of Basketball ; residential schools ; Viola Desmond ; Jennie Trout ; and Winnie
880-623: A station's Canadian content requirements. The first sets of Heritage Minutes were released in five segments between 1991 and 2000. A set of eight new Heritage Minutes , covering military moments in Canadian history, were released in 2005. In 2012, two new Minutes were created on the War of 1812 in anticipation of the war's bicentenary, and in 2014 two more Minutes were released on John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier that had been filmed in and around Toronto in September 2013. To honour
935-619: A story about an Inuit artist named Kenojuak Ashevak . It is also the first Heritage minute that is narrated on not just its official languages (English and French) but also a third language, where this Heritage Minute is narrated in Inuktitut . A 2012 Ipsos Reid poll of 3,900 Canadians selected the five most popular Minutes. Tied for first place were the episodes on Jackie Robinson and the Halifax Explosion , followed by Jennie Kidd Trout , Winnie-the-Pooh and Laura Secord . Of
990-484: A user-generated content map" that allows users to "share their stories," as well as classroom resources, quizzes, and themed study guides for teachers and parents to use. With its online format, the Encyclopedia is now able to be updated on a daily basis—also allowing for immediate updates to important events—as well as having a staff of six full-time editors regularly write and commission new articles. As of 2021,
1045-568: Is a four-part animated video series exploring "Canadian innovations that have made the world a better and safer place." Created in partnership with the Rideau Hall Foundation , the series features stories from a book by Tom Jenkins and former Canadian Governor General David Johnston titled Ingenious: How Canadians Made the World Smarter, Smaller, Kinder, Safer, Healthier, Wealthier and Happier . Between 2019 and 2020,
1100-430: Is a free bilingual online resource that offers the largest collection of authored and continuously-updated articles focused on Canada and Canadiana . It is the only established national encyclopedia of its kind in the world, in that it is a bilingual national edition of an encyclopedia produced by, for, and about the people of a single country, charting its events, culture, history, and landscape. Established in 1985,
1155-465: Is an extensive online collection of the oral histories and digitized artefacts & memorabilia of veterans and Armed Forces members, providing over 3,000 firsthand accounts, 10,000 photos, and 1,500 other original artifacts (letters, memorabilia) that chronicle Canada's military heritage. Reaching over 3 million Canadians since 2001, the Project is an initiative of Historica Canada made possible with
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#17327935548691210-824: Is meant to explore key moments in Black-Canadian history through notable Black-Canadian scholars, writers, and community leaders in their own words. fmr. Co-chairman of The Seagram Company Ltd. fmr. Premier of Manitoba 13th Commissioner of the Canadian Football League Chair of MasterCard Foundation Chair Emeritus at Toronto General & Western Hospital Foundation Senior Advisor to McKinsey & Company rtd. President and CEO of Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Chancellor of McMaster University fmr. anchor of The National President, and co-founder of First National Financial LLP fmr. President and CEO of
1265-401: The 2011 movie of the same name . In 2009 the horror short film, No Through Road, that would go viral was released, creating analog horror. The short film would spark 3 sequels, creating No Through Road (web series) DreamWorks Animation often produces a short sequel to include in the special edition video releases of major features, and are typical of a sufficient length to be broadcast as
1320-489: The silent and very early sound era, produced mostly or only short subjects. In the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries, owing to the Great Depression . Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, a cartoon and little else. With the rise of the double feature , two- reel shorts went into decline as
1375-507: The 1960s before exiting the short film business in 1969 (by which point the shorts had been in televised reruns for years ). MGM continued Tom and Jerry (first with a series of poorly-received Eastern European shorts by Gene Deitch , then a better-received run by Warner Bros. alumnus Chuck Jones ) until 1967, and Woody Woodpecker lasted to 1972; the creative team behind MGM's 1940s and 1950s cartoons formed Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957, mainly focusing on television. The Pink Panther
1430-512: The 20th anniversary of National Aboriginal Day, Historica Canada released two new Minutes . The first tells the story of Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack , whose death sparked the first inquest into the treatment of Indigenous children in Canadian residential schools. The second, Naskumituwin, highlights the making of Treaty 9 from the perspective of historical witness George Spence, an 18-year-old Cree hunter from Albany, James Bay. On October 19, Historica Canada released another Heritage Minute that shows
1485-687: The Encyclopedia began in print form before transitioning to CD-ROM , then moving to a digital format in 2001. In 2003, the Encyclopedia incorporated the content of the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada , which included around 3,000 articles and 500 illustrations. In October 2013, the Encyclopedia released its present "enhanced digital interactive" version online, with multimedia augmented through acquisition and partnerships with Maclean’s magazine and The Canadian Press . These interactive features include "curated content exhibits, interactive timelines,…and
1540-943: The Encyclopedia's collection consists of more than 20,700 bilingual articles by more than 5,000 authors including David Suzuki , Margaret Atwood , Marc Laurendeau [ fr ] , Natasha Henry , Pierre Berton , and Tim Cook . Historica Canada produces numerous learning tools for educators and students through the Canadian Encyclopedia . Some examples include: Women in Canadian History; Residential Schools in Canada; Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide; Official Languages Act; and Black History in Canada Education Guide. Historica Canada also provides some of its content through iTunes University , where users can browse materials organized in course collections along such themes as Women in Canadian History and Asian-Canadian History. Encounters with Canada
1595-609: The Heritage Minutes has been provided by such recognizable voices as Peter Mansbridge , k.d. lang , Adrienne Clarkson , and Lloyd Robertson . The Memory Project is a volunteer speakers bureau that arranges for Canadian Forces members and Canadian veterans (including those of World War I , WWII , the Korean War , and peacekeeping missions) to share their stories of military service at school and community events across Canada. The Memory Project Digital Archive
1650-537: The Heritage Minutes has been provided by such recognizable voices as Peter Mansbridge , k.d. lang , Adrienne Clarkson , and Lloyd Robertson . The thirteen original short films were broken up and run between shows on CBC Television and the CTV Network . The continued broadcast of the Minutes and the production of new ones was pioneered by Charles Bronfman 's CRB Foundation (subsequently The Historica Dominion Institute ), Canada Post (with Bell Canada being
1705-623: The Indigenous Arts & Stories program. Jury members include Bonnie Devine , Brian Maracle , Drew Hayden Taylor , John Kim Bell , Kent Monkman , Lee Maracle , Maxine Noel , and Rachel Qitsualik-Tinsley , among others. Honorary Patrons of the program have included Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde , Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami President Terry Audla, and Métis National Council President Clément Chartier . The Citizenship Challenge allows participants to test their Canadian knowledge by studying for and writing
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1760-538: The Minute treated his country unfairly. However, the producers have said this was not a factor in the decision to pull it from circulation. In 2020, three Heritage Minutes were deleted from Historica's website and Youtube channel - Louis Riel (1991), Grey Owl (1999), and Sir John A. Macdonald (2014). Historica told CTV News in 2024 that the removal of the Louis Riel Heritage Minute was due to
1815-501: The Ottawa-based Encounters with Canada youth program. To commemorate the era of COVID-19 in Canada for future generations, Historica Canada launched Canada During COVID-19, a "living archive" of the Canadian experience during the coronavirus pandemic beginning in 2020. Historica Canada invites people to add to this grassroots project in any form—be it through photograph, video, GIF, music, art, or writing—using
1870-553: The Pooh . The Minutes were first released in 1991 by The CRB Foundation and re-launched by Historica Canada in 2012. With the tagline "A part of our heritage", the Minutes themselves have since become a piece of Canadian culture and have featured appearances over the years by some of Canada's best-known actors, including Jared Keeso , Michael Shanks , Calum Worthy , Colm Feore , Dan Aykroyd , Jean l'Italien [ fr ] , and Kate Nelligan . Voice-over end narration for
1925-540: The US, UK, Canada and Mexico throughout February and March. Shorts are occasionally broadcast as filler when a feature film or other work does not fit the standard broadcast schedule. ShortsTV was the first television channel dedicated to short films. However, short films generally rely on film festival exhibition to reach an audience. Such movies can also be distributed via the Internet . Certain websites which encourage
1980-603: The United States, short films were generally termed short subjects from the 1920s into the 1970s when confined to two 35 mm reels or less, and featurettes for a film of three or four reels. " Short " was an abbreviation for either term. The increasingly rare industry term "short subject" carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers with either
2035-452: The beginning of cinema were very short , sometimes running only a minute or less. It was not until the 1910s when films started to get longer than about ten minutes. The first set of films were presented in 1894 and it was through Thomas Edison 's device called a kinetoscope . It was made for individual viewing only. Comedy short films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffith 's 1915 The Birth of
2090-632: The centenary of the start of World War I two Minutes were released: one on the Winnipeg Falcons in 2014 and one on Canadian Nursing Sisters in early 2015. In September 2015, to commemorate the 35th anniversary of Terry Fox 's run to conquer cancer, Historica released a "Minute" on Fox's inspirational run. February 2016 saw the release of a "Minute" on Viola Desmond , a trailblazing black female entrepreneur from Halifax who spoke out against racial discrimination in Nova Scotia. On June 21,
2145-406: The feature-film field. With these major comedy producers out of the running, Columbia Pictures actually expanded its own operations and launched a second two-reel-comedy unit in 1938. Columbia and RKO Radio Pictures kept making two-reel comedies into the 1950s. Theater managers found it easier and more convenient to fit shorter, one-reel (10-minute) subjects into their double-feature programs. In
2200-973: The federal government's Departments of Veterans Affairs and of Canadian Heritage . The Project also partners with the Royal Canadian Legion , Korean Veterans Association of Canada, Canadian War Museum , Library and Archives Canada , Concordia University Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling, and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre . Beyond its core programs, Historica Canada also offers commemorative programs tied to specific events. Past, including commemorative, programs of Historica Canada include: Along with its core programs, Historica Canada also produces various educational media projects, all of which are created as free content to help promote learning and historical knowledge. Historica Canada's video collection, in addition to its over-90 Heritage Minute shorts, includes more than 150 online educational videos. Inspiring Innovators (2020)
2255-519: The hero or heroine trapped in a life-threatening situation; audiences would have to return the following week to see the outcome. These "chapter plays" remained popular through the 1950s, although both Columbia and Republic Pictures were now making them as cheaply as possible, reusing action highlights from older serials and connecting them with a few new scenes showing identically dressed actors. Even after Republic quit making serials in 1955 and Columbia stopped in 1956, faithful audiences supported them and
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2310-448: The live-action field, humorist Robert Benchley had been making short comedies since the dawn of sound; his various series for Fox, Vitaphone, MGM, and Paramount ran from 1928 to 1944. MGM's Pete Smith Specialties had been a standard "added attraction" in moviehouse programming since 1935 and lasted through 1955. RKO's Flicker Flashbacks revivals of silent films ran from 1943 to 1956, and Warner Bros. ' Joe McDoakes comedies became
2365-399: The oldest film festivals dedicated to short films are Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival , France (since 1979), Tampere Film Festival , Finland (since 1969) and International Short Film Festival Oberhausen , Germany (since 1954). All of them are still considered the most important short film festival in the world to date. Historica Canada Historica Canada is
2420-411: The organization has produced two brief podcast series: In 2020, Historica Canada announced plans for a "Black History Podcast and Video Series," seeking a production company or team to develop a six-episode conversation-style podcast series (15–20 minutes each) and a three-part animated video series that adapts the podcast into visual form (3–5 minutes each), with a total budget of CA$ 75,000. The series
2475-519: The organization since September 2012, with the board of directors being chaired (as of January 2021 ) by First National Financial -co-founder Stephen Smith. Some of the organizations best-known programs include its collection of Heritage Minutes —60-second vignettes re-enacting important and remarkable incidents in Canada's history—and The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada regularly conducts public opinion polls and creates educational videos, podcasts, and learning tools. It also operates
2530-537: The over 100 "Heritage Minutes" available online, one on Canadian peacekeeping in Cyprus was pulled from broadcast shortly after its 1991 premiere, and was only posted on Historica Canada YouTube channel in 2016, well being omitted from the listing on "Historica Canada" official website. According to The Canadian Encyclopedia published by Historica Canada: A Minute about Canadian peacekeepers in Cyprus produced in 1991
2585-614: The project's hashtag and tagging the project's page on Instagram (and Historica Canada itself on other social media). Indigenous Arts & Stories, on hiatus for the 2019/2020 year, is the largest art and creative-writing competition for Indigenous youth in Canada. Starting in 2005 as exclusively a writing competition, the contest expanded to accept arts submissions in 2010–2011. The program invites First Nations , Métis , and Inuit artists aged 11 to 29 to interpret an aspect of their culture and heritage through literary and visual arts. The winning submissions are reviewed and selected by
2640-421: The studios re-released older serials through the mid-1960s. The 1964 revival of Columbia's Batman serial resulted in a media frenzy, spurring a new Batman TV series and a wave of Batman merchandise. With the rise of television , the commercial live-action short was virtually dead; most studios canceled their live-action series in 1956. Only The Three Stooges continued making two-reel comedies; their last
2695-908: The submission of user-created short films, such as YouTube and Vimeo , have attracted large communities of artists and viewers. Sites like Omeleto, FILMSshort, Short of the Week, Short Films Matter, Short Central and some apps showcase curated shorts. Short films are a typical first stage for new filmmakers, but professional actors and crews often still choose to create short films as an alternative form of expression. Amateur filmmaking has grown in popularity as equipment has become more accessible. The lower production costs of short films often mean that short films can cover alternative subject matter as compared to higher budget feature films. Similarly, unconventional filmmaking techniques such as Pixilation or narratives that are told without dialogue, are more often seen in short films than features. Tropfest claims to be
2750-468: The world's largest short film festival. Tropfest now takes place in Australia (its birthplace), Arabia, the US and elsewhere. Originating in 1993, Tropfest is often credited as being at least partially responsible for the recent popularity of short films internationally. Also Couch Fest Films , part of Shnit Worldwide Filmfestival, claimed to be the world's largest single-day short film festival. Among
2805-529: Was a bilingual program for teenage students (14 to 17 years old) in which participants spend a themed week in Ottawa to meet other young people from across Canada, and explore future career pathways. With over 113,000 youth having participated in the program, EWC was Canada's largest youth forum. EWC was established in 1982, originally as a program of the Canadian Unity Council . Its first year
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#17327935548692860-478: Was criticized by Turkey’s ambassador to Canada on the grounds that it depicted Turkish citizens in a poor light. The producers responded that the Minute explored Canada’s role in peacekeeping and that no slight to Turkey was intended. The Minute was soon pulled because of historically inaccurate costume details that were discovered after the Minute was released. As well, the Turkish ambassador to Ottawa complained that
2915-655: Was held at the Terry Fox Canadian Youth Centre, offering 11 weeks, from September to early December, with six themes: Arts & Culture, Science & Technology, Canadian Studies, Natural Resources & Environment, Law, and the Economy. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the program closed in August 2020. The Heritage Minutes is a collection of 60-second short films, each recreating or depicting
2970-432: Was released in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent, and specialty work. Cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques and the rise of television animation , which allowed shorts to have both theatrical runs and a syndication afterlife. Warner Bros. , one of the most prolific of the golden era, underwent several reorganizations in
3025-426: Was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 (and thus having spent its entire existence in the limited animation era) and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, with existing theatrical shorts being syndicated to television. A few animated shorts continue within the mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened
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