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71-516: The 2,300-acre (9.3 km) (or 2,500-acre (10 km)) estate was purchased in stages by assembling five farms, beginning in 1889, by German-born acetylene gas mogul Charles F. Dieterich (1836–1927), a founder of Union Carbide . In 1912 Addison Mizner designed the four-story 38-room mansion which Dieterich named "Daheim" ("Home"). Featuring turrets, verandas , and gardens, the late-Victorian mansion has been described architecturally as Queen Anne style or Bavarian Baroque . The estate also featured

142-567: A carbon arc . Since the 1950s, acetylene has mainly been manufactured by the partial combustion of methane in the US, much of the EU, and many other countries: It is a recovered side product in production of ethylene by cracking of hydrocarbons . Approximately 400,000 tonnes were produced by this method in 1983. Its presence in ethylene is usually undesirable because of its explosive character and its ability to poison Ziegler–Natta catalysts . It

213-401: A mass spectrometer to measure the isotopic ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12. Acetylene combustion produces a strong, bright light and the ubiquity of carbide lamps drove much acetylene commercialization in the early 20th century. Common applications included coastal lighthouses , street lights , and automobile and mining headlamps . In most of these applications, direct combustion

284-486: A 4+ or a 2+ charge). Thus, the compound is made of one Pb cation to every two S anions, the compound is balanced, and its name is written as lead(IV) sulfide . An older system – relying on Latin names for the elements – is also sometimes used to name Type-II ionic binary compounds. In this system, the metal (instead of a Roman numeral next to it) has a suffix "-ic" or "-ous" added to it to indicate its oxidation state ("-ous" for lower, "-ic" for higher). For example,

355-542: A chemical compound, given context. Without context, the name should indicate at least the chemical composition . To be more specific, the name may need to represent the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms. This requires adding more rules to the standard IUPAC system (the Chemical Abstracts Service system (CAS system) is the one used most commonly in this context), at the expense of having names which are longer and less familiar. The IUPAC system

426-402: A feedstock for a variety of polyethylene plastics. Halogens add to the triple bond. Acetylene is not especially toxic, but when generated from calcium carbide , it can contain toxic impurities such as traces of phosphine and arsine , which gives it a distinct garlic -like smell. It is also highly flammable, as are most light hydrocarbons, hence its use in welding. Its most singular hazard

497-655: A large gatehouse, horse stables, and other outbuildings. Ownership of the estate passed from Dieterich's heirs to oilman Walter C. Teagle and then to the Hitchcock family. Siblings William Mellon "Billy" Hitchcock, Tommy Hitchcock III, and Margaret Mellon "Peggy" Hitchcock , heirs to the Mellon fortune (children of Tommy Hitchcock Jr. , grandchildren of oilman William Larimer Mellon Sr. , and great-great-grandchildren of Mellon fortune founder Thomas Mellon ), who were familiar with Timothy Leary's work and Leary personally, gave

568-423: A melting point. The triple point on the phase diagram corresponds to the melting point (−80.8 °C) at the minimal pressure at which liquid acetylene can exist (1.27 atm). At temperatures below the triple point, solid acetylene can change directly to the vapour (gas) by sublimation . The sublimation point at atmospheric pressure is −84.0 °C. At room temperature, the solubility of acetylene in acetone

639-463: A moon of Saturn . Natural acetylene is believed to form from catalytic decomposition of long-chain hydrocarbons at temperatures of 1,700 K (1,430 °C; 2,600 °F) and above. Since such temperatures are highly unlikely on such a small distant body, this discovery is potentially suggestive of catalytic reactions within that moon, making it a promising site to search for prebiotic chemistry. In vinylation reactions, H−X compounds add across

710-439: A more party-oriented atmosphere, exacerbated by an increasing stream of visitors, some youthful and of the hippie persuasion. The mansion was the target of drug raids. Leary and his group were evicted in 1968, and Leary moved to California. The mansion was later boarded up and fell into disrepair, including structural degradation. But after about two decades of effort by the late architectural historian John Foreman, whose tenancy

781-453: A net charge of zero, the cation must be Fe so that the three Cl anions can be balanced (3+ and 3− balance to 0). Thus, this compound is termed iron(III) chloride . Another example could be the compound PbS 2 . Because the S anion has a subscript of 2 in the formula (giving a 4− charge), the compound must be balanced with a 4+ charge on the Pb cation ( lead can form cations with

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852-482: A residue of what is now known as potassium carbide , (K 2 C 2 ), which reacted with water to release the new gas. It was rediscovered in 1860 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot , who coined the name acétylène . Berthelot's empirical formula for acetylene (C 4 H 2 ), as well as the alternative name " quadricarbure d'hydrogène " (hydrogen quadricarbide), were incorrect because many chemists at that time used

923-408: A suitable substrate for bacteria, provided an adequate source is available. A number of bacteria living on acetylene have been identified. The enzyme acetylene hydratase catalyzes the hydration of acetylene to give acetaldehyde : Acetylene is a moderately common chemical in the universe, often associated with the atmospheres of gas giants . One curious discovery of acetylene is on Enceladus ,

994-465: Is unsaturated because its two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple bond . The carbon–carbon triple bond places all four atoms in the same straight line, with CCH bond angles of 180°. Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy , who identified it as a "new carburet of hydrogen". It was an accidental discovery while attempting to isolate potassium metal. By heating potassium carbonate with carbon at very high temperatures, he produced

1065-399: Is 27.9 g per kg. For the same amount of dimethylformamide (DMF), the solubility is 51 g. At 20.26 bar, the solubility increases to 689.0 and 628.0 g for acetone and DMF, respectively. These solvents are used in pressurized gas cylinders. Approximately 20% of acetylene is supplied by the industrial gases industry for oxyacetylene gas welding and cutting due to the high temperature of

1136-454: Is a fire hazard , and so acetylene has been replaced, first by incandescent lighting and many years later by low-power/high-lumen LEDs. Nevertheless, acetylene lamps remain in limited use in remote or otherwise inaccessible areas and in countries with a weak or unreliable central electric grid . The energy richness of the C≡C triple bond and the rather high solubility of acetylene in water make it

1207-454: Is a major precursor to vinyl chloride . Prior to the widespread use of petrochemicals, coal-derived acetylene was a building block for several industrial chemicals. Thus acetylene can be hydrated to give acetaldehyde , which in turn can be oxidized to acetic acid. Processes leading to acrylates were also commercialized. Almost all of these processes became obsolete with the availability of petroleum-derived ethylene and propylene. In 1881,

1278-528: Is a set of rules to generate systematic names for chemical compounds . The nomenclature used most frequently worldwide is the one created and developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). IUPAC Nomenclature ensures that each compound (and its various isomers ) have only one formally accepted name known as the systematic IUPAC name , however, some compounds may have alternative names that are also accepted, known as

1349-577: Is achieved by the International Chemical Identifier (InChI) nomenclature. However, the American Chemical Society 's CAS numbers nomenclature does not represent a compound's structure. The nomenclature used depends on the needs of the user, so no single correct nomenclature exists. Rather, different nomenclatures are appropriate for different circumstances. A common name will successfully identify

1420-416: Is associated with its intrinsic instability, especially when it is pressurized: under certain conditions acetylene can react in an exothermic addition-type reaction to form a number of products, typically benzene and/or vinylacetylene , possibly in addition to carbon and hydrogen . Consequently, acetylene, if initiated by intense heat or a shockwave, can decompose explosively if the absolute pressure of

1491-437: Is descriptive, but does not effectively represent the functions mentioned above. Opinions differ about whether this was deliberate on the part of the early practitioners of alchemy or whether it was a consequence of the particular (and often esoteric) theories according to which they worked. While both explanations are probably valid to some extent, it is remarkable that the first "modern" system of chemical nomenclature appeared at

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1562-483: Is named sodium sulfite . If the given formula is Ca(OH) 2 , it can be seen that OH is the hydroxide ion. Since the charge on the calcium ion is 2+, it makes sense there must be two OH ions to balance the charge. Therefore, the name of the compound is calcium hydroxide . If one is asked to write the formula for copper(I) chromate, the Roman numeral indicates that copper ion is Cu and one can identify that

1633-401: Is named as if it were an anion (base name of the element + -ide suffix). Then, prefixes are used to indicate the numbers of each atom present: these prefixes are mono- (one), di- (two), tri- (three), tetra- (four), penta- (five), hexa- (six), hepta- (seven), octa- (eight), nona- (nine), and deca- (ten). The prefix mono- is never used with the first element. Thus, NCl 3

1704-544: Is often criticized for failing to distinguish relevant compounds (for example, for differing reactivity of sulfur allotropes , which IUPAC does not distinguish). While IUPAC has a human-readable advantage over CAS numbering, IUPAC names for some larger, relevant molecules (such as rapamycin ) are barely human-readable, so common names are used instead. It is generally understood that the purposes of lexicography versus chemical nomenclature vary and are to an extent at odds. Dictionaries of words, whether in traditional print or on

1775-421: Is referred to as barium oxide . The oxidation state of each element is unambiguous. When these ions combine into a type-I binary compound, their equal-but-opposite charges are neutralized, so the compound's net charge is zero. Type-II ionic binary compounds are those in which the cation does not have just one oxidation state. This is common among transition metals . To name these compounds, one must determine

1846-419: Is selectively hydrogenated into ethylene, usually using Pd – Ag catalysts. The heaviest alkanes in petroleum and natural gas are cracked into lighter molecules which are dehydrogenated at high temperature: This last reaction is implemented in the process of anaerobic decomposition of methane by microwave plasma. The first acetylene produced was by Edmund Davy in 1836, via postassium carbide. Acetylene

1917-509: Is termed nitrogen trichloride , BF 3 is termed boron trifluoride , and P 2 O 5 is termed diphosphorus pentoxide (although the a of the prefix penta- should actually not be omitted before a vowel: the IUPAC Red Book 2005 page 69 states, "The final vowels of multiplicative prefixes should not be elided (although "monoxide", rather than "monooxide", is an allowed exception because of general usage)."). Carbon dioxide

1988-403: Is termed stannic oxide . Some ionic compounds contain polyatomic ions , which are charged entities containing two or more covalently bonded types of atoms. It is important to know the names of common polyatomic ions; these include: The formula Na 2 SO 3 denotes that the cation is sodium , or Na , and that the anion is the sulfite ion ( SO 2− 3 ). Therefore, this compound

2059-453: Is the chemical compound with the formula C 2 H 2 and structure H−C≡C−H . It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne . This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities such as divinyl sulfide and phosphine . As an alkyne, acetylene

2130-448: Is to standardize communication and practice so that, when a chemical term is used it has a fixed meaning relating to chemical structure, thereby giving insights into chemical properties and derived molecular functions. These differing purposes can affect understanding, especially with regard to chemical classes that have achieved popular attention. Examples of the effect of these are as follows: The rapid pace at which meanings can change on

2201-400: Is written CO 2 ; sulfur tetrafluoride is written SF 4 . A few compounds, however, have common names that prevail. H 2 O , for example, is usually termed water rather than dihydrogen monoxide , and NH 3 is preferentially termed ammonia rather than nitrogen trihydride . This naming method generally follows established IUPAC organic nomenclature. Hydrides of

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2272-1174: The Blue Book and the Red Book , respectively. A third publication, known as the Green Book , recommends the use of symbols for physical quantities (in association with the IUPAP ), while a fourth, the Gold Book , defines many technical terms used in chemistry. Similar compendia exist for biochemistry (the White Book , in association with the IUBMB ), analytical chemistry (the Orange Book ), macromolecular chemistry (the Purple Book ), and clinical chemistry (the Silver Book ). These "color books" are supplemented by specific recommendations published periodically in

2343-502: The preferred IUPAC name which is generally taken from the common name of that compound. Preferably, the name should also represent the structure or chemistry of a compound. For example, the main constituent of white vinegar is CH 3 COOH , which is commonly called acetic acid and is also its recommended IUPAC name, but its formal, systematic IUPAC name is ethanoic acid. The IUPAC's rules for naming organic and inorganic compounds are contained in two publications, known as

2414-546: The Merry Pranksters visited in their bus Furthur but were unable to meet with Leary. Nina Graboi described Millbrook as "a cross between a country club, a madhouse, a research institute, a monastery, and a Fellini movie set. When you entered you were greeted by a sign that asked you to 'kindly check your esteemed ego at the door.'" During Leary's residence at the mansion (1963–1968) the culture and ambiance there evolved from scholarly research into psychedelics to

2485-421: The cation (a metal in most cases) is named first, and the anion (usually a nonmetal ) is named second. The cation retains its elemental name (e.g., iron or zinc ), but the suffix of the nonmetal changes to -ide . For example, the compound LiBr is made of Li cations and Br anions; thus, it is called lithium bromide . The compound BaO , which is composed of Ba cations and O anions,

2556-633: The International Association of Chemical Societies, but its work was interrupted by World War I . After the war, the task passed to the newly formed International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , which first appointed commissions for organic, inorganic, and biochemical nomenclature in 1921 and continues to do so to this day. Nomenclature has been developed for both organic and inorganic chemistry. There are also designations having to do with structure – see Descriptor (chemistry) . For type-I ionic binary compounds ,

2627-522: The Russian chemist Mikhail Kucherov described the hydration of acetylene to acetaldehyde using catalysts such as mercury(II) bromide . Before the advent of the Wacker process , this reaction was conducted on an industrial scale. The polymerization of acetylene with Ziegler–Natta catalysts produces polyacetylene films. Polyacetylene, a chain of CH centres with alternating single and double bonds,

2698-594: The US, National Electric Code (NEC) requires consideration for hazardous areas including those where acetylene may be released during accidents or leaks. Consideration may include electrical classification and use of listed Group A electrical components in US. Further information on determining the areas requiring special consideration is in NFPA 497. In Europe, ATEX also requires consideration for hazardous areas where flammable gases may be released during accidents or leaks. Chemical nomenclature Chemical nomenclature

2769-547: The by-product. Copper acetylide is used as the catalyst. In addition to ethynylation, acetylene reacts with carbon monoxide , acetylene reacts to give acrylic acid , or acrylic esters. Metal catalysts are required. These derivatives form products such as acrylic fibers , glasses , paints , resins , and polymers . Except in China, use of acetylene as a chemical feedstock has declined by 70% from 1965 to 2007 owing to cost and environmental considerations. In China, acetylene

2840-403: The charge of the cation and then render the name as would be done with Type-I ionic compounds, except that a Roman numeral (indicating the charge of the cation) is written in parentheses next to the cation name (this is sometimes referred to as Stock nomenclature ). For example, for the compound FeCl 3 , the cation, iron , can occur as Fe and Fe . In order for the compound to have

2911-464: The compound FeO contains the Fe cation (which balances out with the O anion). Since this oxidation state is lower than the other possibility ( Fe ), this compound is sometimes called ferrous oxide . For the compound, SnO 2 , the tin ion is Sn (balancing out the 4− charge on the two O anions), and because this is a higher oxidation state than the alternative ( Sn ), this compound

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2982-452: The compound contains the chromate ion ( CrO 2− 4 ). Two of the 1+ copper ions are needed to balance the charge of one 2− chromate ion, so the formula is Cu 2 CrO 4 . Type-III binary compounds are bonded covalently . Covalent bonding occurs between nonmetal elements. Compounds bonded covalently are also known as molecules . For the compound, the first element is named first and with its full elemental name. The second element

3053-441: The early 21st century, China, Japan, and Eastern Europe produced acetylene primarily by this method. The use of this technology has since declined worldwide with the notable exception of China, with its emphasis on coal-based chemical industry, as of 2013. Otherwise oil has increasingly supplanted coal as the chief source of reduced carbon. Calcium carbide production requires high temperatures, ~2000 °C, necessitating

3124-428: The element name. For example, N H 3 is termed " azane ". This method of naming has been developed principally for coordination compounds although it can be applied more widely. An example of its application is [CoCl(NH 3 ) 5 ]Cl 2 , pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride. Ligands , too, have a special naming convention. Whereas chloride becomes the prefix chloro- in substitutive naming, for

3195-514: The estate over for use by Leary in 1963. Peggy Hitchcock was director of Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert 's International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF)'s New York branch, and her brother Billy rented the estate to IFIF (later re-named the Castalia Foundation). Leary and the group he gathered around him lived at the estate and performed research into psychedelics there. The Castalia Foundation also hosted weekend retreats on

3266-507: The estate where people paid to undergo the psychedelic experience without drugs, through meditation, yoga, and group therapy sessions. Leary, Alpert, and Ralph Metzner wrote the 1964 book The Psychedelic Experience at the mansion. People who lived at the estate included Richard Alpert, Arthur Kleps , and Maynard Ferguson , while the numerous visitors and guests included R. D. Laing , Alan Watts , Allen Ginsberg , Charles Mingus , Helen Merrill , and Ivy League academics. Ken Kesey and

3337-421: The flame. Combustion of acetylene with oxygen produces a flame of over 3,600 K (3,330 °C; 6,020 °F), releasing 11.8  kJ /g. Oxygen with acetylene is the hottest burning common gas mixture. Acetylene is the third-hottest natural chemical flame after dicyanoacetylene 's 5,260 K (4,990 °C; 9,010 °F) and cyanogen at 4,798 K (4,525 °C; 8,177 °F). Oxy-acetylene welding

3408-432: The formula L n M−C 2 R , are also common. Copper(I) acetylide and silver acetylide can be formed in aqueous solutions with ease due to a favorable solubility equilibrium . Acetylene has a p K a of 25, acetylene can be deprotonated by a superbase to form an acetylide : Various organometallic and inorganic reagents are effective. Acetylene can be semihydrogenated to ethylene , providing

3479-465: The gas exceeds about 200 kilopascals (29 psi). Most regulators and pressure gauges on equipment report gauge pressure , and the safe limit for acetylene therefore is 101 kPa gage , or 15 psig. It is therefore supplied and stored dissolved in acetone or dimethylformamide (DMF), contained in a gas cylinder with a porous filling , which renders it safe to transport and use, given proper handling. Acetylene cylinders should be used in

3550-433: The internet, collect and report the meanings of words as their uses appear and change over time. For internet dictionaries with limited or no formal editorial process, definitions —in this case, definitions of chemical names and terms— can change rapidly without concern for the formal or historical meanings. Chemical nomenclature however (with IUPAC nomenclature as the best example) is necessarily more restrictive: Its purpose

3621-484: The internet, in particular for chemical compounds with perceived health benefits, ascribed rightly or wrongly, complicate the monosemy of nomenclature (and so access to SAR understanding). Specific examples appear in the Polyphenol article, where varying internet and common-use definitions conflict with any accepted chemical nomenclature connecting polyphenol structure and bioactivity ). The nomenclature of alchemy

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3692-403: The journal Pure and Applied Chemistry . The main purpose of chemical nomenclature is to disambiguate the spoken or written names of chemical compounds: each name should refer to one compound. Secondarily, each compound should have only one name, although in some cases some alternative names are accepted. Preferably, the name should also represent the structure or chemistry of a compound. This

3763-476: The latter in a textbook that would survive long after his death by guillotine in 1794. The project was also endorsed by Jöns Jakob Berzelius , who adapted the ideas for the German-speaking world. The recommendations of Guyton were only for what would be known now as inorganic compounds. With the massive expansion of organic chemistry during the mid-nineteenth century and the greater understanding of

3834-436: The loosening of corroded nuts and bolts, and other applications. Bell Canada cable-repair technicians still use portable acetylene-fuelled torch kits as a soldering tool for sealing lead sleeve splices in manholes and in some aerial locations. Oxyacetylene welding may also be used in areas where electricity is not readily accessible. Oxyacetylene cutting is used in many metal fabrication shops. For use in welding and cutting,

3905-438: The main group elements (groups 13–17) are given the base name ending with -ane , e.g. borane ( B H 3 ), oxidane ( H 2 O ), phosphane ( P H 3 ) (Although the name phosphine is also in common use, it is not recommended by IUPAC). The compound P Cl 3 would thus be named substitutively as trichlorophosphane (with chlorine "substituting"). However, not all such names (or stems) are derived from

3976-429: The same time as the distinction (by Lavoisier ) between elements and compounds , during the late eighteenth century. The French chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau published his recommendations in 1782, hoping that his "constant method of denomination" would "help the intelligence and relieve the memory". The system was refined in collaboration with Berthollet , de Fourcroy and Lavoisier , and promoted by

4047-506: The structure of organic compounds, the need for a less ad hoc system of nomenclature was felt just as the theoretical basis became available to make this possible. An international conference was convened in Geneva in 1892 by the national chemical societies, from which the first widely accepted proposals for standardization developed. A commission was established in 1913 by the Council of

4118-435: The synthesis of vinyl formate . Acetylene and its derivatives (2-butyne, diphenylacetylene, etc.) form complexes with transition metals . Its bonding to the metal is somewhat similar to that of ethylene complexes. These complexes are intermediates in many catalytic reactions such as alkyne trimerisation to benzene, tetramerization to cyclooctatetraene , and carbonylation to hydroquinone : Metal acetylides , species of

4189-423: The triple bond. Alcohols and phenols add to acetylene to give vinyl ethers . Thiols give vinyl thioethers. Similarly, vinylpyrrolidone and vinylcarbazole are produced industrially by vinylation of 2-pyrrolidone and carbazole . The hydration of acetylene is a vinylation reaction, but the resulting vinyl alcohol isomerizes to acetaldehyde . The reaction is catalyzed by mercury salts. This reaction once

4260-404: The two sp hybrid orbital overlap to form a strong σ valence bond between the carbons, while on each of the other two ends hydrogen atoms attach also by σ bonds. The two unchanged 2p orbitals form a pair of weaker π bonds . Since acetylene is a linear symmetrical molecule , it possesses the D ∞h point group . At atmospheric pressure, acetylene cannot exist as a liquid and does not have

4331-737: The upright position to avoid withdrawing acetone during use. Information on safe storage of acetylene in upright cylinders is provided by the OSHA, Compressed Gas Association, United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), EIGA, and other agencies. Copper catalyses the decomposition of acetylene, and as a result acetylene should not be transported in copper pipes. Cylinders should be stored in an area segregated from oxidizers to avoid exacerbated reaction in case of fire/leakage. Acetylene cylinders should not be stored in confined spaces, enclosed vehicles, garages, and buildings, to avoid unintended leakage leading to explosive atmosphere. In

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4402-403: The use of an electric arc furnace . In the US, this process was an important part of the late-19th century revolution in chemistry enabled by the massive hydroelectric power project at Niagara Falls . In terms of valence bond theory , in each carbon atom the 2s orbital hybridizes with one 2p orbital thus forming an sp hybrid. The other two 2p orbitals remain unhybridized. The two ends of

4473-532: The working pressures must be controlled by a regulator, since above 15 psi (100 kPa), if subjected to a shockwave (caused, for example, by a flashback ), acetylene decomposes explosively into hydrogen and carbon . Acetylene is useful for many processes, but few are conducted on a commercial scale. One of the major chemical applications is ethynylation of formaldehyde. Acetylene adds to aldehydes and ketones to form α-ethynyl alcohols: The reaction gives butynediol , with propargyl alcohol as

4544-407: The wrong atomic mass for carbon (6 instead of 12). Berthelot was able to prepare this gas by passing vapours of organic compounds (methanol, ethanol, etc.) through a red hot tube and collecting the effluent . He also found that acetylene was formed by sparking electricity through mixed cyanogen and hydrogen gases. Berthelot later obtained acetylene directly by passing hydrogen between the poles of

4615-558: Was a popular welding process in previous decades. The development and advantages of arc-based welding processes have made oxy-fuel welding nearly extinct for many applications. Acetylene usage for welding has dropped significantly. On the other hand, oxy-acetylene welding equipment is quite versatile – not only because the torch is preferred for some sorts of iron or steel welding (as in certain artistic applications), but also because it lends itself easily to brazing, braze-welding, metal heating (for annealing or tempering, bending or forming),

4686-471: Was conditional on his undertaking its restoration and preservation, the house is (as of 2016) habitable although not modernized. It is still owned by the Hitchcock family. In 2003, Hudsonia Institute scientists discovered on the estate a circumneutral bog lake (a spring fed calcareous body of water that usually supports the vegetation of both acidic bogs and calcareous marshes ), rare in the area and worthy of preservation. In April 2024, Peggy Hitchcock, who

4757-477: Was considered to be the family's scion, died. In the time following her death, Peggy was also acknowledged to have been the one who persuaded her brothers to let Leary rent a room at the mansion. It was reported that her brother Tommy, and also a half brother Alexander McLaughlin, died in 2023. 41°47′30″N 73°41′07″W  /  41.79179°N 73.68517°W  / 41.79179; -73.68517 Acetylene Acetylene ( systematic name : ethyne )

4828-529: Was experimentally used as an inhalation anesthetic . Acetylene is sometimes used for carburization (that is, hardening) of steel when the object is too large to fit into a furnace. Acetylene is used to volatilize carbon in radiocarbon dating . The carbonaceous material in an archeological sample is treated with lithium metal in a small specialized research furnace to form lithium carbide (also known as lithium acetylide). The carbide can then be reacted with water, as usual, to form acetylene gas to feed into

4899-458: Was historically produced by hydrolysis (reaction with water) of calcium carbide: This reaction was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862, but a suitable commercial scale production method which allowed acetylene to be put into wider scale use was not found until 1892 by the Canadian inventor Thomas Willson while searching for a viable commercial production method for aluminum. As late as

4970-517: Was one of the first discovered organic semiconductors . Its reaction with iodine produces a highly electrically conducting material. Although such materials are not useful, these discoveries led to the developments of organic semiconductors , as recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 to Alan J. Heeger , Alan G MacDiarmid , and Hideki Shirakawa . In the 1920s, pure acetylene

5041-515: Was the dominant technology for acetaldehyde production, but it has been displaced by the Wacker process , which affords acetaldehyde by oxidation of ethylene , a cheaper feedstock. A similar situation applies to the conversion of acetylene to the valuable vinyl chloride by hydrochlorination vs the oxychlorination of ethylene. Vinyl acetate is used instead of acetylene for some vinylations, which are more accurately described as transvinylations . Higher esters of vinyl acetate have been used in

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