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99-590: There are approximately 66,000 Huastec speakers today, of which two-thirds are in San Luis Potosí and one-third in Veracruz , although their population was probably much higher, as much as half a million, when the Spanish arrived in 1529. The ancient Huastec civilization is one of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. Judging from archaeological remains, they are thought to date back to approximately

198-654: A Petén -region Maya site . A date of no earlier than 1100 BCE for the Huastecs’ arrival at their present location seems most likely, since they probably had not arrived at the north-central Veracruz site of Santa Luisa until about 1200 BCE, the phase at the end of the Early Formative period known locally as the "Ojite phase." Artifacts of the period include Panuco-like basalt manos and metates . (The Huastecs remained in Santa Luisa, located east of Papantla near

297-414: A grammatical relationship that links its complement to another word or phrase in the context. It also generally establishes a semantic relationship, which may be spatial ( in , on , under , ...), temporal ( after , during , ...), or of some other type ( of , for , via , ...). The World Atlas of Language Structures treats a word as an adposition if it takes a noun phrase as a complement and indicates

396-473: A noun phrase , this being called its complement , or sometimes object . English generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as in, under and of precede their objects, such as in England , under the table , of Jane – although there are a few exceptions including ago and notwithstanding , as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding". Some languages that use

495-524: A prefix to a verb . As noted above, adpositions typically have noun phrases as complements. This can include nominal clauses and certain types of non-finite verb phrase: The word to when it precedes the infinitive in English is not a preposition, but rather is a grammatical particle outside of any main word class . In other cases, the complement may have the form of an adjective or adjective phrase , or an adverbial. This may be regarded as

594-535: A certain case (e.g., ἐν always takes its object in the dative), while other prepositions may take their object in one of two or more cases, depending on the meaning of the preposition (e.g., διά takes its object in the genitive or the accusative, depending on the meaning). Some languages have cases that are used exclusively after prepositions ( prepositional case ), or special forms of pronouns for use after prepositions ( prepositional pronoun ). The functions of adpositions overlap with those of case markings (for example,

693-514: A complement representing a different syntactic category , or simply as an atypical form of noun phrase (see nominalization ). In the last example, the complement of the preposition from is in fact another prepositional phrase. The resulting sequence of two prepositions ( from under ) may be regarded as a complex preposition; in some languages, such a sequence may be represented by a single word, as Russian из-под iz-pod ("from under"). Some adpositions appear to combine with two complements: It

792-453: A day to help them expand their mining efforts. Currently the Huichol people are trying to find outside groups to help them in the conservation of their land and culture by protecting this mountain. The coat of arms of the state shows Louis IX of France, after whom the state was named, standing on a hill in the town of Cerro de San Pedro , where gold and silver were discovered. The state

891-445: A different word order have postpositions instead (like Turkic languages ) or have both types (like Finnish ). The phrase formed by an adposition together with its complement is called an adpositional phrase (or prepositional phrase, postpositional phrase, etc.). Such a phrase can function as an adjective or as an adverb. A less common type of adposition is the circumposition , which consists of two parts that appear on each side of

990-417: A group of words that act as one unit. Examples of complex prepositions in English include in spite of , with respect to , except for , by dint of , and next to . The distinction between simple and complex adpositions is not clear-cut. Many complex adpositions are derived from simple forms (e.g., with + in → within , by + side → beside ) through grammaticalisation . This change takes time, and during

1089-558: A highland region to a lowland one than vice versa. Not all archaeological evidence agrees with this conclusion: there are older, unbroken ceramic traditions from Loltun Cave in Yucatán, as well as Cuello in Belize, which suggest alternative Maya homelands. Whether the proto-Huastecs split from the rest of the Maya in 2200 or in 1200 BCE, the separation occurred at least a millennium before

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1188-582: A manufacturing presence in San Luis Potosí since 1980 and employs nearly 2,000 people there. ABB Group multinational in Mexico moved its headquarters from Mexico City to San Luis Potosí in 2007. Throughout the state, major industrial parks can be seen, especially in highly urbanized areas such as the capital, San Luis Potosí, and other major cities. The minimum wage in the state is 66.45 pesos per day as of 2015. The state of San Luis Potosí reports

1287-416: A noun, e.g., a gerund ), together with its specifier and modifiers such as articles , adjectives , etc. The complement is sometimes called the object of the adposition. The resulting phrase , formed by the adposition together with its complement, is called an adpositional phrase or prepositional phrase (PP) (or for specificity, a postpositional or circumpositional phrase). An adposition establishes

1386-446: A particular direction ("Kay went to the store"), the direction in which something leads or points ("A path into the woods"), or the extent of something ("The fog stretched from London to Paris"). A static meaning indicates only a location (" at the store", " behind the chair", " on the moon"). Some prepositions can have both uses: "he sat in the water" (static); "he jumped in the water" (probably directional). In some languages,

1485-642: A plant under construction, San Luis Potosí Assembly , to employ up to 1,800 people which will have the capacity to produce up to 160,000 vehicles per year, or about 440 cars per day. The new plant in San Luis Potosí is an important pillar of the BMW Group's global production strategy who aim to achieve a balance in our production and sales in the different world regions. Its grand opening on June 7, 2019, created 1,500 jobs, eco friendly by being supplied with 100% of CO2 free electricity, and produce 150,000 (3 series model only) vehicles annually. Cummins has also had

1584-412: A population of 2,822,255 people. The population growth rate from 2010 to 2013 was about 3.6%. The state's population is relatively young, 60% of its residents being under 30 years of age. The state reports a life expectancy rate similar to the national average, that is, 72 years for men, and 77 years of age for women. Regarding cultural and ethnic diversity, 15% of the state population is indigenous, and

1683-599: A portion of them) began to migrate north, probably along the Usumacinta River , and before the two groups resulting from the split began to move in opposite directions: the proto-Huastec speakers moving northwest (and, soon thereafter, the proto- Chicomuceltec west into the Chiapas highlands), and the proto-Yucatec/other Maya-speakers spreading northeast (one branch of which became Chontal , presumed by many from its widespread loan words and hieroglyphic evidence to be

1782-410: A postpositional phrase. Examples include: Some adpositions can appear either before or after their complement: An adposition like the above, which can be either a preposition or a postposition, can be called an ambiposition . However, ambiposition may also be used to refer to a circumposition (see below), or to a word that appears to function as a preposition and postposition simultaneously, as in

1881-467: A preposition (Latin: praepositio ) stand before the word it governs (go the fools among (Sh[akespeare]); What are you laughing at ?). You might just as well believe that all blackguards are black or that turkeys come from Turkey; many names have either been chosen unfortunately at first or have changed their meanings in the course of time." Simple adpositions consist of a single word ( on , in , for , towards , etc.). Complex adpositions consist of

1980-409: A prepositional phrase headed by cóng ("from"), taking the locative noun phrase bīngxīang lǐ ("refrigerator inside") as its complement. An inposition is a rare type of adposition that appears between parts of a complex complement. For example, in the native Californian Timbisha language , the phrase "from a mean cold" can be translated using the word order "cold from mean"—the inposition follows

2079-560: A pronominal object to form inflected prepositions . The following properties are characteristic of most adpositional systems: As noted above, adpositions are referred to by various terms, depending on their position relative to the complement. While the term preposition sometimes denotes any adposition, its stricter meaning refers only to one that precedes its complement. Examples of this, from English, have been given above; similar examples can be found in many European and other languages, for example: In certain grammatical constructions,

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2178-579: A publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " San Luis Potosí (state) ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 152. Preposition Adpositions are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations ( in, under, towards, behind, ago , etc.) or mark various semantic roles ( of, for ). The most common adpositions are prepositions (which precede their complement) and postpositions (which follow their complement). An adposition typically combines with

2277-431: A subsidiary of Canadian company New Gold , announced plans to start open pit mining at Cerro San Pedro . There was major opposition to the project, but in 2007, the mine started operating, and was still both active and disputed as of 2016. One of the mountains within the state's declared National Sacred Site, Wirikuta , is being purchased for silver mining by a Canadian company, First Majestic Silver . The mountain

2376-621: A suffix for absolutives, while Kʼicheʼ always uses a prefix.) Huastec appears to have been influenced by proto-Tzeltal, resulting in such innovations as the preposition ta , used with the object of a verb in the third person . If, as seems likely, the Huastec-Maya split occurred around 2000 BCE, the Huastecs probably did not travel far from the Guatemala-Chiapas borderlands until after 1100 BCE, more or less, by which time

2475-478: A typical contrast. McQuown suggests 1500 BCE, Manrique Castaneda 1800 BCE, and Dahlin 2100 BCE as the most likely dates for the split. Kaufman's proposed date of about 2200 BCE would require two regular phonological (sound) changes that are attested in all Maya languages, "r" changing to "y" and "q" to "k", to have happened independently after the split, in both the Huastec/Chicomuceltec branch and in

2574-532: Is a tendency for languages that feature postpositions also to have other head-final features, such as verbs that follow their objects ; and for languages that feature prepositions to have other head-initial features, such as verbs that precede their objects . This is only a tendency, however; an example of a language that behaves differently is Latin , which employs mostly prepositions, even though it typically places verbs after their objects. A circumposition consists of two or more parts, positioned on both sides of

2673-528: Is also found in some Niger–Congo languages such as Vata and Gbadi, and in some North American varieties of French . Some prescriptive English grammars teach that prepositions cannot end a sentence, although there is no rule prohibiting that use. Similar rules arose during the rise of classicism, when they were applied to English in imitation of classical languages such as Latin. Otto Jespersen , in his Essentials of English Grammar (first published 1933), commented on this definition-derived rule: "...nor need

2772-491: Is an important industry and hides, tallow and wool are exported. Fine cabinet and construction woods are also made and exported to a limited extent. Potosí (in Bolivia) was believed to have enough gold to build a bridge between Potosí and Spain. San Luis Potosí was compared to it upon the discovery of the mines and therefore named after it. At one time San Luis Potosí ranked among the leading mining provinces of Mexico, but

2871-684: Is an important site for the Huichol ceremonial migration, Peyote hunt, and deer dance. On October 27, 2000, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) claimed this site as a protected area for its importance as a cultural route and endemic flora and fauna species. Later on June 9, 2001, it was declared as a National Sacred Site under the State of San Luis Potosí's Natural Protection Act. First Majestic Silver Corp. still decided to purchase mineral rights on November 13, 2009, with 80% of their interest within

2970-529: Is called improper if it is some other part of speech being used in the same way as a preposition. Examples of simple and complex prepositions that have been so classified include prima di ("before") and davanti (a) ("in front of") in Italian , and ergo ("on account of") and causa ("for the sake of") in Latin . In reference to Ancient Greek , however, an improper preposition is one that cannot also serve as

3069-455: Is going into her bedroom", but not *"Jay is lying down into her bedroom"). Directional meanings can be further divided into telic and atelic . Telic prepositional phrases imply movement all the way to the endpoint ("she ran to the fence"), while atelic ones do not ("she ran towards the fence"). Static meanings can be divided into projective and non-projective , where projective meanings are those whose understanding requires knowledge of

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3168-414: Is more commonly assumed, however, that Sammy and the following predicate forms a small clause , which then becomes the single complement of the preposition. (In the first example, a word such as as may be considered to have been elided , which, if present, would clarify the grammatical relationship.) Adpositions can be used to express a wide range of semantic relations between their complement and

3267-627: The Army of the Three Guarantees of Agustín de Iturbide (Ejercito de las Tres Garantias de Iturbide), who at the time was emperor of Mexico. They submitted to his demand, as there was no way to resist, and thus proclamation of Independence of San Luis Potosí was declared. The first Constitution of San Luis Potosí was then written on October 16, 1826, and was in effect until 1835 when Congress proclaimed it centralist. At this point, local legislatures disappeared and state governors were appointed by

3366-522: The Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí ), is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí City . It is located in eastern and central Mexico and is bordered by seven other Mexican states: Nuevo León to the north; Tamaulipas to

3465-476: The Otomi and Chichimeca tribes. These indigenous groups were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Although many indigenous people died during Spanish colonization, Huasteco groups still live, along with Pame and Náhua peoples. In 1592, gold and silver deposits were discovered, which triggered the establishment of the state. Spanish miners established the first town known as “San Luis de Mezquitique”, modern location of

3564-450: The Real de Minas potosino has driven the industrial engines in the state of San Luis Potosí, and as such, nowadays basic metallurgy still has the largest contribution within the gross domestic product of the entity. The main metals and products extracted across mines are zinc, copper, lead, gold, silver, mercury, manganese, and arsenic. Other major industries following the mining lead are in

3663-554: The Vedic Sanskrit construction (noun-1) ā (noun-2), meaning "from (noun-1) to (noun-2)". Whether a language has primarily prepositions or postpositions is seen as an aspect of its typological classification, and tends to correlate with other properties related to head directionality . Since an adposition is regarded as the head of its phrase, prepositional phrases are head-initial (or right- branching ), while postpositional phrases are head-final (or left-branching). There

3762-539: The case of the complement varies depending on the meaning, as with several prepositions in German , such as in : In English and many other languages, prepositional phrases with static meaning are commonly used as predicative expressions after a copula ("Bob is at the store"); this may happen with some directional prepositions as well ("Bob is from Australia"), but this is less common. Directional prepositional phrases combine mostly with verbs that indicate movement ("Jay

3861-565: The 10th century BCE, although their most productive period of civilization is usually considered to be the Postclassic era between the fall of Teotihuacan and the rise of the Aztec Empire. The Pre-Columbian Huastecs constructed temples on step-pyramids , carved independently standing sculptures, and produced elaborately painted pottery. They were admired for their abilities as musicians by other Mesoamerican peoples. About 1450,

3960-591: The 17th and 18th centuries, Franciscans , Augustinians , and Jesuits arrived in the area and settled, then began to build churches and other buildings, many of which are still standing and have been turned into museums and universities. In mid-1821, after the Independence of Mexico , General Jose Antonio Echavarri intimidated and threatened the Mayor and the City Council to surrender the city of San Luis to

4059-525: The Cocinera lode was said to have had a total yield of over $ 60,000,000 in the first decade of the 20th century. The State of San Luis Potosí is divided into 58 municipalities ( Spanish : municipios ), each headed by a municipal president (mayor). These are similar in function to counties . Is it so divided into four zones municipalities Altiplano (Highlands), Centro (centre), Media and Huasteca zone The state has several protected elements included in

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4158-648: The Gulf coast, until supplanted or absorbed by the Totonacs around AD 1000). One nexus of carved iconographic traditions, the "yoke-palm-axe" complex, was found from Jaina Island in coastal Campeche to the Huasteca (and in between, in Aparicio, Veracruz), in association with the pelota ballgame , decapitation, and tooth mutilation; however, this may reflect coastal trade contacts after the Huastecs were established in

4257-494: The Huastec language accessible to Europeans was by Fray Andrés de Olmos , who also wrote the first such grammars of Nahuatl and Totonac . Studies of language change, especially glottochronology (that is, words changing in form or being replaced by borrowed synonyms), have given linguists the tools to estimate the point in time when many pairs of languages diverged from their common ancestral tongue. The procedure depends on

4356-608: The Huasteca. Proto-Maya, the common ancestor of all Maya languages, was probably spoken in west-central Guatemala, around the highland pine-oak forests of the Cuchumatanes mountain chain: north of the Motagua and Grijalva river valleys, through patches of cloud forest, and down to the edge of the tropical forest lowlands near the Ixcán and Chixoy (Negro) rivers, which flow into the Usumacinta River . Evidence that this region

4455-652: The Huastecs were defeated by Aztec armies under the leadership of Moctezuma I ; the Huastecs henceforth paid tribute to the Aztec Empire but retained a large degree of local self-government. The Huastecs were conquered by the Spanish between 1519 and the 1530s. After the Spanish Conquest, many Huastecs were sold as slaves in the Caribbean by the Spanish. The first grammatical and lexical description of

4554-517: The Indo-European languages this phenomenon is mostly confined to the Celtic languages like Welsh and Irish . Polish also allows some degree of combining prepositions with pronouns in the third person. The majority of Welsh prepositions can be inflected. This is achieved by having a preposition such as o ( ' of/from ' ) + a linking element; in the case of o this is -hon- +

4653-478: The Latin prefix ad- , meaning "to"). However, some linguists prefer to use the well-known and longer-established term preposition in place of adposition , irrespective of position relative to the complement. An adposition typically combines with exactly one complement , most often a noun phrase (or, in a different analysis, a determiner phrase ). In English, this is generally a noun (or something functioning as

4752-684: The Usumacinta River-Gulf Coast lowlands (mainly in today's Mexican state of Tabasco) between 2000 BCE (when the proto-Huastecs began their journey) and 1000 BCE (by which time the proto-Yucatecs had arrived in Yucatán, the Chicomuceltecs had been isolated from the Huastecs, and the Huastecs were arriving in central Veracruz)? Most scholars propose that this region was inhabited by speakers of the Mixe–Zoque family. While speakers of Mixe–Zoquean languages are today confined to

4851-671: The age of 15 yield a 28% dropout rate of primary school. Children under the age of 14 years have a 4% school dropout rate. The literacy rate is about 90.8%, most of the illiterate being the older generation. There is only one major university in the state, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí (UASLP). Other higher education institutions include: Newspapers of San Luis Potosí include: Diario Regional El Mañana de Valles , El Sol de San Luis , Esto del Centro , Gran Diario Regional Zona Media El Mañana de Rioverde , La Jornada de San Luis , La Prensa del Centro , and Pulso Diario de San Luis. Ponciano Arriaga International Airport serves

4950-534: The assumption that languages change, in the absence of widespread literacy, at a constant rate. Of all the languages descended from Proto-Mayan , the proto-Huastecan language was the first to split from Mayan proper. The second split, in the non-Huastecan main branch, was between proto-Yucatecan, now spoken across the Yucatán Peninsula , and the ancestors of all other Maya languages. The only other language, besides Huastec, which arose from proto-Huastecan

5049-607: The branch of all other Mayan languages . Robertson's work on verb affixes in the Mayan languages implies that the Huastecs were in contact with the proto- Tzeltal branch of Mayan. In Proto-Mayan , absolutives could be marked either by a prefix or a suffix , depending on the presence of a tense / aspect marker. This feature was retained in Q'anjob'al (a Maya language, spoken in the Cuchumatanes mountains of Guatemala ), but lost in other branches. (Yucatecan always uses

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5148-511: The capital San Luis Potosí . This led to Juan de Oñate being appointed as the first mayor. The State was given the name "San Luis Rey", King Saint Louis , in honor of Louis IX of France , and "Potosí" because the wealth of the state compared to the rich silver mines in Potosí , Bolivia . Settlers had hopes of rivaling the wealth of the Bolivian mine, but this was never truly accomplished. In

5247-550: The capital of San Luis Potosí (named the same) with a variety of domestic and international daily flights. Other cities such as Matehuala , Tamuin and Rioverde also have airports but they only serve domestic flights. Besides airports, the state has an extensive road network, like the rest of the country. Most of the roads are paved in urban areas and highways. Some small towns, however, have cobblestone streets. Arts and sciences Politics Sports Journalism [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

5346-650: The central government. This situation lasted until the promulgation of the 1857 Constitution . The state's participation in the Mexican–American War in 1846–1847 gave it the name "San Luis de la Patria", which translates into English, Saint Louis of the Homeland , for having contributed important leaders and ideas during the struggle with the United States. During the Reform War , state involvement

5445-532: The choice of adposition may be determined by another element in the construction or be fixed by the construction as a whole. Here the adposition may have little independent semantic content of its own, and there may be no clear reason why the particular adposition is used rather than another. Examples of such expressions are: Prepositions sometimes mark roles that may be considered largely grammatical: Spatial meanings of adpositions may be either directional or static . A directional meaning usually involves motion in

5544-581: The colonization and establishment of Mexico, there was a constant flow of Spanish immigrants. There have also been large influxes during instabilities in Spain, such as during the Spanish Civil War. Besides Spanish people, there is also a significant population of descendants of Italian immigrants, especially in cities such as Rio Verde and Cerritos. Most of the European peoples have arrived through

5643-407: The complement of a preposition may be absent or may be moved from its position directly following the preposition. This may be referred to as preposition stranding (see also below ), as in "Whom did you go with ?" and "There's only one thing worse than being talked about ." There are also some (mainly colloquial) expressions in which a preposition's complement may be omitted, such as "I'm going to

5742-484: The complement. Circumpositions are very common in Pashto and Kurdish . The following are examples from Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji): Various constructions in other languages might also be analyzed as circumpositional, for example: Most such phrases, however, can be analyzed as having a different hierarchical structure (such as a prepositional phrase modifying a following adverb). The Chinese example could be analyzed as

5841-780: The complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition include ambiposition , inposition and interposition . Some linguists use the word preposition in place of adposition regardless of the applicable word order. The word preposition comes from Latin : prae- prefix (pre- prefix) ("before") and Latin : ponere ("to put"). This refers to the situation in Latin and Greek (and in English ), where such words are placed before their complement (except sometimes in Ancient Greek), and are hence "pre-positioned". In some languages, including Sindhi , Hindustani , Turkish , Hungarian , Korean , and Japanese ,

5940-415: The disadvantage of"), zulasten/zu Lasten ("at the expense of"). The distinction between complex adpositions and free combinations of words is not a black-and-white issue: complex adpositions (in English, "prepositional idioms") can be more fossilized or less fossilized. In English, this applies to a number of structures of the form "preposition + (article) + noun + preposition", such as in front of , for

6039-443: The dominant language of the classic Peten Maya heartland) (see Fig. 1). While we have no direct archaeological evidence to explain the split itself, we can assume by linguistic evidence that contact was soon cut off between the two groups, despite there being no geographical feature that would automatically isolate them from each other. The intervening feature, then, was likely a powerful linguistic-cultural group. What group occupied

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6138-705: The easternmost limestone ranges of the Sierra Madre Oriental , across the coastal plain and the Otontepec hills to the Gulf of Mexico , in northern Veracruz state, eastern San Luis Potosí state, and (by some definitions) southern Tamaulipas . At least three indigenous languages are spoken in parts of the region today: Nahuatl (a Uto-Aztecan language), spoken especially in Veracruz, but also in San Luis Potosí; Pame (an Oto-Manguean language ). spoken in

6237-548: The federal system of protected areas administered by the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP): It also has a declared place Ramsar site (n. Ref 1766, declared in 2008), Arrochas y Manantiales de Tanchachín . In addition, it has 12 other natural areas protected by state competition managed by the SEGAM (Secretariat of Ecology and Environmental Management): In 1996, Minera San Xavier (MSX),

6336-425: The grammatical or semantic relationship of that phrase to the verb in the containing clause. Some examples of the use of English prepositions are given below. In each case, the prepositional phrase appears in italics , the preposition within it appears in bold , and the preposition's complement is underlined . As demonstrated in some of the examples, more than one prepositional phrase may act as an adjunct to

6435-624: The hilly borderlands of San Luis Potosí and Querétaro ; and Huastec (Wastek) (a Maya language), spoken in San Luis Potosí and northernmost Veracruz, and formerly in Tamaulipas. Some would include the Totonac-speaking area, in north-central Veracruz, as part of the Huasteca. The Huastec region was known to the Aztecs (ancestors of today's Nahuatl speakers, who arrived in the Huasteca around 1450) for its fertile abundance, and includes

6534-705: The industrialization of the state. The state lies mostly on the Mexican Plateau , with the exception of the eastern part of the state, where the tableland breaks down into the tropical valley of the Tampaon River (which continues flowing northwestward until it becomes the Pánuco River , which divides San Luis Potosí from the north-eastern state of Tamaulipas ). The surface of the plateau is comparatively level, with some low mountainous wooded ridges. The Sierra Madre Oriental runs north and south through

6633-467: The influence of the Nortes , which deliver significant amounts of rain. The rainfall, however, is uncertain at the western and northern regions, and much of the state does not have major rivers. The soil is fertile and in favorable seasons large crops of wheat, maize, beans and cotton are grown on the uplands. In the low tropical valleys, sugar, coffee, tobacco, peppers and fruit are staple products. Livestock

6732-416: The isthmus of Tehuantepec. There is much stronger evidence that the push for the Huastecs’ further migration up the Gulf coast was caused by the active presence of the early Olmecs (c. 1400 to 1100 BCE) of San Lorenzo and associated sites. If this is true, most of the distance that the Huastecs migrated during their entire history, from Guatemala to the Huasteca, was traveled in only a century or two at most:

6831-467: The meaning of the English preposition of is expressed in many languages by a genitive case ending), but adpositions are classed as syntactic elements, while case markings are morphological . Adpositions themselves are usually non-inflecting ("invariant"): they do not have paradigms of the form (such as tense, case, gender, etc.) the same way that verbs, adjectives, and nouns can. There are exceptions, though, such as prepositions that have fused with

6930-501: The most representative language is Nahuatl , followed by Huasteco . The native people of the state include the Huastec and Pame peoples . According to the 2020 Census, 44.8% of San Luis Potosí's population identified as Indigenous, 8.2% Afro-Mexican , and 39.1% Spanish descent and 7.9% mix/other. Concerning immigrants and people of European ancestry, 63% of the population has some form of European roots, mostly from Spain. During

7029-641: The mountains of northeast Oaxaca , along the backbone of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , and into extreme western Chiapas, it is likely that they once occupied the entire Gulf Coast lowland from the isthmus to the Tuxtla mountains – in other words, the Olmec heartland, soon dominated by the presumably Mixe–Zoque-speaking Olmec civilization of about 1400 to 500 BCE. One line of evidence that the Olmecs spoke Mixe–Zoque are

7128-482: The north-east; Veracruz to the east; Hidalgo , Querétaro and Guanajuato to the south; and Zacatecas to the north-west. In addition to the capital city, other major cities in the state include Ciudad Valles , Matehuala , Rioverde , and Tamazunchale . In pre-Columbian times, the territory now occupied by the state of San Luis Potosí contained parts of the cultural areas of Mesoamerica and Aridoamerica . Its northern and western-central areas were inhabited by

7227-625: The northernmost patches of tropical moist forest and cloud forest in the Americas. The Huastecs arrived in the Huasteca between 1500 BCE and 900 BCE. The linguistic evidence is corroborated by archaeological discoveries. In 1954, Richard Stockton MacNeish found ceramics and figurines in the Middle Formative period, called "Pavon de Panuco" in the Panuco River sites of the Huasteca, which resemble Preclassic objects from Uaxactun ,

7326-446: The noun but precedes any following modifiers that form part of the same noun phrase . The Latin word cum is also commonly used as an inposition, as in the phrase summa cum laude , meaning "with highest praise", lit. "highest with praise". The term interposition has been used for adpositions in structures such as word for word , French coup sur coup ("one after another, repeatedly"), and Russian друг с другом ("one with

7425-422: The other"). This is not a case of an adposition appearing inside its complement, as the two nouns do not form a single phrase (there is no phrase * word word , for example); such uses have more of a coordinating character. Preposition stranding is a syntactic construct in which a preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its complement. For example, in the English sentence "What did you sit on?"

7524-463: The park. Do you want to come with [me]?", and the French Il fait trop froid, je ne suis pas habillée pour ("It's too cold, I'm not dressed for [the situation].") The bolded words in these examples are generally still considered prepositions because when they form a phrase with a complement (in more ordinary constructions) they must appear first. A postposition follows its complement to form

7623-578: The perspective or point of view. For example, the meaning of "behind the rock" is likely to depend on the position of the speaker (projective), whereas the meaning of "on the desk" is not (non-projective). Sometimes the interpretation is ambiguous, as in "behind the house," which may mean either at the natural back of the house or on the opposite side of the house from the speaker. Some languages feature inflected adpositions—adpositions (usually prepositions) marked for grammatical person and/or grammatical number to give meanings such as "on me," "from you," etc. In

7722-791: The portion between the Olmec heartland around San Lorenzo, and the environs of San Luisa. The Huastecs and the Yucatán Maya were reunited, in a way, during the late nineteenth century, when Huastec chicle -tappers and lumbermen were transported to the state of Campeche to work the similar forests there, mainly employed by U.S.-based companies. A cross-Gulf steamship trade developed at the same time, with products such as salt exported from Campeche to Tuxpan (a Huastec-region port), and items such as sugar from Tuxpan to Campeche. San Luis Potos%C3%AD San Luis Potosí ( Spanish pronunciation: [san ˈlwis potoˈsi] ), officially

7821-430: The preposition on has what as its complement, but what is moved to the start of the sentence, because it is an interrogative word . This sentence is much more common and natural than the equivalent sentence without stranding: "On what did you sit?" Preposition stranding is commonly found in English , as well as North Germanic languages such as Swedish . Its existence in German is debated. Preposition stranding

7920-517: The protected land. The company's current methods includes open pit mining and leaching through cyanide , using two kilograms of NaCN per tonne of ore. While open pit mining itself removes entire habitats and landscapes, the addition of sodium cyanide (with a mean lethal dose of only 0.2 grams) is potentially lethal. In April 2010 the company also opened a new cyanidation plant in Coahuila , Mexico, where it has started producing 3,500 tons of cyanide

8019-578: The proto-Tzeltalans had been established as a separate branch. The Huastec people historically lived north of the Totonacs in the northeastern corner of Mesoamerica, which helped their influence with distinct style of art. Their art was influenced by the coastal area resulting in shell artifacts. Amongst their art they also made pots, gaming stones, platform pipes, and sculptures. These items were often made from shells and made into shape of human heads, engraved shell gorgets, fan headdresses, and of hunchbacked humans. The Huasteca region of Mexico extends from

8118-464: The rest of the context. The relations expressed may be spatial (denoting location or direction), temporal (denoting position in time), or relations expressing comparison, content, agent, instrument, means, manner, cause, purpose, reference, etc. Most common adpositions are highly polysemous (they have various different meanings). In many cases, a primary, spatial meaning becomes extended to non-spatial uses by metaphorical or other processes. Because of

8217-457: The revolts following independence resulted in a great decline in that industry. The area around Real de Catorce has some of the richest silver mines in the country. Other well-known silver mining districts are Peñón Blanco , Ramos and Guadalcázar . The development of Guadalcazar dates from 1620 and its ores yield gold , copper , zinc and bismuth , as well as silver. In the Ramos district,

8316-471: The rise of classic Maya culture. It is no surprise, therefore, that the word "to write" is different in proto-Huastec (θuc-) and in the other Maya language branch (c’ib) . 2000 BCE is a reasonable date for the Huastec/Maya split, and the slopes of the Cuchumatanes range as a reasonable location for the speakers of proto-Maya, it seems likely that the split occurred after these proto-Maya speakers (or

8415-756: The sake of . The following characteristics are good indications that a given combination is "frozen" enough to be considered a complex preposition in English: Marginal prepositions are prepositions that have affinities with other word classes, most notably participles. Marginal prepositions behave like prepositions but derive from other parts of speech. Some marginal prepositions in English include barring , concerning , considering , excluding , failing , following , including , notwithstanding , regarding , and respecting . In descriptions of some languages, prepositions are divided into proper (or essential ) and improper (or accidental ). A preposition

8514-578: The same kinds of words typically come after their complement. To indicate this, they are called postpositions (using the prefix post- , from Latin post meaning "behind, after"). There are also some cases where the function is performed by two parts coming before and after the complement; this is called a circumposition (from Latin circum- prefix "around"). In some languages, for example Finnish , some adpositions can be used as both prepositions and postpositions. Prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions are collectively known as adpositions (using

8613-517: The same word. In the last of these examples the complement has the form of an adverb, which has been nominalised to serve as a noun phrase; see Different forms of complement , below. Prepositional phrases themselves are sometimes nominalized: An adposition may determine the grammatical case of its complement. In English, the complements of prepositions take the objective case where available ( from him , not * from he ). In Koine Greek , for example, certain prepositions always take their objects in

8712-521: The sectors of chemicals, foods, beverages, tobacco, and textiles. The services sector, also known as tertiary, is second regarding contribution to the state's income with a 21%, followed by commerce, hotels and restaurants with 18%. These combined activities employ 51% of the economically active population or EAP. Agriculture has been a traditional activity, sometimes still practiced in the Huasteca region. Currently, even if it contributes very little to

8811-400: The southern and southeastern portion of the state. The northern and central portion of the state, including the capital, lie on an interior drainage basin which does not drain to the sea. The mean elevation is about 1,800 m (6,000 ft), ensuring a mostly temperate climate. The state lies partly within the arid zone of the north, while the southern half receiving more rainfall through

8910-462: The state GDP, it nevertheless employs as much as 20% of the EAP of the entity. The main agricultural products grown on Potosí soil are maize , beans , barley , sugar cane , oranges , coffee , sour lemon , prickly pear , and mango . Livestock activities are focused on raising sheep, cattle, and pigs. The state is also a contributor to the large automotive industry of Mexico. General Motors now has

9009-453: The state of Veracruz to the East. Nonetheless, due to its relative isolation, the state is one of the nine states in Mexico which report high rates of migration into the United States between the years of 2000 to 2008. The average schooling rate for those over 15 years of age lies at 7.7 years of education, considerably lower than the 8.1 found nationally. The same portion of those older than

9108-544: The state, and separates the Mexican Plateau from the Gulf Coastal Plain to the east. The Sierra Madre Oriental is home to the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests . The easternmost portion of the state lies on the Gulf Coastal Plain, and covered by the Veracruz moist forests . The eastern part is included in the region commonly referred to as "La Huasteca". The Tampaón river and its tributaries drain

9207-452: The transitional stages, the adposition acts in some ways like a single word, and in other ways like a multi-word unit. For example, current German orthographic conventions recognize the indeterminate status of certain prepositions, allowing two spellings: anstelle / an Stelle ("instead of"), aufgrund / auf Grund ("because of"), mithilfe / mit Hilfe ("by means of"), zugunsten / zu Gunsten ("in favor of"), zuungunsten / zu Ungunsten ("to

9306-416: The variety of meanings, a single adposition often has many possible equivalents in another language, depending on the exact context. This can cause difficulties in foreign language learning . Usage can also vary between dialects of the same language (for example, American English has on the weekend , whereas British English uses at the weekend ). In some contexts (as in the case of some phrasal verbs )

9405-535: The words that the proto-Huastecs borrowed from proto-Mixe–Zoque as they passed through the southern Gulf lowlands; for example, ciw , meaning "squash." Thus, there is some reason to ascribe the linguistic isolation of early Huastecs from other Maya speakers to proto-Olmecs speaking a Mixe–Zoque language, themselves recently arrived after migrating northward from the Soconusco region of the Pacific coast and across

9504-567: Was Chicomuceltec (also called Cotoque), a language once spoken in Chiapas near Comitán , but now extinct. Linguists have approximated that the precursor to the language of the Huastecs diverged from the Proto-Mayan language between 2200 and 1200 BCE. Linguist Morris Swadesh posited the later date as the latest possible time for this split to have occurred, and gave the Huastec / Chicomuceltec inik ("man") versus other-Maya winik as

9603-409: Was the Maya "heartland" include its being located near the center of present-day language diversity of the Maya language family (and therefore requiring the minimum number of moves to place the languages in their current locations), the fact that proto-Maya included words for flora and fauna from both highland and lowland areas, and the debatable idea that it is easier for a group of people to spread from

9702-570: Was very prominent, and during the French Intervention in 1863, the city of San Luis Potosí became the capital of the country under the order of President Benito Juárez . During the regime of Maximilian, San Luis became an important location. The city was held by the Imperialists until late 1866. In that year, the telegraph line was opened between San Luis Potosí and Mexico City, which opened up communication lines and helped begin

9801-763: Was well known for its gold and silver mines, so there are two gold bars on the left and two silver bars on the right. The blue and yellow backgrounds represent night and day, respectively. The current governor, as of 2021, is Ricardo Gallardo Cardona of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico . The State has a unique position within the country, since it is located in between three major cities; Mexico City , Monterrey , and Guadalajara , and near four major ports; Tampico , Altamira , Manzanillo , and Mazatlán . Its varied climate patterns and territory along with extensive communications networks enabled it to maintain attractive business environments. Traditionally,

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