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53-759: General Sir Hugh Rowlands VC KCB DL (6 May 1828 – 1 August 1909) was a Welsh recipient of the Victoria Cross for courageous action that led to the rescue of Colonel William O'Grady Haly during the Crimean War . Hugh Rowlands was born in the village of Plastirion, Llanrug . He was the second son of miner and Welsh landowner John Rowlands, heir to the Plastirion estate, and his wife Elizabeth (née Hartwell). His family claimed descent from Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, Prince of Powys, and Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Prince of Gwynedd and had resided in

106-468: A crown above two crossed batons or swords surrounded by yellow leaves below, Syria's Marshal rank adds an extra star to its General insignia ergo three stars above crossed swords below the coat of arms. In the Royal Thai Army the rank of Chom Phon ( Thai : จอมพล, จอมพลทหารบก ) was created in 1888, together with all other military ranks along western lines, by King Chulalongkorn . Today it

159-405: A four-star rank (NATO OF-9). Usually it is the most senior peacetime rank, with more senior ranks (for example, field marshal, marshal of the air force, fleet admiral) being used only in wartime or as honorary titles. In some armies, however, the rank of captain general , general of the army , army general or colonel general occupied or occupies this position. Depending on circumstances and

212-668: A general or admiral ( Romanian : amiral ), in time of war for exceptional military merits, by the President of Romania and confirmed by the Supreme Council of National Defense . Imperial Russia had for a long time maintained the rank of Field Marshal. It was active all the way until the Russian Revolutions of 1917. When the Bolsheviks took over, they briefly abandoned military ranks until 1935. When it

265-448: A brigade command (French: maréchal de camp , Portuguese : marechal de campo ). The origin of the term dates to the early Middle Ages , originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses (from Old German Marh-scalc , lit.   ' horse-servant ' ), from the time of the early Frankish kings; words originally meaning "servant" were sometimes used to mean "subordinate official" or similar. The German Holy Roman Empire and

318-561: A five-star general in Serbia was Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia) , a military rank that has many similarities compared to Generalfeldmarschall , Marshal of France and Field marshal (United Kingdom) but also differs in way of promotion, duration and style. However, the name of this military is etymologically closer to the nobility title of duke . It was the highest rank in the army of the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia until

371-464: A five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, George Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified. Thus, Douglas MacArthur is the only US officer ever to have received the rank of Marshal, which was given to him by the government of the Philippines. On the 17 June 1983, Mobutu Sese Seko promoted himself to the rank of field marshal. The order

424-431: A general (a wartime victory). However, the rank has also been used as a divisional command rank and also as a brigade command rank. Examples of the different uses of the rank include Afghanistan , Austria-Hungary , Pakistan , Prussia / Germany , India and Sri Lanka for an extraordinary achievement; Spain and Mexico for a divisional command (Spanish: mariscal de campo ); and France, Portugal and Brazil for

477-687: A two-character surname too. "司馬" is one of the Three Excellencies in Eastern Han, who is in charge of the country's military affairs. Later, a more common title for a field marshal or a commandant was (元帥 Yuan Shuai ) or grand field marshal (大元帥 da yuan shuai ). One of the most famous of these generals was Yue Fei from the Song dynasty . Since the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, it has promoted 10 military commanders to

530-744: Is ceremonially held by members of the Thai royal family. In the Turkish Armed Forces , the corresponding rank is mareşal . Its origins can be traced to the Ottoman Empire and to the military of Persia , where it was called "müşir" and bestowed upon senior commanders upon order of the ruling sultan . The rank of mareşal can only be bestowed by the National Assembly , to generals or admirals who have displayed distinguished merit in wartime. Only two persons have been bestowed

583-714: Is equivalent to general of the army of the United States which is the highest rank in the Malaysian army and are reserved for His Majesty the King of Malaysia though there are several non-royals who hold this rank. Charles, Prince of Wales , as he was at the time, was officially appointed a Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army in November 2015. As King Charles III , he remains the only living person to hold

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636-589: Is not a distinctive military rank but an honour. In the French army of the Ancien Régime , the normal brigade command rank was field marshal ( maréchal de camp ). In 1793, during the French Revolution , the rank of field marshal was replaced by the rank of brigade general. The rank insignia of field marshal was two stars (one-star being used for a senior colonel rank). The French field marshal rank

689-428: Is the most senior military rank , senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons are ever appointed to it. It is considered as a five-star rank (OF-10) in modern-day armed forces in many countries. Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by

742-704: The Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary , the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was also given to generals in southern German States and Austria by the Holy Roman Emperor during the existence of the Holy Roman Empire up to 1806. Stratarches ( Greek : Στρατάρχης ), meaning Ruler of the Army in Greek, is a title for senior military commanders dating back to classical antiquity, in

795-685: The Greek Civil War . The rank is not retained by the current (since 1974) Third Hellenic Republic . Field marshal is the highest attainable rank in the Indian Army . It is a ceremonial / war time rank. There have been two Indian field marshals to date. Sam Manekshaw was promoted to the rank in 1973 for his role in leading the Indian Army to assist the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 against Pakistan, backed by

848-775: The Second World War galleries at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . The third appointment was Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , who was promoted to the rank on 1 April 1954. The fourth and latest appointment was to King Charles III in October 2024. When Brazil became independent from Portugal in 1822, the Portuguese system of ranks was maintained by the Brazilian Army , including

901-537: The Second World War . It was first created with the passing of the law on the Organization of the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1901. The law was passed on the suggestion of Lieutenant Colonel (later Divisional General ) Miloš Vasić , who was minister of defense at the time. The rank was awarded only during the war for particular military contributions of top generals. Only four Serbian generals have reached

954-536: The United States Armed Forces has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of "general of the army ", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, George Marshall was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the denomination of "Marshal" for

1007-568: The battle of the Alma in the same month and was present at Little Inkerman the following month. On 5 November 1854 in the Crimea at Inkerman, Captain Rowlands and Private John McDermond rescued Colonel William O'Grady Haly of the 47th Regiment who had been wounded and surrounded by Russian soldiers. He also acted with great gallantry in holding the ground occupied by his advanced picquet against

1060-649: The Army) or simply marechal also existed. Distinctively from the rank of marechal de campo , the ranks of marechal-general and marechal were the highest in the Portuguese Army, usually being reserved for the commanders-in-chief of the Army. Latter, the rank of marechal-general became reserved for the monarch , as a mere honorary dignity. Mareșal is the highest rank in the Romanian Armed Forces . The rank of mareșal can only be bestowed to

1113-606: The Indian Army itself, in the last few days of the war . K. M. Cariappa was promoted in 1986, long after he retired, in recognition of his services as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. Khalifa Haftar was the first to "claim" receive this rank in Libya from the House of Representatives in 2016 after the liberation of oil ports in the Operation Swift Lightning . Field Marshal of Malaysia

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1166-510: The Philippines nation-state. In the Portuguese Army , the rank of marechal de campo was created in 1762, as the most junior general officer rank. Hierarchically, it was ranked between tenente-general (lieutenant-general) and brigadeiro (brigadier), this last one not being considered a general rank, but a kind of senior colonel . In Portugal, the ranks of marechal-general (marshal-general) and marechal do Exército (marechal of

1219-651: The Swedish army, the field marshal had unlimited military and considerable political authority. However, the field marshal was subordinate to the Lord High Constable of Sweden (Riksmarsken) and his closest man was the rikstygmästare  [ sv ] . Initially, the field marshal was the commander of the cavalry and first became the foremost military rank in Sweden during the early 17th century, especially after count Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie received

1272-774: The Tower of London in 1893 and Commander-in-Chief, Scotland in 1894 before retiring in 1896. In 1897 he was appointed Colonel of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment , which he retained until his death in 1909. He later achieved the rank of General . He was born and died in Llanrug . His VC is on display at the Welch Regiment Museum in Cardiff Castle in Wales. He served as a deputy lieutenant of Caernarfonshire and

1325-498: The air force rank of air chief marshal as the equivalent of the specific army rank of general. This latter group includes the British Royal Air Force and many current and former Commonwealth air forces—e.g. Royal Australian Air Force , Indian Air Force , Royal New Zealand Air Force , Nigerian Air Force , Pakistan Air Force , etc. In most navies , flag officers are the equivalent of general officers, and

1378-612: The area for almost 200 years. He was educated at Beaumaris Grammar School and Mr John Taylor's Cramming Academy, Woolwich. Rowlands entered the military at the age of 21, purchasing a commission as an Ensign in the 41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot , British Army . Rowlands served in Ireland, Malta and the Ionian Islands and was promoted to captain in the 41st in September 1954, during the Crimean War . He first saw action at

1431-481: The army in question, these ranks may be considered to be equivalent to a "full" general or to a field marshal five-star rank (NATO OF-10). The rank of general came about as a "captain-general", the captain of an army in general (i.e., the whole army). The rank of captain-general began appearing around the time of the organisation of professional armies in the 17th century. In most countries "captain-general" contracted to just "general". The following articles deal with

1484-612: The army. US Army General Douglas MacArthur was the first and only field marshal in the history of the Philippine Army , a position he held while also acting as the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines with a rank of major general. President Quezon conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of

1537-736: The enemy at the commencement of the Battle of Inkerman . For this action he became the first Welshman to be awarded the Victoria Cross. He further distinguished himself during the siege of Sevastopol and was nominated for a Victoria Cross in recognition of his action during the second assault on the Redan in September 1855. After service in the West Indies and India he was a Special Service officer in South Africa in 1878 and 1879. He

1590-470: The former Soviet Union, which use a jewelled star referred to as a Marshal's star ). Sardar Shah Wali Khan (died 1977), of the Musahiban and uncle of King Zahir and President Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan , was a field marshal. Mohammed Fahim became an honorary marshal in 2004. Abdul Rashid Dostum became an honorary marshal in 2020 (this position is now defunct). The first appointment to

1643-485: The kingdom of France had officers named Feldmarschall and Maréchal de camp respectively as far back as the 1600s. The exact wording of the titles used by field marshals varies: examples include " marshal " and " field marshal general ". The air force equivalent in Commonwealth and many Middle Eastern air forces is marshal of the air force (not to be confused with air marshal ). Navies, which usually do not use

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1696-475: The naval rank of admiral is equivalent to the specific army rank of general. A noteworthy historical exception was the Cromwellian naval rank " general at sea ". In recent years in the American service there is a tendency to use flag officer and flag rank to refer to generals and admirals of the services collectively. Field marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal , abbreviated as FM )

1749-465: The nomenclature employed by armies or air forces, use titles such as " fleet admiral ," " grand admiral " or " admiral of the fleet " for the equivalent rank. The traditional attribute distinguishing a field marshal is a baton . The baton nowadays is purely ornamental, and as such may be richly decorated. That said, it is not necessary for the insignia to be a baton (Such is the case in Russia post-1991 and

1802-666: The rank in history of the Republic: Kemal Atatürk , the founder of modern Turkey , and his Chief of Staff Fevzi Çakmak , both for their successes in the Turkish War of Independence . Field Marshal Idi Amin was the military dictator and third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somalia and Kenya. Eventually, Amin held

1855-598: The rank of marechal de campo . In the second half of the 19th century, the rank of marechal de campo was replaced, both in Portugal and Brazil, by the rank of general de brigada (brigade general). This last rank still exists today in the Brazilian Army, but corresponds to the present rank of major-general (major-general) in the Portuguese Army. Today, the rank of Marechal is the maximum rank available but only awarded during wartime. The Brazilian Air Force has

1908-458: The rank of Vojvoda, most notably Radomir Putnik . Later Yugoslav People's Army had the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia used only by Josip Broz Tito as the supreme commander. This would actually be one rank above the rank of Field marshal and the equivalent of a six-star general , but it was essentially an honorific title with political connotations that became Tito's best-known nickname. South African statesman and prime minister Jan Smuts

1961-472: The rank of general, or its equivalent, as it is or was employed in the militaries of those countries: Some countries (such as the United States) use the general officer ranks for both the army and the air force , as well as their marine corps ; other states only use the general officer ranks for the army, while in the air force they use air officers as the equivalent of general officers. They use

2014-564: The rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote . He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington , was promoted to the rank of a field marshal (of multiple armies) in 1813. Nine of his field marshal batons are on display in Apsley House (see Batons of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ). No branch of

2067-699: The rank of marshal, all in 1955 and abolished in 1965. Since then, the rank has remained defunct. The last Chinese marshal, Nie Rongzhen, died in 1993. On 8 January 2022, General Birhanu Jula , the Chief of General Staff of the Ethiopian National Defence Force , was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal (or Field Marshal General, depending on source). The rank was introduced to the Ethiopian National Defence Force with this promotion. The rank of Field Marshal

2120-580: The rank was Sir William Birdwood , who received the honour in March 1925. Sir Thomas Blamey was the second appointment to the rank, and was the first and so far only Australian-born and Australian Army substantive (not honorary) field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of Sir Robert Menzies , the Prime Minister of Australia , in June 1950. His field marshal's baton is on display in

2173-458: The rank. Field Marshal ( Arabic : فريق ) is the highest rank within the Syrian Army which is a ceremonial and honorary military rank, the only holder to-date is incumbent President Bashar al-Assad who was promoted from Colonel. Its insignia is unique amongst Arab states, as the majority of Arab militaries that has a Field Marshal rank, the insignias has the national coat of arms or

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2226-482: The rank. He was promoted to the position on 22 March 2015. In Sweden, a total of 75 field marshals have been appointed, from 1609 to 1824. Since 1972, the rank has not been used in Sweden, and it had long been decided to only be used in wartime. The title denoted the commander of the mounted part of the army. During the Thirty Years' War , the field marshal was subordinate to the country's lieutenant general. In

2279-720: The ranks of Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army, Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) and Marshal of the RNZAF . The King's late father, the Duke of Edinburgh (1921–2021), also held these three ranks during his lifetime. Ayub Khan (1907–1974) was the only field marshal in the history of Pakistan. He was the second president of Pakistan and the first native commander in chief of

2332-414: The sense of "commander-in-chief". In modern Greek usage, it has been used to translate the rank of field marshal. In this sense, the rank was borne by the kings of Greece since 1939, and has been awarded only once in modern Greek history to a professional officer: Alexandros Papagos in 1949 for his leadership in the Greek victory against Fascist Italy in World War II and against the Communist forces in

2385-425: The similar rank of air marshal . On the 11 August 2020, Chadian president Idris Déby was promoted to the rank of Marshal for his efforts against terrorism in West Africa. He would die the following year. During Imperial rule in China, different dynasties gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is "司馬" ( sima ) in the Eastern Han dynasty, which literally means "master of horse", and later became

2438-473: The titles and ranks: In addition to militarily educated generals, there are also generals in medicine and engineering. The rank of the most senior chaplain, (chaplain general), is also usually considered to be a general officer rank. In the old European system, a general, without prefix or suffix (and sometimes referred to informally as a " full general "), is usually the most senior type of general, above lieutenant general and directly below field marshal as

2491-500: Was a justice of the peace in Caernarfonshire and in the Transvaal. His only son, Major Hugh Barrow Rowlands, Suffolk Regiment and King's African Rifles, died of wounds in Somaliland in 1903. General In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel . The adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Other nomenclatures for general officers include

2544-423: Was abolished in 1848 (although in theory it is not an actual rank but a "state dignity"). Generalfeldmarschall ('general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal', abbreviated to Feldmarschall ) was the most senior general officer rank in the armies of several German states, including Saxony, Brandenburg-Prussia, Prussia, the German Empire, and lastly, Germany (from 1918). In the Habsburg monarchy ,

2597-427: Was appointed Commandant of the Transvaal in 1878 and led an unsuccessful assault on the Pedi stronghold of Chief Sekukuni. He served as a brigadier-general during the later stages of the Zulu War. His latter years of service were spent in India where he commanded the Bangalore Division of the Madras Army and, on two occasions, took temporary command of the Madras Army. Returning to Britain he was appointed Lieutenant of

2650-419: Was appointed a field marshal of the British Army on 24 May 1941. During the 2010s, the South Korean government tried to promote Paik Sun-yup to the rank of field marshal. However, the attempt failed because of his past service in the Manchukuo Imperial Army . Field Marshal is the highest rank in the Sri Lanka Army . It is a ceremonial rank. Sarath Fonseka is the first and only Sri Lankan officer to hold

2703-443: Was below lieutenant-general , which in 1793 became divisional-general . In the title maréchal de camp and the English "field marshal", there is an etymological confusion in the French camp between the English words "camp" and "field". The French rank of field marshal should not be confused with the rank of Marshal of France , which has been the highest rank of the French Army since the higher dignity of Marshal General of France

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2756-441: Was last used in Ethiopia during the Ethiopian Empire in the 20th century, when Emperor Haile Selassie was head of the Imperial Ethiopian Army . The formal ceremonial uniform matched that of its British counterpart, with the exception of headgear, which was a Bicorne adorned with a golden lion's mane. Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was promoted to Field Marshal in 1933. In 1942 he was promoted to Marshal of Finland, which really

2809-440: Was restored, an equivalent rank Marshal of the Soviet Union was introduced in place of the Imperial Russian Army Field Marshal. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rank was replaced by the Marshal of the Russian Federation. However, as of 2024, there has only been one Marshal of the Russian Federation. In Serbian, field marshal can be literally translated as Бојни Маршал , Bojni Maršal . The closest equivalent of

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