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31-700: The World Data System (WDS) was created by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the predecessor to the International Science Council (ISC), at their 29th General Assembly in October 2008. The mission of the World Data System is to enhance the capabilities, impact and sustainability of member data repositories and data services by creating trusted communities of scientific data repositories, strengthening

62-673: A General Assembly of all Members was convened every three years. ICSU has three Regional Offices − Africa, Asia and the Pacific as well as Latin America and the Caribbean. The principal source of ICSU's finances was the contributions it receives from its members. Other sources of income are the framework contracts from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and grants and contracts from United Nations bodies, foundations and agencies, which are used to support

93-446: A legal status under the international law. They have not legal personality and therefore, no formal rights. INGOs must then operate under state laws. China for instance, only allows foreign NGOs that have Chinese sponsor organizations. International non-governmental organizations emerged as a result of the need for humanitarian aid as global problems increased after World Wars. No single government could solve these problems leading to

124-654: Is funded through a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DE-SC0021915). The IPO coordinates the operations of WDS and is responsible for implementing the decisions of the Scientific Committee. The International Technology Office was established in 2018 in Victoria, Canada with the office housed on the University of Victoria’s Queenswood campus. It is hosted by a Canadian consortium of three WDS members: Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) at

155-439: Is linked to economic development . As of 2007, aid (partly contributed to by INGOs) over the past thirty years is estimated to have increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion by one percent. Given they are usually supported by donations, a popular concern about INGOs is where the money goes and whether it is spent efficiently. High administrative costs can be an indication of inefficiency, enrichment of employees at

186-494: Is open to organizations that operate as data repositories, networks of data repositories, data stewards, and organizations that support data repositories and research data best practices. All members must adhere to the WDS Data Sharing Principles , Constitution , and Bylaws . In addition, Regular Members must show proof of CoreTrustSeal certification. There are five different kinds of membership within

217-407: Is paramount. To this point, INGOs must prepare regions for when they leave by providing the tools and guidance necessary to support their citizens. More research must be done on the impacts of INGO support from the perspective of the recipient country or region, as much of currently published research has been completed from the lens of a Westernized donor or INGO. Another criticism is that many of

248-454: Is the guardian of this work." The ICSU Secretariat (20 staff in 2012) in Paris ensured the day-to-day planning and operations under the guidance of an elected executive board. Three Policy Committees − Committee on Scientific Planning and Review (CSPR), Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the conduct of Science (CFRS) and Committee on Finance − assisted the executive board in its work and

279-873: The OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding , as well as the Science International Accord on Open Data in a Big Data World enunciated jointly by the International Science Council—then separately, the International Council for Science and the International Social Science Council—the InterAcademy Panel, and the World Academy of Science. World Data System membership

310-452: The Union of International Associations (UIA) were the first to suggest that a "super-national" status be given to international organizations with diplomatic intentions without governmental influence. The International Law Association (ILA) modified this, adding that this "super-national" organizational status may be adopted for associations formed for no profit. One of the oldest INGO is Save

341-828: The WDS Constitution (Annex 1), the SC consists of a Chairperson and no more than eleven additional members. Committee members are elected to serve for a term of three-year, renewable once.  The current SC composition is listed on WDS’s website . The World Data System consists of two offices, the International Program Office (IPO) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, and the International Technology Office (ITO) in Victoria, Canada. The International Program Office

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372-643: The advancement of women . NGOs are typically not-for-profit, but receive funding from companies or membership fees. Many large INGOs have components of operational projects and advocacy initiatives working together within individual countries. Intergovernmental organizations such as International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations are formed when sovereign states form treaties but INGOs are not bound by state treaties when operating internationally. INGOs can either be private philanthropic organizations such as Carnegie, Rockefeller, Gates, and Ford Foundations or as arms of existing internation insitutions like

403-586: The Catholic Church. After World War II , INGOs began to increase due to the need for economic development or humanitarian needs. Such INGOs include SOS Children's Villages , Oxfam , Catholic Relief Services , Care International , and Lutheran World Relief . However, the influence of INGOs started to extended heavily in the 1980s. Except for incorporation under national laws, no current formal legal status exists for INGOs, which can lead to complications in international law. INGOs have been trying to get

434-522: The Children-UK that was founded in 1919. Since then, INGOs have been operating under their founding principles to provide different community welfare models. The main focus of INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries. Health-related projects such as HIV/AIDS awareness, prevention and treatment, clean water, and malaria prevention—and education-related projects such as schools for girls and providing books—help to provide

465-610: The ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with the International Social Science Council (ISSC) to form the International Science Council (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in Paris . The ICSU's mission

496-807: The International Council for Science, while its rich history and strong identity would be well served by retaining the existing acronym, ICSU. The Principle of Freedom and Responsibility in Science : the free and responsible practice of science is fundamental to scientific advancement and human and environmental well-being. Such practice, in all its aspects, requires freedom of movement, association, expression and communication for scientists, as well as equitable access to data, information, and other resources for research. It requires responsibility at all levels to carry out and communicate scientific work with integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness, and transparency, recognizing its benefits and possible harms. In advocating

527-673: The International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). It became clear after the International Polar Year (2007–2008) that these bodies could not respond fully to modern data needs. Consequently, they were disbanded by the ICSU General Assembly in 2008 and replaced by the World Data System in 2009. The World Data System is governed by the Scientific Committee (SC) composed of leading scientists and experts actively involved with data. Per

558-706: The University of Victoria, the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC) of the National Research Council (NRC) in Victoria, and the Canadian Cryospheric Information Network /Polar Data Catalogue (CCIN/PDC) at the University of Waterloo. The ITO was formed with the mission to build trustworthy and enduring global research data infrastructure for the public good. They support repositories as they maintain and upgrade their services, including

589-469: The World Data System. A map and directory of membership is available online.   International Council for Science The International Council for Science ( ICSU , after its former name, International Council of Scientific Unions ) was an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science . Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. In 2017,

620-448: The activities are compared to other charities or potential activities. Moreover, multiple organizations often exist to solve the same problem. Rather than collaborating to address a given situation, organizations frequently interact as competitors, which creates bottlenecks of treatment and supplies. Conflicts typically require organizations to quickly provide aid to regions with conflict. As such, ensuring immediate and future care quality

651-579: The creation of technical roadmaps and mature infrastructure. It is responsible for developing research to support technical services for repositories, including creating user interfaces, crosswalks, and complex queries. The WDS Data Sharing Principles are in line with the data policies of national and international initiatives, including those of the Group on Earth Observations , the G8 Science Ministers’ Statement and Open Data Charter ,

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682-467: The expense of beneficiaries, embezzlement or misdirection of funds to corrupt local officials or dictatorship. Numerous attempts have been made to remedy the accountability of INGOs surrounding where and for what their money is being used. Websites like Charity Navigator and GiveWell attempt to provide transparency as to how much goes to administrative costs, what activities money is spent on, whether more donations would be helpful, and how cost-effective

713-435: The formation of INGOs. Governments began offering greater support to private, international organizations and NGOs in the 1980s as a way of allowing more time and resources to be spent on national projects. Often, a humanitarian aid organization would clash with a government's approach to tackle a situation. In such cases, INGOs have sought out autonomy to extend help regardless of political or ethnic affiliation. In 1910,

744-446: The free and responsible practice of science, the council promotes equitable opportunities for access to science and its benefits, and opposes discrimination based on such factors as ethnic origin, religion, citizenship, language, political or other opinion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, or age. The International Science Council's Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in Science (CFRS) "oversees this commitment and

775-647: The oldest non-governmental organizations in the world, representing the evolution and expansion of two earlier bodies known as the International Association of Academies (IAA; 1899–1914) and the International Research Council (IRC; 1919–1931). In 1998, Members agreed that the Council's current composition and activities would be better reflected by modifying the name from the International Council of Scientific Unions to

806-421: The people benefiting from INGOs have no way to influence those activities and hold the organizations accountable. (for example by threatening to withhold donations). Some charitable organizations solicit the participation of local communities to avoid problems related to intercultural competence , and avoid unintended consequences due to lack of buy-in or lack of knowledge about local conditions. In March 2015,

837-466: The scientific activities of the ICSU Unions and interdisciplinary bodies. International non-governmental organization NGOs are independent of governments and can be seen as two types: advocacy NGOs , which aim to influence governments with a specific goal, and operational NGOs , which provide services. Examples of NGO mandates are environmental preservation , human rights promotions or

868-524: The scientific enterprise throughout the entire lifecycle of all data related components - creating first-class data that feeds first-class research output, and advocating for accessible data and transparent and reproducible science. WDS builds on the 50+ years legacy of the World Data Centers and Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services established by the International Council for Science (ICSU) to manage data generated by

899-750: The social services that the country's government does not provide. International non-governmental organizations are some of the first responders to natural disasters, like hurricanes and floods, or crises that need emergency relief. Other organizations, like the International Justice Mission , are working to make judicial systems more effective and legitimate. Still others, such as those promoting micro-finance and education, directly impact citizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizen empowerment and community involvement. NGOs, in general, account for over 15% of total international development aid, which

930-717: Was established in 2011 and formally inaugurated in 2012, hosted by the Japanese National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) in Tokyo, Japan. The hosting agreement was renewed in 2015 to continue operating the IPO through 2021. In 2021, the office moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States and is hosted by the University of Tennessee Oak Ridge Innovation Institute (UT-ORII) located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).  The office

961-402: Was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international scientific community to: Activities focused on three areas: International Research Collaboration, Science for Policy, and Universality of Science. In July 2018, the ICSU became the International Science Council (ISC). The ICSU itself was one of

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