65-465: The International Polar Years ( IPY ) are collaborative, international efforts with intensive research focus on the polar regions . Karl Weyprecht , an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, motivated the endeavor in 1875, but died before it first occurred in 1882–1883. Fifty years later (1932–1933) a second IPY took place. The International Geophysical Year was inspired by the IPY and was organized 75 years after
130-459: A coordinated scientific approach to researching Arctic phenomena. Observers made coordinated geophysical measurements at multiple locations in the Arctic during the same year enabling multiple views of the same phenomena, allowing broader interpretation of the available data and validation of the results obtained. It took seven years to organize the first IPY which had eleven participating nations:
195-503: A greater scientific understanding of the Arctic region and its role in the Earth system. Rather than defining human and environmental boundaries, IASC tries to bridge those boundaries. IASC is also committed to recognizing that Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Knowledge, and “Western” scientific knowledge are coequal and complementary knowledge systems, all of which can and should inform the work of IASC. To achieve this mission IASC: IASC
260-413: A larger area, being less concentrated, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year except in tropical regions. The axial tilt of the Earth has the most effect on climate of the polar regions due to its latitude. However, since the polar regions are
325-520: A one or two year mandate and conclude their task with a report to the Council. Latest IASC Action Groups ( for a full list, please visit IASC Website ): The current IASC Strategic Plan was developed as directed by the IASC Council based upon the key priorities and overarching messages of the 3rd International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARP III). This, IASC´s first Strategic Plan,
390-508: A three-year timespan, which started 1 March 2007 and was formally concluded 12 June 2010 at the IPY Oslo Science Conference. However, many activities continued beyond that date. The IPY Science Program covered eleven areas: Polar atmosphere, Arctic ocean, Southern Ocean , Greenland ice sheet and Arctic glaciers , Antarctic ice sheets , Subglacial aquatic environments, Permafrost , Earth structure and geodynamics at
455-503: A type of marine Crustacea , which in turn feed a complex of living creatures from penguins to blue whales . International Arctic Science Committee The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) is a non-governmental, international scientific organization. IASC was founded in 1990 by representatives of national scientific organizations of the eight Arctic countries - Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia (at that time Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Sweden and
520-477: A wide range disciplines and more than 30 countries. This broad overview demonstrates the extensive and essential contribution made by participating nations and organizations, and provides a prospective blueprint for future polar research. A joint conference organized by SCAR and IASC under the overarching theme “Polar Research – Arctic and Antarctic perspectives in the International Polar Year”
585-461: Is currently hosted by Rannis (Iceland), and is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the organisation. The Secretariat was previously hosted by Germany, Norway and Sweden. IASC is engaged in all fields of Arctic research and its main scientific working bodies are five Working Groups: Atmosphere, Cryosphere, Marine, Social & Human and Terrestrial. Each Working Group is composed of up to two scientists from each IASC member country, appointed by
650-525: Is governed by a Council , composed of one representative of each of its member countries, which meets annually at the Arctic Science Summit Week . The Council sets priorities and guides the work of the organisation. An Executive Committee, consisting of an elected President, four elected Vice-Presidents and a permanent Executive Secretary operates as a Board of Directors and manages IASC activities between Council meetings. The Secretariat
715-605: Is the largest research station in Antarctica , run by the United States. Other notable stations include Palmer Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (United States), Esperanza Base and Marambio Base ( Argentina ), Scott Base ( New Zealand ), and Vostok Station (Russia). While there are no indigenous human cultures, there is a complex ecosystem, especially along Antarctica's coastal zones. Coastal upwelling provides abundant nutrients that feed krill ,
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#1732765012098780-473: Is to support early career scientists and involve them in international research coordinated by IASC member countries, including an expanded role for IASC Fellows in MWG tasks. Starting in 2023, a network of IASC Alumni Fellows will support IASC and Working Group activities and their current Fellows, and maintain an active network of early to mid-career researchers and collaborators (IASC Fox). The scientific scope of
845-757: The Arctic Ocean in the north, and by the Antarctic ice sheet on the continent of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the south. The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44" N), or just the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline . The Antarctic is usually defined simply as south of 60° south latitude, or
910-600: The Austro-Hungarian Empire , Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States. The aforementioned countries operated 12 stations in the Arctic and two in the sub- Antarctic . Six additional meteorological stations were organized by Neumayer at Moravian mission stations on the east coast of Labrador. Observations focused on meteorology, geomagnetism, auroral phenomena, ocean currents, tides, structure, and
975-826: The Great Depression , the plan of erecting a network of stations in Antarctica had to be abandoned. Also, a great amount of data generated in this year was lost due to Second World War. See International Geophysical Year The fourth IPY (2007–2008) was sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), an interdisciplinary body of ICSU assumed responsibility for coordinating all IPY-related Antarctic research, and
1040-614: The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), an ICSU affiliate body, promoted and helped to plan the Arctic-focused IPY research. Initial planning for the fourth IPY began in 2003 under an International Planning Group (chaired by Professor Chris Rapley and Dr Robin Bell ), and the organization and implementation of the main phase of this IPY took place in 2005–2009 with leadership from
1105-632: The United States ( Alaska ), Canada ( Yukon , the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ), Denmark ( Greenland ), Norway , Finland , Sweden , Iceland , and Russia . Arctic circumpolar populations, though small, often share more in common with each other than with other populations within their national boundaries. As such, the northern polar region is diverse in human settlements and cultures. The southern polar region has no permanent human habitation as of now. McMurdo Station
1170-470: The AGCF is to facilitate a full organisational response to the climate crisis and to explore ways to minimise the carbon footprint of IASC-related activities themselves. As an organisation promoting research and transnational access in the Arctic, we have a duty to mitigate the impacts of our activities, as well as to lead the way. The group started its work in early 2021. In light of the commitments made through
1235-490: The AGII recommendations. Standing Committees are long-term bodies created by Council for long-term IASC initiatives working on defined long-term strategic issues that are of relevance and importance for all IASC activities and the organisation as a whole. They assist IASC in the implementation of IASC’s mission. The Standing Committee may also work on own projects and activities within its mandate The scope and responisbilities of
1300-599: The AWG shall be the Arctic but will also include the Arctic´s responses to global change processes (arctic amplification) and impacts of Arctic changes on the northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation. The Cryosphere Working Group (CWG) supports and promotes all scientific or engineering research related to the Arctic and subarctic cryosphere, including glaciers, sea ice, snow, permafrost, seasonally frozen ground, and lake and river ice. It encompasses cryospheric interactions with
1365-679: The Aleutian Islands, North Atlantic islands), (b) alpine tundra that is continuous with the Arctic tundra (e.g. the central highlands of Iceland, the Scandes Mountains, the Polar Urals), (c) the forest tundra, and (d) drainage basins to the south that connect with freshwater and marine areas of the Arctic.. Actions Groups are established by the IASC Council to provide strategic advice concerning both long-term activities and urgent needs. They are expert groups typically with
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#17327650120981430-593: The Arctic research organisation. In odd number years, the ASSW also includes a Science Symposium. These symposia create a platform for exchanging knowledge, cross fertilisation and collaboration and attract scientists, students, policy makers and other professionals from all over the world. In even number years the ASSW includes the Arctic Observing Summit (AOS), a high-level, biennial summit that aims to provide community-driven, science-based guidance for
1495-702: The Arctic. The International Meteorological Organization, the predecessor of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), proposed and promoted the second IPY (1932–1933). Shortly after World War I , mysterious behavior in telegraph , radio and electric power and telephone lines convinced engineers and scientists of the fact that the electrical geophysics of the Earth needed more study. The availability of airplanes, motorized sea and land transport and new instruments like radiosondes enabled these phenomena to be investigated. At an international conference of directors of meteorological services in Copenhagen in 1928 it
1560-521: The Earth system. The remit encompasses the dynamics of the Arctic system; past, present and future. Geographically, the main area of interest of the IASC Terrestrial Working Group encompasses lands and fresh water within the area north of the latitudinal treeline with Arctic climate and Arctic vegetation. Several adjacent areas are included where highly relevant for certain disciplines and projects (a) boreal oceanic tundra (e.g.
1625-408: The Earth's polar regions. An estimated 50,000 researchers, local observers, educators, students and support personnel from more than 60 countries were involved in the 228 international IPY projects (170 in scientific research, one in data management, and 57 in education and outreach) and related national efforts. The IPY included intensive research and observation periods in the Arctic and Antarctic over
1690-602: The Fellow's interest - the more you invest, the more you get out of it! The total duration of the IASC Fellowship Program is 1+2 years. In their first year, selected Fellows will receive travel support to attend two consecutive Arctic Science Summit Weeks (ASSWs) where the annual WG meetings are held. After the first year, Fellows have the opportunity to stay involved for up to 2 more years without dedicated funding support from IASC. Note: The travel support during
1755-790: The Founding Director of APECS, established the organisations first international secretariat in Tromsø , Norway during the IPY. To provide a platform for a continued focus on the polar regions, the IPY International Programme Office organised Polar Weeks with the theme "What Happens at the Poles Affects Us All" in October 2009 and March 2010. Twice yearly polar weeks continue to this day and are organized by APECS. These weeks, coinciding with
1820-503: The IASC Council that meets once a year during the Arctic Science Summit Week. The Council is the policy and decision-making body for IASC. The members ensure an input of a wide range of scientific and technical knowledge and provide access to a large number of scientists and administrators through their national committees. The scientific core elements of IASC are its five Working Groups (WGs). The main function of
1885-641: The IASC WGs. Fellows are expected to contribute scientifically but also to help organize specific activities and to coordinate the reporting to the IASC Secretariat. Thus, the Fellowship Program provides the opportunity for ECSs to become involved in leading-edge scientific activities at a circumarctic and international level, to build an international network, and also to develop management skills. The level of involvement very much depends on
1950-554: The ICARP IV will be the inclusion of early career scientists, Indigenous Peoples, and local residents in the development of priorities and science plans to address the key questions. IASC is committed to recognizing that Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Knowledge and academic scientific knowledge are coequal and complementary knowledge systems that all can and should inform the work of IASC and ICARP IV. Research efforts should provide improved understanding and predictive capabilities for
2015-578: The ICARP process and strategic planning, IASC is moving forward with these goals of better involving Indigenous peoples and incorporating Indigenous/traditional knowledge. Establishing an Action Group on Indigenous Involvement should lead to concrete recommendations to the IASC Council that will help IASC achieve its goals. The AGII report was greatefully received and approved by the IASC Council in March 2020. IASC will proceed with consideration and implementation of
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2080-556: The IPY 2012 "From Knowledge to Action" Conference Polar Educators Workshop, together with the education and outreach efforts of the International Polar Year 2007 – 2008, was the establishment of Polar Educators International (PEI), a vibrant network promoting polar education and research to a global community. This includes a formal network of professionals involved in science education focused on promoting excellence in teaching polar science. Louise Huffman , co-chair of
2145-855: The IPY Education and Outreach Committee was one of the founding members. The Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) was founded during the fourth IPY. Following a meeting in Stockholm at the end of September 2007, the IPY International Youth Steering Committee (IYSC) and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) merged under a new structure while maintaining the name ‘APECS’. The IPY International Youth Steering Committee (IYSC) had been established in 2004 by Amber Church, Tyler Kuhn, Melanie Raymond and Hugues Lantuit to represent
2210-507: The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland and the UK). The Founding Articles committed IASC to pursue a mission of encouraging and facilitating cooperation in all aspects of Arctic research, in all countries engaged in Arctic research and in all areas of the Arctic region. Overall, IASC promotes and supports leading-edge interdisciplinary research in order to foster
2275-458: The Social and Human Sciences Working Group shall include all aspects of social sciences and humanities research in the Arctic, as well as their connections with other IASC Working Groups. The actual work of the Social & Human Sciences WG is determined by a dynamic list of scientific focus areas. The geographic scope of the Social and Human Sciences Working Group shall be the Arctic as defined in
2340-637: The Standing Committee on Indigenous Involvement (SCII) is: The Arctic Science Summit Week (ASSW) is organised annually by the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) to provide opportunities for coordination, cooperation and collaboration between the various scientific organisations involved in Arctic research. It was initiated by the IASC in 1999 and has evolved into the most important annual gathering of
2405-582: The United States of America. The Founding Articles of IASC were signed in Resolute Bay, Canada. Over the years, IASC has evolved into the leading international science organisation of the North and its membership today includes 24 countries involved in all aspects of Arctic research, including 15 non-Arctic countries (Austria, Belgium, China, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan,
2470-478: The WGs is to encourage and support science-led international programs by offering opportunities for planning and coordination, and by facilitating communication and access to facilities. Each WG is composed of up to two scientists from each IASC member country, appointed by the national adhering bodies. The members are experts in their field, with an international reputation, and from different scientific disciplines so that
2535-533: The atmosphere, ocean, biosphere, and terrestrial systems in the past, present and future, and the cryosphere’s role in climate and human society. The IASC Marine Working Group (MWG) facilitates international coordination of research in the Arctic marine environment and supports cross-cutting objectives. Annual face-to-face meetings and online communication are used throughout the year, including interaction and collaboration with terrestrial, cryospheric, atmospheric, and social scientists as appropriate. An important goal
2600-507: The continent of Antarctica. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty uses the former definition. The two polar regions are distinguished from the other two climatic and biometric belts of Earth, a tropics belt near the equator, and two middle latitude regions located between the tropics and polar regions . Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the Sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle , spreading over
2665-531: The database contains 6,724 records. [REDACTED] Media related to International Polar Year (2007-2008) at Wikimedia Commons Polar region The polar regions , also called the frigid zones or polar zones , of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps , the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles ), lying within the polar circles . These high latitudes are dominated by floating sea ice covering much of
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2730-585: The design, implementation, coordination and long-term operation of Arctic observing systems. In the lead up to its 35th anniversary in 2025, the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) in cooperation with many partner worldwide is coordinating a multi-year planning process for the Fourth International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARP IV) lasting from 2022 until 2026 that engages Arctic researchers, Indigenous Peoples, policy makers, residents and stakeholders from around
2795-403: The evolution of Arctic systems. Consideration will be given to providing relevant and useful information that peoples in the Arctic and those in more temperate regions need to have in order to adapt and prepare for the changing Arctic and its impact on global systems The medals are awarded "in recognition of exceptional and sustained contributions to understanding of the Arctic". The first medal
2860-462: The farthest from the equator , they receive the weakest solar radiation and are therefore generally frigid year round due to the earth's axial tilt of 23.5° not being enough to create a high maximum midday declination to sufficiently compensate the Sun's rays for the high latitude even in summer, except for relatively brief periods in peripheral areas near the polar circles. The large amount of ice and snow also reflects and weakens of what weak sunlight
2925-482: The first IPY (1957–58). The fourth, and most recent, IPY covered two full annual cycles from March 2007 to March 2009. The First International Polar Year was proposed by an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, Karl Weyprecht , in 1875 and organized by Georg Neumayer , director of the German Maritime Observatory. Rather than settling for traditional individual and national efforts, they pushed for
2990-836: The four IPYs that have been undertaken so far. The IPYPD is part of the IPY Data and Information Service (IPYDIS). The IPYPD has been created by the Arctic Science and Technology Information System (ASTIS), the Cold Regions Bibliography Project (CRBP), the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) Library, the Discovery and Access of Historic Literature of the IPYs (DAHLI) project and NISC Export Services (NES). As of February 2016,
3055-525: The fourth IPY. The conference aim was to celebrate and publish early results from the International Polar Year 2007–2008 (IPY) and enable direct interaction among all IPY science cluster projects. There were over 2000 participants from over 60 countries. Building on the previous IPY Science Conference in Oslo, the IPY steering committee organized a science conference (22–27 April 2012) in Montréal , Canada, with
3120-613: The full range of Arctic research is represented in the WGs. The scientific scope of the Atmosphere Working Group (AWG) includes scientific research towards understanding and prediction of Arctic change, and considering the fate of perennial sea ice and the global atmospheric consequences of its disappearance. This includes past climate states, investigation of Arctic processes across data sets and approaches, and climate model projections. The scope includes local and regional impacts of Arctic change. The geographic scope of
3185-517: The future. The IASC Council therefore decided to extend the existing Strategic Plan through 2025 with only an internal update of the existing text during 2022 / 2023. An Action Group has been formed to lead the internal update of the existing IASC Strategic Plan during 2022 / 2023 Acknowledging the link between anthropogenic carbon emissions and rapid changes in the Arctic, including the Arctic amplification of climate change, IASC has recently convened an Action Group on Carbon Footprint (AGCF). The remit of
3250-598: The map accompanying the Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR). The geographic scope can be extended south where it is appropriate for an understanding of Arctic social and human processes.. The scientific scope of the Terrestrial Working Group (TWG) shall include any scientific research on Arctic terrestrial and freshwater environments, landscapes and biota, and their responses to, and interactions with, other components of
3315-503: The motion of ice and atmospheric electricity. More than 40 meteorological observatories around the world expanded the IPY programs of observations for this period. Data and images from the first IPY have recently been made available to browse and download on the internet. These records of the first IPY offer a rare glimpse of the circumpolar Arctic environment as it existed in the past and hold the potential to improve our understanding of historical climate variability and environmental change in
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#17327650120983380-621: The national adhering bodies. Though the Working Groups are disciplinary, they also address cross-cutting science questions by initiating activities which involve at least two WGs. Action Groups are short-term expert groups that provide strategic advice to the IASC Council concerning both long-term activities and urgent needs. IASC's instruments to support science development include workshops, long-term programs, assessments and science planning activities. Representatives of national scientific organizations from all IASC member countries form
3445-533: The needs of the youth during the fourth IPY, and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) had been established in 2006 to represent the needs and challenges faced by (post-)graduate students, post-docs, junior faculty, and research associates involved in polar research. APECS aims to stimulate interdisciplinary and international research collaborations, provide opportunities for professional career development and develop effective future leaders in polar research, education and outreach. Jenny Baeseman , as
3510-516: The newly established ICSU-WMO Joint Committee (co-chaired by Dr Michel Béland and Dr Ian Allison, who was later replaced as co-chair by Prof. Jerónimo López-Martínez), its subcommittees and the International Programme Office (led by Dr David Carlson). The fourth IPY comprised an intense, coordinated field campaign of observations, research, and analysis. It was the largest, most comprehensive campaign ever mounted to explore
3575-574: The polar equinoxes, are filled with outreach activities and events designed to engage school children and the wider public in polar science. Planning has begun for a fifth International Polar Year in 2032/33 following an agreement between the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). The International Polar Year Publications Database (IPYPD) attempts to identify and describe all publications that result from, or are about, any of
3640-479: The polar regions receive further, contributing to the cold. Polar regions are characterized by extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice , short and still cold summers, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter . There are many settlements in Earth's north polar region. Countries with claims to Arctic regions are:
3705-623: The poles, Polar terrestrial ecology and biodiversity, Polar societies and social processes and Human health. In 2011 the ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for the IPY published a comprehensive summary of IPY activities entitled "Understanding Earth's Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007–2008". The report covers the development of IPY 2007–2008 for almost a decade, from 2001 to 2010. It comprises 38 chapters in five parts (Planning, Research, Observations, Outreach, and Legacies) and brings together hundreds of contributing authors from
3770-410: The second IPY, which heralded advances in meteorology, magnetism, atmospheric science, and in the "mapping" of ionospheric phenomena that advanced radio science and technology. 27 observation stations were established in the Arctic, a vast amount of data was collected and a world data center was created under the organization that eventually came to be called the World Meteorological Organization . Due to
3835-524: The theme ‘From knowledge to action’. This conference examined the global impact and implications of International Polar Year activities. The aim of the IPY Science Conference in 2012 was to help shape stewardship, sustainable development and environmental protection goals for the strategic and highly valued polar regions. In total the IPY 2012 conference received 2134 abstracts with contributions from over 45 countries. An important legacy of
3900-549: The work of the IASC Working Groups (WGs): Atmosphere, Cryosphere, Marine, Social & Human, and Terrestrial. Each year, one Fellow per WG is chosen. In addition, since 2020, at least one early career Arctic Indigenous Scholar or Knowledge Holder is selected per year, who can choose which IASC WG to engage in IASC Fellows are doctoral or postdoctoral researchers who actively participate in selected activities of
3965-453: The world to collegially discuss the state of Arctic science, the place the Arctic occupies in global affairs and systems. ICARP IV: The scientific focus of ICARP IV will be on important research questions that cut across many disciplines and knowledge systems, and that require new and innovative thinking and collaboration. ICARP IV will develop a vision for implementation and science plans for addressing these priorities. An integral aspect of
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#17327650120984030-585: Was approved by the IASC Council in June 2018 in Davos Switzerland and is valid from 2018 until 2023. It is based on three scientific ‘pillars’ that provide direction for a necessary progression from knowledge production to exchange, to action. IASC must develop a new Strategic plan for 2024 onwards. However, in 2025, the 4th International Conference on Arctic Research Planning (ICARP IV) will be held, and its outcomes will influence IASC strategic planning in
4095-538: Was awarded in 2010. Outstanding achievements in advocacy for the rights of Indigenous peoples, her service to a wide range of arctic communities, including the Arctic Council, and her influence as a legal scholar." Information on the IASC Medal recipients from the IASC website unless otherwise noted. The IASC Fellowship Program was established in 2014 and is meant to engage early career researchers in
4160-544: Was decided to undertake another intensive and coordinated international research effort focused on the polar regions during 1932–1933, the 50th anniversary of the First International Polar Year. It was also proposed to explicitly include in the plan for the second IPY the goal to investigate how observations in the polar regions could improve the accuracy of weather forecasts and the safety of air and sea transport. Forty-four countries participated in
4225-628: Was held 8–11 July 2008 in St. Petersburg , Russia, and brought together Arctic and Antarctic researchers as part of the fourth IPY. The four-day meeting comprised 29 sessions with over 1400 attendees, 550 oral presentations and 670 posters. The IPY Science Conference was held 8–12 June in Oslo , Norway and was organized by the WMO, ICSU, IASC and the Research Council of Norway and marked the official end of
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