Scripps Institution of Oceanography ( SIO ) is the center for oceanography and Earth science at the University of California, San Diego . Its main campus is located in La Jolla , with additional facilities in Point Loma .
118-729: Imperial Beach is a beach city in San Diego County, California , with a population of 26,137 as of the 2020 United States census . It is in the South Bay area of San Diego County, 14.1 miles (22.7 km) south of downtown San Diego and 5 miles (8 km) northwest of downtown Tijuana , Mexico. Imperial Beach is the southernmost city in California and the West Coast of the United States . Imperial Beach sits on
236-517: A National Hockey League (NHL) franchise, though it hosted the San Diego Mariners of the now-defunct World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1974 to 1977. Currently, there is no NFL, NBA, or NHL team in the county. San Diego is the largest American city not to have won a championship in a "Big Four" major professional league. The city does have one major league title to its name: the 1963 American Football League (AFL) Championship won by
354-572: A 6% decrease from 2017. 3,586 were sheltered, and 4,990 were not. 4,912 (75.3%) were in the city of San Diego. North County Inland had 1,153 (13.4%), North County Coastal with 822 homeless (9.6%), 602 (7%) were found in South County, and 1,087 (12.7%) in East County. According to a 2014 Pew Research Center survey, 68% of adults in the county were Christian , of whom 32% were Catholic . 27% were religiously unaffiliated , and 5% adhered to
472-437: A common sight near the campus, particularly seagulls , pelicans , plovers , egrets , and osprey . Peregrine falcons are also known to nest in the bluffs at the north end of campus. Marine life from La Jolla Shores to Black's Beach can be seen very shallow, making snorkeling a popular activity. Marine organisms include leopard sharks , Garibaldi , shovelnose guitarfish , round stingrays , and thornback rays . Due to
590-709: A destination for trafficked minors from Mexico and the Philippines. In 2018, the United States Border Patrol caught an average of over a hundred individuals crossing the border illegally each day. San Diego County and Imperial County are part of the Southern Border Region , one of nine such regions. As a regional economy, the Southern Border Region is the smallest but most economically diverse region in
708-616: A diving fatality at La Jolla in 1950, requested that Limbaugh develop a scuba training program for SIO, which debuted in 1951 and was heavily influenced by practices of the U.S. Navy's Underwater Demolition Team . It was also during this time that Hugh Bradner , a physicist at UC Berkeley , became an advisor at SIO and developed the wetsuit in 1952. Bradner would go on to become a professor at SIO's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics in 1961. The SIO Diving Program would continue to innovate and expand up to more than 160 affiliated divers in 2015. The Vaughan Aquarium-Museum opened at
826-410: A female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.29. As of 2000, 25.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 11.30% was from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.2%
944-544: A large military population and is home to the US Navy's Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach also known as NOLF Imperial Beach. It is bordered on its northern extreme by Silver Strand Training Complex . The San Diego County Sheriff's Department 2008 crime statistics rank Imperial Beach below the national average in all areas reported. In the California State Legislature , Imperial Beach
1062-427: A median age of 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males. There were 9,882 housing units at an average density of 2,203.4 units per square mile (850.7 units/km), of which 2,756 (30.2%) were owner-occupied, and 6,356 (69.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4%. 7,476 people (28.4% of
1180-432: A narrow, 7-mile-long (11 km) isthmus. Silver Strand State Beach, a popular beach for camping, bird watching, and bicycling, is located in the middle of the isthmus and includes both bay and ocean beaches. The San Diego County summer tourist season brings many visitors to the city's beaches each year. For 31 years, Imperial Beach played home to the U.S. Open Sandcastle competition , the largest sand castle competition in
1298-487: A non-Christian faith. According to the University of Southern California , in 2010, the largest faith in the county was Catholicism, followed by non-denominational Christians , and Mormons . In 2014, the county had 978 religious organizations, the seventh most out of all US counties. In 2014 according to Pew Research Center , there are about 170,000 undocumented immigrants living in the region. San Diego has been
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#17327655699561416-463: A study at Imperial Beach to collect samples of sewage pollution from the Tijuana River and found elevated levels of harmful bacteria and aerosols. In 2024, Scripps was added to a task force including researchers from San Diego State University and regional doctors to better understand health impacts from the pollution. While collecting samples later in 2024, the task force had to evacuate
1534-468: A thriving musical and theatrical scene, numerous notable special events, a varied cuisine, and a reputation as one of America's premier centers of craft brewing . Sports in San Diego County includes major professional league teams, other highest-level professional league teams, minor league teams, and college athletics . San Diego County hosts two teams of the major professional leagues,
1652-571: A varied topography. On its western side is more than 70 miles (113 km) of coastline. Most of San Diego between the coast and the Laguna Mountains consists of hills, mesas , and small canyons . Snow-capped (in winter) mountains rise to the east, with the Sonoran Desert farther to the east. The Cleveland National Forest is spread across the central portion of the county, while Anza-Borrego Desert State Park occupies most of
1770-607: A variety of locations in Imperial Beach and in the Tijuana River Valley. On February 21, 2019, Vice News Tonight on HBO broadcast a segment from Imperial Beach about how an extreme tidal surge , known as king tide , affects the local population living along the Pacific coast. San Diego County, California San Diego County ( / ˌ s æ n d i ˈ eɪ ɡ oʊ / ), officially
1888-419: A warm semi-arid climate ( BSh ), with summer temperatures often in the upper 70s °F (mid-20s °C) and winter temperatures in the 60s °F (15 to 20 °C). Because of the comfortable year-round temperatures, many homes in Imperial Beach are built without air conditioning. Imperial Beach often remains 10 degrees °F (5 degrees °C) cooler than inland areas of San Diego County in the summer, and 10 degrees warmer in
2006-526: A year. Most rainfall occurs from November to April. Winter temperatures are mild, with average high temperatures of 66–70 °F (19–21 °C) and lows of 50–56 °F (10–13 °C). The climate in the San Diego area, like much of California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances resulting in microclimates . In San Diego's case this is mainly due to the city's topography (the Bay, and
2124-437: Is a record of past tsunamis . In the 1847 census of San Diego County ordered by Richard Barnes Mason , it found that 2,287 people lived in the county, to include Native Americans, Pacific Islanders, and African Americans. Since at least 2014, San Diego County is the fifth most populous county in the United States. In 2000, only about 3% of San Diego County residents left the county for work while 40,000 people commuted into
2242-563: Is a triangle from a first point on the northern edge of Carlsbad, a second point southeast of Escondido , and a third point on the southern edge of La Jolla . It contains all or most of the cities of Carlsbad, Encinitas, Solana Beach , Del Mar , and Poway in addition to a substantial portion of northern San Diego. According to a point-in-time count taken for the San Diego Regional Task Force on Homelessness, there were 8,576 homeless individuals on January 6, 2018,
2360-507: Is home to Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve , a National Estuarine Research Reserve , and Border Field State Park . The estuary, located off Seacoast Drive and Imperial Beach Boulevard, is home to many endangered birds and wildlife. This estuary marks the place where the fresh water Tijuana River enters the salt water Pacific Ocean. It is the largest salt water marsh in Southern California. Imperial Beach has
2478-549: Is in the 18th Senate District , represented by Democrat Steve Padilla , and in the 80th Assembly District , represented by Democrat David Alvarez . In the United States House of Representatives , Imperial Beach is in California's 52nd congressional district , represented by Democrat Juan Vargas . The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) provides bus and paratransit services to
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#17327655699562596-708: Is the Pawka Green, named after Steven Pawka. The bordering Naga Way separates the labs from Biological Grade from the halls around Pawka Green, which are more oriented towards administration and instruction. The Naga Way street is named after the Naga Expedition, which took place in 1959 studying the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. Shellback Way connects a series of halls and labs on the east side of La Jolla Shores Drive, with greater emphasis on atmospheric science and fisheries. It connects to Biological Grade via
2714-453: The County of San Diego , is a county in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2020 census , the population was 3,298,634; it is the second-most populous county in California and the fifth-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is San Diego , the second-most populous city in California and the eighth-most populous in the United States. It is
2832-484: The Hotel del Coronado , the largest resort in the world at the time. A large number of the workers stayed in Imperial Beach and some would later make it their permanent homestead. The city would incorporate in 1956, operating its own mayor–council government providing city fire department service and policing by the formation of its own police department but eventually, years later, through the contracting of services through
2950-573: The Loma , would run aground in Point Loma in 1906 and prompted the search for a new one. With funds secured from Ellen Browning Scripps, the association was able to have a ship built by Lawrence Jensen strictly for oceanographic research - among the first for an American nongovernmental institution. The new vessel was acquired on April 21st, 1907 and was named the Alexander Agassiz after
3068-854: The National Football League (NFL)'s San Diego Chargers from 1961 to 2017, when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles area (now the Los Angeles Chargers ). The county also hosted the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s San Diego Rockets from 1967 to 1971 (now the Houston Rockets ) and San Diego Clippers from 1978 to 1984 (now the Los Angeles Clippers ). San Diego County has never hosted
3186-536: The Peninsular Ranges for hiking, biking, mountainboarding and trail riding . Surfing locations include Swami's , Stone Steps Beach, Torrey Pines State Beach , Cardiff State Beach , San Onofre State Beach and the southern portion of Black's Beach . The region is host to the second largest cruise ship industry in California which generates an estimated $ 2 million annually from purchases of food, fuel, supplies, and maintenance services. In 2008,
3304-508: The Port of San Diego hosted 252 ship calls and more than 800,000 passengers. The culture of San Diego is influenced heavily by American and Mexican cultures due to its position as a border town , its large Hispanic population, and its history as part of Spanish America and Mexico . The area's longtime association with the U.S. military also contributes to its culture. Present-day culture includes many historical and tourist attractions,
3422-582: The San Diego County Sheriff's Department . Imperial Beach has undergone a makeover to become more visitor-friendly and commercially viable. In 2004, the city began implementing a community redevelopment plan to improve the commercial corridor along Palm Avenue and Seacoast Drive. Aside from a few smaller hotels, Imperial Beach remains a highly residential city with little hotel or motel accommodation for visitors. On September, 13, 2010, after many years of planning, demolition officially began on
3540-601: The San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB) and San Diego FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The county is home to several universities whose teams compete in various NCAA Division I sports, most notably the San Diego State Aztecs . The Farmers Insurance Open , a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour , is played annually at Torrey Pines Golf Course . San Diego County hosted
3658-520: The South Bay or South County, including South San Diego , an exclave of the city of San Diego which has no land connection to the rest of the city. San Diego County is bordered on the northwest by Orange County , on the north by Riverside County ; on the east by Imperial County ; on the south by Mexico ; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Under the Köppen climate classification system,
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3776-507: The US Hydrographic Office , and Navy Bureau of Ships and Scripps was receiving around $ 900,000 annually from federal funding. The Navy bestowed the operation of a number of vessels to SIO ushering in a "Golden Age" of oceanographic research and discoveries. Between 1947 and 1949 three post-war vessels were acquired and modified for scientific research: The Crest , Paolina-T , and Horizon . These vessels, combined with
3894-610: The University of California, San Diego . From March to May of 1979, SIO directed the RISE project and oversaw the 1979 discovery of black smoker hydrothermal vents at the East Pacific Rise . The Old Scripps Building , designed by Irving Gill , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982. Architect Barton Myers designed the current Scripps Building for the Institution of Oceanography in 1998. In 2007,
4012-647: The 18th most populous primary statistical area in the United States. San Diego County is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana region, the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico. From north to south, San Diego County extends from the southern borders of Orange and Riverside Counties to the Mexico–U.S. border and the municipalities of Tijuana and Tecate in Baja California . From west to east, San Diego County stretches from
4130-479: The 2005 film Lords of Dogtown were shot in Imperial Beach, including use of the Imperial Beach Pier in exterior establishing shots. The HBO television series John from Cincinnati was about a dysfunctional surfing family in Imperial Beach set against the backdrop of the U.S.-Mexico border. The series (from Executive Producer David Milch , writer Kem Nunn, and director Mark Tinker ) was filmed at
4248-512: The Census Bureau estimates there were 3,343,364 people, 1,067,846 households, and 663,449 families residing in the county. The population density was 670 inhabitants per square mile (260/km ). There were 1,142,245 housing units at an average density of 248 per square mile (96/km ). In 2000, there were 994,677 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 11.6% had
4366-464: The Colorado Desert, has an average January low of 43 °F (6 °C) and August high of 106 °F (41 °C). Rainfall along the coast averages about 10 inches (25 cm) of precipitation annually, which occurs mainly during the cooler months of December through April. Though there are few wet days per month during the rainy period, rainfall can be heavy when it does occur. However,
4484-636: The Harvard biologist who had visited in 1905. The 85-foot Alexander Agassiz , a sailing vessel with twin gasoline engines, served the institution for ten years. In 1912, the Biological Association became incorporated into the University of California and was renamed the Scripps Institution for Biological Research . The first iteration of Scripps Pier, along with other buildings, was approved for construction in 1913, but
4602-532: The Imperial Beach Pier and the Boca Rio beach break, one of San Diego County's best surf spots. San Diego Magazine identifies the Boca Rio beach break as the second best surfing location in the county, second only to Black's Beach and the Scripps Canyon area near La Jolla . The area around Imperial Beach Pier known as Pier Plaza showcases plaques placed on surfboard benches that tell the story of how
4720-572: The La Jolla Shores Pedestrian Bridge. Shellback Way is named after the Shellback Expedition which studied the deep Pacific off the coast of Peru, running from May to August 1952. Downwind Way connects La Jolla Shores Drive to Expedition Way, providing access to the rest of UCSD. This section of campus includes campus storage and facilities, Birch Aquarium, and Deep Sea Drilling Program. It is named after
4838-471: The Martin Johnson House, and Birch Aquarium) are available to the general public for rental. Biological Grade is the street running North to South parallel to La Jolla Shores drive, connecting a number of laboratories, libraries, and research halls. It was built between 1910 and 1912 with the original Old Scripps Building and was part of the main highway between San Diego and Los Angeles. As
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4956-431: The Pacific Ocean to its boundary with Imperial County , which separated from it in 1907. San Diego County has more than 70 miles (113 km) of coastline. This forms the most densely populated region of the county, which has a mild Mediterranean to semiarid climate and extensive chaparral vegetation, similar to the rest of the western portion of Southern California. Precipitation and temperature extremes increase to
5074-500: The Pacific Ocean to the Colorado River , and it no longer covered the entire border between California and Mexico. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has an area of 4,526 square miles (11,720 km ), of which 4,207 square miles (10,900 km ) is land and 319 square miles (830 km ) (7.0%) is water. The county is larger in area than the combined states of Rhode Island and Delaware. San Diego County has
5192-606: The San Diego Chargers, when the AFL was an independent entity prior to the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. Due to its lackluster record on winning professional championships, and in some cases retaining professional teams, some San Diego sports fans believe there is a curse on professional sports in the city. Scripps Institution of Oceanography Founded in 1903 and incorporated into the University of California system in 1912,
5310-799: The San Diego Museum of Art , Fleet Science Center , San Diego Natural History Museum , USS Midway Museum , and the San Diego Air & Space Museum . Historical places such as the Gaslamp Quarter , Balboa Park and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park . Wildlife refuges, zoos, and aquariums such as the San Diego Zoo , San Diego Zoo Safari Park , Birch Aquarium , and the San Diego-La Jolla Underwater Park . Outdoor destinations include
5428-608: The Scientific Director. They fully funded the institution for its first decade. E. W. Scripps gave the biological association the use of his yacht, the Loma , in 1904 and served as the first research vessel in the history of the institution. In 1905, they moved to a small laboratory in La Jolla Cove until they arranged for the purchase of a 170-acre (0.69 km ) site in La Jolla, north of San Diego. The land
5546-677: The US Navy. Collaborative research between the UCDWR and the Navy led to the discovery of the deep scattering layer , a region from 300 - 500 m deep filled with organisms. The UCDWR would continue to research sound beacons and sonar until being absorbed into the Navy Electronics Laboratory and Scripps Marine Physical Laboratory between 1945 and 1948. With Harald Sverdrup as the SIO director, recent graduate student Walter Munk
5664-501: The United States, drawing in approximately 325,000 people. The city held the final sand castle competition in August 2011, bringing an end to the annual event and tradition. The city also holds the beach front classic car show every summer and an annual dog-surfing contest. The South Bay Drive-in , one of the few remaining drive-in movie theaters in San Diego County, is located just outside Imperial Beach off Coronado Avenue. Imperial Beach
5782-521: The University's Charter Day in March 1951 to replace the prior aquarium, which had been in a consistent state of disrepair since at least 1925. Named to honor former institution director T. Wayland Vaughan, museum curator Percy S. Barnhart planned a replacement up until his retirement in 1946, passing the project along to Sam Hinton. Hinton would go on to collect specimens aboard the E. W. Scripps until
5900-595: The area due to elevated levels of toxic gases. A campus report was published in 2022 describing campus lab, office, and storage spaces and found that women make up 26% of research scientists at SIO, yet occupy 17% of the space. The report highlighted that emeritus faculty on campus are 86% male and hold nearly 25% of all space at SIO. In May 2023, the Scripps campus in La Jolla opened the Ted and Jean Scripps Marine Conservation and Technology Facility. The building required
6018-600: The area for Saint Didacus , a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. European settlement in what is now San Diego County began with the founding of the San Diego Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá by Spanish soldiers and clerics in 1769. This county was part of Alta California under the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the Mexican declaration of independence . From 1821 through 1848, this area
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#17327655699566136-653: The area has been subject to wildfires that force thousands to evacuate. The most recent are the December 2017 Lilac Fire , the May 2014 San Diego County wildfires , the Witch Creek Fire in 2007, and the Cedar Fire in 2003. California defines a fire season in which fires are most likely to occur, usually between late July and late October (which are the driest months of the area). Signs posted in numerous spots of
6254-401: The building was completed and occupied in 1950. While nearly three times the size of the previous aquarium, the building also housed the director's offices on the second floor and the preserved specimens in the basement. The seawater supply from Scripps Pier was renovated in 1964 to increase capacity and improve filtration . In 1959, an additional administration building was constructed next to
6372-577: The campus grew, La Jolla Shores Drive was constructed to reroute through traffic for automobiles. Biological Grade connects to Shellback Way on the other side of La Jolla Shores Drive via the La Jolla Shores Pedestrian Bridge (also known as Scripps Crossing), erected in 1993. The Scripps Coastal Meander trail (part of the California Coastal Trail ) starts at the northern end of Biological Grade and connects to other trails, eventually terminating at Black's Beach. South of Biological Grade
6490-558: The case had not been submitted to its office for review. However, university officials have up to three years to file charges. On July 18, 2023, UCPD obtained a warrant and searched a fourth student's house for evidence of chalk or union affiliation in relation to the May 30 incident. The SIO main campus is located in La Jolla , situated between La Jolla Shores and Black's Beach . La Jolla Shores Drive provides access to greater La Jolla to
6608-432: The city from throughout San Diego County . The city is one of five Port member cities making up the Port of San Diego , one of America's top 30 U.S. container ship ports. Kem Nunn's novel, Tijuana Straits , provides insight into the culture of the border and surfing in Imperial Beach and the Tijuana River Valley, and the environmental problems that affect residents of Tijuana, Imperial Beach and Coronado. Portions of
6726-412: The city has a total area of 4.5 square miles (12 km). 4.2 square miles (11 km) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km) of it (7.22%) is water. The city occupies the extreme southwest corner of the continental United States: bordered by Playas de Tijuana and Tijuana to the south, Coronado, California , and San Diego Bay to the north, San Diego to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to
6844-569: The city's big waves influenced surfing from 1937 to the 1950s. Nearby Border Field State Park signifies the southernmost beach on the west coast of the United States and allows beachgoers in America to speak through the fence with beachgoers in Mexico, where the beach is called Playas de Tijuana (Tijuana Beach). The city connects to nearby Coronado, California , by way of the Silver Strand ,
6962-426: The coast with students. His goal was frustrated by lack of money and lack of an appropriate place. During this time, research was being conducted at the boathouse of Hotel del Coronado on San Diego Bay . In 1903, Ritter was introduced to newspaper magnate E. W. Scripps . Together with Scripps' half-sister Ellen Browning Scripps and Baker, they formed the Marine Biological Association of San Diego with Ritter as
7080-434: The cook and injuring the captain. The sinking of the Scripps left SIO without a research vessel, so SIO director Sverdrup approached the UC president Robert Gordon Sproul and Bob Scripps (son of E.W and Ellen) to acquire a new one. They found Bob's pleasure yacht, Novia Del Mar , ill-fitting for the science roles performed by the Scripps , and purchased a different yacht from actor Lewis Stone in April 1937. The Serena
7198-412: The county provide information on the level of threats from fires based on weather conditions. Northern San Diego County is known as North County ; the eastern suburbs are collectively known as East County ; the rural areas located further east and extending to the Imperial County line are known as the Mountain Empire ; and the southern suburbs, extending to the Mexican border, are collectively known as
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#17327655699567316-439: The development of the Deep-Tow system , with oceanographer Fred Spiess as the lead of the Marine Physical Laboratory. The purpose was to map the oceans, most notably being used in Project FAMOUS between 1971 and 1974. In 1965, Scripps began leasing 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land in Point Loma to tie up research vessels, including the RP Flip (launched in 1962), from the US Navy. The navy gave this land to Scripps in 1975 and
7434-433: The early 20th century, San Diego County had a thriving wine industry ; however the 1916 Charles Hatfield flood was the beginning of the end of the industry which included the destruction of the Daneri winery in Otay Valley . As of October 2016 , there are roughly one hundred vineyards and wineries in San Diego County. By the 2019–2020 statistical survey, California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa) found that
7552-445: The east, with mountains that receive frost and snow in the winter. These lushly forested mountains receive more rainfall than the average in Southern California, while the desert region of the county lies in a rain shadow to the east, which extends into the Desert Southwest region of North America. The area which is now San Diego County has been inhabited for more than 12,000 years by the Kumeyaay (also known as 'Iipai-Tiipai or by
7670-441: The facility was named the Nimitz Marine Facility (or MarFac) after Chester Nimitz . Also in 1965, Scripps assisted the Navy with the SEALAB project, where divers dwelled in a submersible habitat at 205 ft (62 m) in the nearby Scripps Canyon for 15 days at a time. On October 25, 1973, California Sea Grant became a college ( National Sea Grant College Program ) administered by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at
7788-468: The family and wife of late Roger Revelle donated 2.5 million dollars toward the Roger Revelle Chair endowed position , which Shang-Ping Xie now holds. In 2014, SIO received a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to test the use of biofuels on one of its ships, the Robert Gordon Sproul . The vessel operated from September 2014 to December 2015 on 100% biofuels which reduced nitrous oxide emissions, but increased particle emissions. However,
7906-550: The first of three International Geophisical Year cruises, taking place from October 1957 to February 1958. (Nori, Rockweed, Limu, Kelp, Eelgrass, Corallina) The main campus in La Jolla is situated next to the San Diego-Scripps Coastal Marine Conservation Area as well as Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve . The coastal chaparral biome has many plants also seen in the Torrey Pines reserve, such as lemonade berry , wild cucumber , coast spice bush , California sunflower , California buckwheat , and bladderpod . Seabirds are
8024-417: The fuel source provided a proof of concept that research operations could be completed using biofuels rather than conventional diesel. Also, 2014 was the first year of cruises for the international GO-SHIP program , a repeat hydrography program focusing on straight transects across major ocean basins and a follow-up to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment , which ran until 2002. Scripps, along with NOAA as
8142-450: The high concentration of stingrays, locals practice the "stingray shuffle" to help avoid being stung . Connecting to La Jolla Canyon, Scripps Canyon is a popular spot for divers and marine research. Common fish within the canyon are species of poacher , sole , rockfish , and lizardfish . The Nimitz Marine facility is the home port of all SIO research vessels and is accessible by land via Rosecrans Street in Point Loma. The facility
8260-460: The historical Spanish name Diegueño), Luiseño , Cupeño , Cahuilla , and the Acjachemen people and their local predecessors. In 1542, the explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , who may have been born in Portugal but sailed under the flag of Castile , claimed San Diego Bay for the Spanish Empire , and he named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named
8378-426: The institution has since broadened its research focus to encompass the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of the Earth. The institution awards the Nierenberg Prize annually to recognize researchers with exceptional contributions to science in public interest. Scripps Institution of Oceanography can trace its beginnings back to William Ritter , a biologist originally from Wisconsin . In 1891, Ritter
8496-812: The largest population center in the desert, averages only 5 inches (13 cm), with a high evaporation rate. There are seven official wilderness areas in San Diego County that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS). Four of these are integral parts of Cleveland National Forest, whereas three are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Some of these extend into neighboring counties (as indicated below): There are 236 mountain summits and peaks in San Diego County including: More than 1,700 tons of radioactive waste are stored at San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station , which sits in an area where there
8614-419: The later part of the 19th century, there were numerous changes in the boundaries of San Diego County, when various areas were separated to make up the counties mentioned above. The most recent changes were the establishments of Riverside County in 1893 and Imperial County in 1907. Imperial County was also the last county to be established in California, and after this division, San Diego no longer extended from
8732-523: The local union chapters representing the arrested workers, accuse the University of California of retaliation and reneging on the contracts signed at the conclusion of the 2022 UC academic workers' strike . On July 10, 2023, hundreds of protesters gathered at San Diego's Central Courthouse to protest the arrests, however in a written statement the San Diego District Attorney's office said the arraignment would not move forward because
8850-466: The median home price was $ 583,000; this is lower than the median home price in Los Angeles, and Orange counties. According to the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $ 47,067, and the median income for a family was $ 53,438. Males had a median income of $ 36,952 versus $ 30,356 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 22,926. About 8.9% of families and 12.4% of
8968-559: The metropolitan area. ' The 2010 United States census reported that San Diego County had a population of 3,095,313. The racial makeup of San Diego County was 1,981,442 (64.0%) White , 158,213 (5.1%) African American , 26,340 (0.9%) Native American , 336,091 (10.9%) Asian (4.7% Filipino, 1.6% Vietnamese, 1.4% Chinese, 3.2% Other Asian), 15,337 (0.5%) Pacific Islander , 419,465 (13.6%) from other races , and 158,425 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 991,348 people (32.0%). Including those of mixed race,
9086-401: The northeast. Although the county's western third is primarily urban, the mountains and deserts in the eastern two-thirds are primarily undeveloped backcountry . Most of these backcountry areas are home to a native plant community known as chaparral . San Diego County contains more than 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km ) of chaparral, twice as much as any other California county. Periodically
9204-476: The numerous hills, mountains, and canyons). Frequently, particularly during the "May gray/ June gloom " period, a thick marine layer will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km) inland. This happens every year in May and June. Even in the absence of June gloom, inland areas tend to experience much more significant temperature variations than coastal areas, where
9322-549: The nursery trade dominated the county's agriculture by dollar value. Second place went to avocado production. The county has been called "the Craft Beer Capital of America". Brewing has been one of the fastest-growing business sectors with local breweries ranking among the 50 largest craft brewers in the United States and breweries that are consistently rated among the top breweries in the world. Commercial operations to grow, test, or sell cannabis are not allowed in
9440-496: The ocean serves as a moderating influence. Thus, for example, downtown San Diego averages January lows of 48 °F (9 °C) and August highs of 77 °F (25 °C). The city of El Cajon, just 10 miles (16 km) northeast of downtown San Diego, averages January lows of 42 °F (6 °C) and August highs of 89 °F (32 °C). Julian, in the mountains, has an average January low of 29 °F (−2 °C) and August high of 85 °F (29 °C). Borrego Springs, in
9558-509: The old Seacoast Inn located off Seacoast Drive. Construction of a $ 22 million hotel called Pier South Resort was completed in the former Seacoast Inn's place in December 2013, with the new facility offering 78-rooms across four stories plus a restaurant, bar, spa and conference facilities. Imperial Beach is the most southwesterly located city in the continental United States. According to the United States Census Bureau ,
9676-553: The original 1910 building, named the "New Scripps" building. Campus construction expanded with the completion of the Sumner Auditorium and Sverdrup Hall in 1960. Scripps Institution of Oceanography director Revelle spearheaded the formation of the University of California, San Diego in 1960 on a bluff overlooking the Scripps Institution, with SIO acting as the nucleus. It was during the 1960s that SIO led
9794-455: The overlap of expertise from the ONR in 1946, provided additional resources for ocean exploration. The three new vessels were put to work on the new Marine Life Research Program in 1950 (now CalCOFI ), which sought to investigate the collapse of the California sardine population. In doing so, approximately 670,000 square miles (1,700,000 km ) of ocean would need to be surveyed. When Aqua-Lung
9912-435: The population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. Much of the county's high-income residents are concentrated in the northern part of the city of San Diego. The San Diego metropolitan area has two places with both a population of over 50,000 and a per capita income of over $ 40,000: Carlsbad and Encinitas . The county's largest continuous high-income urban area
10030-452: The population) lived in households, 619 (2.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. In the city, there were 6,696 people (25.4%) under the age of 18, 3,640 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 7,603 people (28.9%) aged 25 to 44, 6,012 people (22.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,373 people (9.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. Imperial Beach has one of the youngest median ages of any Southern California city with
10148-586: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 18,229 people (69.2%) lived in rental housing units. According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments , the median household income of Imperial Beach in 2010 was $ 49,104 (not adjusted for inflation ). Imperial Beach includes nearly four miles (6 km) of beaches and employs a year-round lifeguard staff. Beach volleyball , surfing and body boarding are popular in Imperial Beach with activities concentrated north and south of
10266-505: The rainfall is greater in the higher elevations of San Diego. Some of the higher areas of San Diego, such as Palomar Mountain and the Laguna Mountains , receive 20–40 inches (51–102 cm) of rain per year, supporting lush forests similar to the Sierra Nevada and California Coast Range . The Colorado Desert portion of the county lies to the east of the mountains, which receives the least amount of precipitation; Borrego Springs,
10384-518: The razing of three older buildings originally constructed in 1963 and reinforcing of the nearby hillside in 2014. A month later, the building was vandalized in a protest against low graduate student wages. In June 2023, two SIO students and one recent graduate were arrested at their homes by University of California Police and held in custody overnight. The University alleged $ 12,000 in damages related to this incident. Union leadership in UAW 2865 and 5810,
10502-451: The region for a well rounded experience, everything from shopping to surfing as well as its mild climate. Its numerous tourist destinations include Westfield UTC , Seaport Village , and Fashion Valley for shopping. SeaWorld San Diego and Legoland California as amusement parks. Golf courses such as Torrey Pines Golf Course and Balboa Park Golf Course. Museums such as the Museum of Us ,
10620-434: The sole American members of the science committee, has overseen and advised many expeditions to contribute to the global data set. In 2019, Scripps received $ 1.2 million of philanthropic funding for a 42-foot (13 m) research vessel, named after John Beyster and his wife Betty . Though the vessel was secured in spring of 2019, plans for the vessel's acquisition began in 2017. From January to May of 2019, SIO directed
10738-750: The south, while continuing north through campus to the main UC San Diego campus. Mass transit service to the main campus is handled by MTS line 30 (coming every 15 minutes) and UC San Diego's SIO bus route (every 10 minutes). Route 30 has stops exclusively on La Jolla Shores Drive, heading north to UTC Transit Center and south to Old Town Transit Center . The SIO route offers more comprehensive coverage of campus grounds, starting in Pawka Green, then La Jolla Shores Drive, Shellback Way, Birch Aquarium, and then north to Gilman Transit Center at UCSD's main campus. Three sites on campus (the Seaside Forum,
10856-524: The southwesternmost county in the 48 contiguous United States , and is a border county . It is home to 18 Indian reservations , the most of any county in the United States. There are 16 military installations of the U.S. Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard in the county. San Diego County comprises the San Diego–Chula Vista–Carlsbad, CA metropolitan statistical area , which is the 17th most populous metropolitan statistical area and
10974-413: The state. However, the two counties maintain weak relations and have little in common aside from their common border. The region has a high cost of living . This includes the highest cost of water in the United States. As of 2018 , San Diego County is within the top ten highest cost of rent in the United States; this has led to people moving out of the county. San Diego County's agriculture industry
11092-403: The terminus of the Tijuana River watershed and is subject to changes that occur upriver. There have been numerous instances of beach closures and pollutant aerosolization within Imperial Beach as caused by untreated sewage or spills. Beaches have been closed since December 8th, 2021. The 2010 United States Census reported that Imperial Beach had a population of 26,324. The population density
11210-468: The total number of residents with Asian ancestry was 407,984. As of 2009, the racial makeup of the county was 79.4% White American , 5.6% Black or African American , 1% Native American , 10.4% Asian , 0.5% Pacific Islander , 10.3% from other races , and 3.6% from two or more races. 31.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 67.0% spoke only English at home; 21.9% spoke Spanish, 3.1% Tagalog and 1.2% Vietnamese . As of 2018,
11328-620: The traditional territory of the Kumeyaay people, who had established the village of Alyshuwii. Founded in June 1887, the city takes its name from Imperial County, California , a desert climate 100 miles (161 km) east. Farmers and land owners from the Imperial Valley came to the area in the late 1880s seeking cooler weather during summer months. In March 1887, over 2,000 laborers descended upon nearby Coronado, California to construct
11446-480: The understanding of the thermocline and benthic sediments in the context of underwater warfare. Research on biofouling organisms were led by Dennis Fox and Claude ZoBell, with the goal to develop biological deterrents for seaplanes and vessels. It was during 1942 that Sverdrup, along with Martin Johnson and Richard Fleming, completed the first comprehensive textbook of oceanography, The Oceans . The textbook
11564-426: The unincorporated areas of the county. Companies must be licensed by the local agency to operate and each city or county may authorize none or only some of these activities. Local governments may not prohibit adults, who are in compliance with state laws, from growing, using, or transporting marijuana for personal use. Tourism plays a large part in the economics of the San Diego metropolitan area. Tourists are drawn to
11682-791: The urban and suburban San Diego area straddles areas of Mediterranean climate (Csa) to the north and hot semi-arid climate (BSh) to the south and east. As a result, it is often described as "arid Mediterranean" and "semi-arid steppe." Farther east, arid desert conditions prevail. Western San Diego's climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and mild winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between November and March. The city has mild, mostly dry weather, with an average of 201 days above 70 °F (21 °C) and low rainfall (9–13 inches (23–33 cm) annually). Summer temperatures are generally warm, with average highs of 70–78 °F (21–26 °C) and lows of 55–66 °F (13–19 °C). Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) only four days
11800-485: The war, the only federal support for SIO came from the Navy seeking to protect the hulls of their ships. Threatened by German submarines , concepts within physical oceanography were researched for submarine warfare . By summer 1942, Roger Revelle was appointed as a Navy liaison for oceanography and the sonar head of the Navy Bureau of Ships. UCDWR research led to rapid development of bathythermographs , as well as
11918-425: The war. Though Sverdrup was initially intending on holding the position of SIO director for only 3 years until 1939, Nazi occupation of Norway prolonged his assumption of the role until 1948. Though Sverdrup's family became US citizens during the war, he struggled with Navy clearance which gave him an awkward relationship to the projects he was overseeing. Wartime changed the funding dynamic for Scripps. Prior to
12036-483: The west. Imperial Beach is located in San Diego County , the fifth most-populous county in the United States and part of the San Diego metropolitan area, the 17th largest metropolitan area in the United States with over 3 million people. It is also part of the San Diego – Tijuana region, the largest bi-national metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico with over 5 million people. The city has
12154-550: The winter. The city is mostly or partly sunny 323 days of the year, with the wettest months in winter. As of 2006, the Farmers' Almanac consistently ranked the area within the Top 10 Best Weather Cities in America . The Scripps Institution of Oceanography operates a weather reporting station at the middle of the Imperial Beach Pier for sky condition, temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and water temperature data. Imperial Beach marks
12272-399: Was 5,869.5 inhabitants per square mile (2,266.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 62.6% White (36.0% non-Hispanic White), 4.4% African American , 1.1% Native American , 6.6% Asian , 0.6% Pacific Islander , 18.1% of other races, and 6.6% of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 49.0% of the population. The Census reported that 25,705 people (97.6% of
12390-439: Was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males. In 2012, it was estimated that there were 198,000 unauthorized immigrants ; the origin of the plurality of them is Mexico . In 2018, the median household income was $ 70,824; most people spend more than 30% of their income on housing costs. In August of that year,
12508-524: Was built as a replacement for the 1916 structure in 1988. The institution's name changed to Scripps Institution of Oceanography (often shortened to just SIO) in October of 1925 to recognize the growing faculty's widened range of studies. Easter Ellen Cupp would be the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in oceanography from SIO in 1934, studying diatoms under Wynfred Allen . She would stay with Scripps until 1939. In 1935, SIO director T. Wayland Vaughan
12626-452: Was considered a first of its kind and of such military importance that it was forbidden from distribution outside of the United States. SIO's first scientific diver was biologist Cheng Kwai Tseng, who used equipment to collect algae off the coast of San Diego in 1944. Tseng took red algae samples of Gelidium cartilagineum and cultured them to reduce the US dependence on Japanese agar , which
12744-453: Was important to hospitals at the time. Following the war, Roger Revelle continued to act as a liaison for oceanographers and was consulted during Operation Crossroads in 1945. He noted significant difficulties during the project, stemming from the difficulty of civilian research to access naval research vessels and naval bureaucracy. To remedy this, Revelle championed joint research of the newly-established Office of Naval Research (ONR),
12862-545: Was made available in the US in 1948, UCLA graduates Conrad Limbaugh and Andy Rechnitzer were able to convince Boyd W. Walker, their marine biology advisor at the time, to purchase one. Together, they introduced the Aqua-Lung to SIO in 1950 (with Limbaugh studying under Carl Hubbs) and began the Scripps Diving Program. Roger Revelle took over the director role at SIO in 1951 from Carl Eckart and, following
12980-481: Was offered a job teaching biology at the University of California, Berkeley and married Mary Bennett . Their honeymoon and subsequent biological studies took them to San Diego , where Ritter met a local physician and naturalist, Fred Baker , who would later encourage him to build a marine biological laboratory in San Diego. Ritter searched for eleven years for an appropriate place for a permanent marine biological laboratory. He spent summers at various places along
13098-420: Was one of the original counties of California, created at the time of California statehood in 1850. At the time of its establishment in 1850, San Diego County was relatively large, and included all of southernmost California south and east of Los Angeles County . It included areas of what are now Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, as well as all of what are now Riverside and Imperial Counties. During
13216-427: Was only completed in 1916 due to delays related to World War I . In 1915, the first building devoted solely to an aquarium was built on the Scripps campus. The small, wooden structure contained 19 tanks ranging in size from 96 to 228 U.S. gallons (360 to 860 L). The oceanographic museum was located in a nearby building. Since the pier was completed in 1916, measurements have been taken daily. The modern Scripps Pier
13334-518: Was part of Mexico . San Diego County became part of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican–American War . This treaty designated the border to pass through a point one marine league south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego, ensuring that the United States received all of the natural harbor of San Diego Bay. San Diego County
13452-497: Was purchased for $ 1,000 at a public auction from the city of San Diego (the same site where the SIO main campus is today). However, construction cost estimates for a permeant building were around $ 50,000. Funding was secured through E. W. and E. B. Scripps, and the first permanent building (today known as the Old Scripps Building ) was constructed in 1910. The Marine Biological Association's first seafaring vessel,
13570-590: Was recalled from the army and together they were tasked with aiding Allied amphibious landings off the coast of Africa . The goal was to predict coastal surf and sea state for Allied landings in Africa, though their model was also applied to the Allied landings in Normandy , Sicily , and in the Pacific . SIO's UCDWR would train over 200 American and British military officers on swell forecasting techniques throughout
13688-516: Was rechristened E. W. Scripps and was presented to SIO in December 1937. The E. W. Scripps would be quintessential for Sverdrup to build datasets supporting simple theories of ocean circulation, including the Sverdrup balance . When World War II broke out Scripps created the University of California Division of War Research (UCDWR) in Point Loma, focusing on acoustics and waves to support
13806-550: Was the first Scripps member to be awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal by the National Academy of Sciences . Harald Sverdrup would be awarded the medal 3 years later, beginning a long history of Scripps oceanographers being awarded the prize (Johnson in 1959, Revelle in 1963, and many more). In November, 1936, the research vessel Scripps was sunk when there was an explosion in the galley, killing
13924-499: Was worth $ 1.85 billion in 2013, and is one of the top five egg producing counties in the United States. In 2013, San Diego County also had the most small farms of any county in the United States, and had the 19th largest agricultural economy of any county in the United States. According to the San Diego Farm Bureau, San Diego County is the United States' leading producer of avocados and nursery crops . Until
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