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43-478: The 52 km (20 sq mi) island separates Maputo Bay ( Baía de Maputo ) to the west from the Indian Ocean off its eastern shores. The island's irregular coastline approaches the mainland Machangulo peninsula at Ponta Torres where a 500-metre-wide (1,600 ft) tidal race separates the two headlands. In administrative terms Inhaca is a municipal district of the municipality of Maputo , while

86-581: A bipartite life cycle where larvae are pelagic before settling out of the plankton to live on a reef. While these fish travel varying distances during their life history, their larvae have the potential to move tens to hundreds of km, more than the more sedentary adults and juveniles, which have home ranges of <1 m to a few km. Adults and juveniles of some species travel tens to hundreds of kilometers as they mature to reach appropriate habitats (e.g., such as coral reef, mangrove and seagrass habitats) or to migrate to spawning areas. When adults and juveniles leave

129-535: A large fishing sector, although fish stocks have decreased in modern times. There are attempts to develop a sustainable Perna mussel aquaculture practice. Tourism also contributes to the economy. Download coordinates as: 26°01′S 32°57′E  /  26.017°S 32.950°E  / -26.017; 32.950 Maputo Bay Maputo Bay ( Portuguese : Baía de Maputo ), formerly also known as Delagoa Bay from Baía da Lagoa in Portuguese,

172-580: A leader named Orich , had attempted to form a settlement on the bay and in 1868 the Transvaal president, Marthinus Pretorius , claimed the country on each side of the Maputo down to the sea. In the following year, however, the Transvaal acknowledged Portugal's sovereignty over the bay. In 1861, Royal Navy Captain Bickford declared Inhaca and Elephant islands to be British territory; an act protested by

215-469: A marine reserve, they become vulnerable to fishing. However, larvae can generally leave a reserve without elevated risk because of their small size and limited fishery exposure. Effective networks account for the movement patterns of target species at each life cycle stage. Given a strong, consistent current, siting marine reserves upstream increases downstream populations. Marine reserves are distinct from marine parks , and marine sanctuaries , but there

258-1321: A network must respect larval dispersal and movement patterns of species that are targeted for protection. Existing ecological guidelines for designing networks independently focus on achieving either fisheries, biodiversity or climate change objectives or combinations of fisheries and biodiversity or biodiversity and climate change. These three goals have different implications for network design. The most important are reserve size and protection duration (permanent, long term, short term, or periodic closures). Maintaining diversity involves protecting all species. Generally this involves protecting adequate examples of each major habitat (e.g., each type of coral reef, mangrove and seagrass community). Resiliency to threats improves when multiple examples of each habitat are protected. To address biodiversity or climate change, reserves 4–20 km across are recommended, because they protect larger populations of more species. Protecting areas that have already proven resilient to ecological changes and/or are relatively well-protected by other protocols are likely to better survive climate change as well. Reserves 0.5–1 km across export more adults and larvae to fished areas, potentially increasing recruitment and stock replenishment there. Such small reserves are common in

301-475: A popular attraction here. The ocean is generally too rough and the whales too far out, while the hiring boats are too expensive for the average person. Southern right whales have become rare today, though whales were historically abundant before they were wiped out by commercial and illegal hunts, including mass illegal hunts by the Soviet Union and Japan during the 1960s and 1970s. Resident populations of

344-618: A valuable harbour, accessible to large vessels at all seasons of the year. The surrounding country is low and very unhealthy, but Inhaca island has a height of 73 m, and was used as a sanatorium. The Komati River , also known as the Inkomati or Manhissa, enters the bay at its northern end. Three rivers, the Matola from the north, the Mbuluzi or Umbeluzi from the west, and the Tembe from

387-750: Is a major fishery threat. Local practices such as overfishing, blast fishing, trawling, coastal development and pollution threaten many marine habitats. These threats decrease ecosystem health and productivity and adversely affect focal and other species. Such practices can also decrease resilience. Some practices that originate beyond reserve boundaries (e.g., runoff ) can be mitigated by considering their impacts within broader management frameworks. Areas that are not threatened by such practices and that are adjacent to other unthreatening areas may be better choices for reserves. Networks of marine reserves can support both fisheries management and biodiversity conservation . The size, spacing and location of reserves within

430-408: Is a type of marine protected area (MPA). An MPA is a section of the ocean where a government has placed limits on human activity. A marine reserve is a marine protected area in which removing or destroying natural or cultural resources is prohibited, marine reserves may also be "no-take MPAs,” which strictly forbid all extractive activities, such as fishing and kelp harvesting. As of 2007 less than 1% of

473-550: Is an inlet of the Indian Ocean on the coast of Mozambique , between 25° 40' and 26° 20' S, with a length from north to south of over 90 km long and 32 km wide. The bay is the northern termination of the series of lagoons which line the coast from Saint Lucia Bay . The opening is toward the northeast. The northwestern end of the bay is defined by the Ponta da Macaneta, a spit with beaches facing westwards towards

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516-686: Is common. The review indicated that effective marine reserves are more than twice the size of the home range of focal/target species (in all directions). The presence of effective marine management outside the reserve may allow smaller reserves. Reserve size recommendations apply to the specific habitats of focal species, not the overall size. For example, coral reef species require coral reef habitats rather than open ocean or seagrass beds. Marine reserve whose boundaries are extensively fished benefit from compact shapes (e.g., squares or circles rather than elongated rectangles). Including whole ecological units (e.g., an offshore reef) can reduce exports where that

559-724: Is desired. Minimum sustainable population sizes have not been determined for most marine populations. Instead, fisheries ecologists use the fraction of unfished stock levels as a proxy. Meta-analyses suggest that maintaining populations above ~37% of those levels generally ensures stable populations, although variations in fishing pressure allow fractions as small as 10% or as large as 40% (to protect species such as sharks and some grouper that have lower reproductive output or slower maturation). Higher fractions of habitat protection may protect areas vulnerable to disturbances such as typhoons or climate change. 20–30% protection can achieve fisheries objectives in areas with controlled fishing pressure and

602-546: Is reputed to have named the bay Baía da Lagoa (Portuguese: "Bay of the Lagoon"). In English the Portuguese "Baia da Lagoa" then was translated and slightly transformed to "Delagoa Bay". In 1720, the Dutch East India Company built a fort and factory called Lijdzaamheid (Lydsaamheid) on the spot of Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), since April 1721 governed by an Opperhoofd (chief factor), under authority of

645-772: Is the minimum level of habitat protection recommended by IUCN - WCPA . Many fish species congregate to facilitate spawning. Such congregations are spatially and temporally predictable and increase the species' vulnerability to overfishing. Species such as groupers and rabbitfishes travel long distances to congregate for days or weeks. Such gatherings are their only opportunities to reproduce and are crucial to population maintenance. Species such as snappers and parrotfishes congregate in feeding or resting areas. Juveniles may congregate in nursery areas without adults. Such special areas may require only seasonal protections if at other times no vital activities are taking place. Such reserves must be spaced to allow focal species to journey among them. If

688-656: The Austrian East India Company lands at the bay and the Austrians erect the St. Joseph and St. Maria forts. In 1778, an Austrian expedition led by English adventurer William Bolts established a trading factory at Delagoa Bay. The factory, composed of 155 men and a number of women, traded in ivory, reaching as high as 75,000 pounds per year until the factory was expelled by the Portuguese in 1781. In 1823, Captain (afterwards Vice-Admiral) W. F. W. Owen , of

731-868: The Coral Triangle , species at lower trophic levels that have smaller maximum sizes, faster growth and maturation rates and shorter life spans tend to recover more quickly than species having the opposite characteristics. For example, in the Philippines, populations of planktivores (e.g., fusiliers) and some herbivores (e.g., parrotfishes) recovered in < 5–10 years in marine reserves, while predators (e.g., groupers) took 20–40 years. Increased fishing pressure adversely affects recovery rates (e.g., Great Barrier Reef and Papua New Guinea). Long-term protection allows species with slower recovery rates to achieve and maintain ecosystem health and associated fishery benefits. Permanent protection protects these species over

774-639: The Coral Triangle , where they benefited some fisheries. Connectivity is the linking of local populations through the (voluntary) dispersal of individuals. Connected reserves are close enough to each other that larvae, juveniles or adults can cross from one to another as their behavior patterns dictate. Connectivity is a key factor in network design, since it allows a disturbed reserve to recover by recruiting individuals from other, potentially overpopulated, reserves. Effective networks spaced reserves at distances of <15 km from each other, with smaller reserves spaced more closely. Most coastal fish species have

817-505: The Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin and the Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin occur in the waters around the island. The bottlenose dolphin's abundance fluctuates seasonally, increasing during the austral winter. The humpback dolphin is more sedentary, living in extremely shallow inshore areas of the western and southern coasts, and form larger groups (11-14 dolphins) than recorded elsewhere in southern Africa. Bottlenose dolphins frequent

860-545: The Mozambique Channel , and mangroves behind. The eastern side of the bay is defined by the Machangulo peninsula, which on its inner or western side affords safe anchorage. North of the peninsula is Inhaca Island , and beyond it a smaller island, "Ilha dos Portugueses" (Portuguese Island), formerly known as Elephant's Island. In spite of a bar at the entrance and a number of shallows within, Maputo Bay forms

903-638: The Royal Navy , finding that the Portuguese exercised no jurisdiction south of the settlement of Lourenço Marques, concluded treaties of cession with native chiefs, hoisted the British flag, and appropriated the country from the English river southwards; but when he visited the bay again in 1824 he found that the Portuguese, disregarding the British treaties, had concluded others with the natives, and had endeavoured (unsuccessfully) to take military possession of

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946-499: The pink-backed pelican , lesser crested tern , crab plover , greater sand plover , Mongolian plover , Terek sandpiper , southern banded snake eagle , mangrove kingfisher , grey-rumped swallow and spotted ground thrush . The snake eagle, ground thrush and mangrove kingfisher are specials of the southeasterly coastal regions, besides Rudd's apalis , Neergaard's sunbird and pink-throated twinspot which are also present. The southerly Nhaquene Swamp and Saco Bay are strongholds for

989-400: The sooty falcon , while Eleonora's falcon is a rare vagrant. Terns roost on the northerly Portuguese Island 25°58′31″S 32°54′38″E  /  25.97528°S 32.91056°E  / -25.97528; 32.91056  ( Portuguese Island ) and house crows established themselves during the 1970s. The island has a population of around 6,000. The island has traditionally had

1032-488: The British from 1823 until the MacMahon Treaty of 24 July 1875. The British used the island (amongst many others all around Africa) to patrol and control the slave traffic in the region. The island is a regular destination for ecotourists and ecological researchers. The central land area consists of cultivated fields, while grassy plains are found to the north, flanked by protected usnea -covered dune forests along

1075-652: The Dutch Cape Colony, interrupted by Taylor's pirate occupation from April 1722 to 28 August 1722; in December 1730 the settlement was abandoned. Thereafter the Portuguese had—intermittently—trading stations in the Espírito Santo estuary. These stations were protected by small forts, usually incapable, however, of withstanding attacks by the natives. In 1779 the Austrian ship "Joseph und Theresia" of

1118-574: The Machangulo peninsula is included under the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area and is part of the district of Matutuíne , Maputo Province . The island's dimensions are approximately 12 km (n-s) by 7 km (e-w). The highest point above sea level is the 104-metre (341 ft) Mount Inhaca on the north-eastern shoreline. The south-western peninsula is known as Ponta Punduine while Ponta Torres to

1161-458: The absence of a persistent linking current. Their isolation (low connectivity) requires such areas to be largely self-replenishing. This leaves them less resilient to disturbance. Sustaining their marine species requires a higher fraction of living areas to be protected. Coral reef fish species recovery rates (from e.g., overfishing) depend on their life history and factors such as ecological characteristics, fishing intensity and population size. In

1204-580: The authorities in Lisbon. In 1872, the dispute between the United Kingdom and Portugal was submitted to the arbitration of Adolphe Thiers , the French president; and on 19 April 1875 his successor, Marshal MacMahon , ruled in favor of the Portuguese. Previously, the United Kingdom and Portugal had agreed a right of pre-emption would be granted to the unsuccessful claimant in case of sale or cession of

1247-787: The bay. Portuguese authority over the Mozambican interior was not established until some time after the MacMahon decision; nominally, the country south of the Manhissa river was ceded to them by the Matshangana chief Umzila in 1861. In honor of the French president's decision, a beer brewed in Maputo is still today called "MacMahon" or "2M" (Portuguese: "Dois M"). Similarly, the Maputo railway station sat at "Praça MacMahon" (MacMahon Square). After Mozambique's independence from Portugal, it

1290-519: The country. Captain Owen re-hoisted the British flag, but the sovereignty of either power was left undecided till the claims of the Transvaal Republic rendered a solution of the question urgent. In the meantime the United Kingdom had taken no steps to exercise authority on the spot, while the ravages of Zulus confined Portuguese authority to the limits of their fort. In 1835 Boers , under

1333-931: The eastern and western shores. Extensive exposed mudflats fringe the western and southern shores at low tide. Mangroves cover large sections of the northern shores and southern Saco Bay . The sub-tropical evergreen forest on the island includes the following tree species: Sideroxylon inerme , Apodytes dimidiata , Euclea schimperi , Manilkara discolor , Dovyalis rhamnoides , Dovyalis tristis , Diospyros natalensis , Clausena anisata , Cassine papillosa , Olea africana , Ficus burtt-davyi , Ficus sansibarica , Ficus capensis , Commiphora neglecta , Commiphora schlechteri , Allophylus melanocarpus , Erythroxylon emarginatum , Vepris undulata , Deinbollia oblongifolia , Scolopia ecklonii , Thespesia populnea and Galpinia transvaalica . Among 160 coral species are staghorn and plate corals. There are two badly damaged pure coral reefs flanking

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1376-637: The harvest to less than the increase achieved during closure, although at greatly reduced recovery rates. Some habitats and species are better prepared environmental changes or extremes. These include coral communities that handle high sea surface temperature (SST); areas with variable SSTs and carbonate chemistry and areas adjacent to undeveloped low-lying inland areas that coastal habitats can expand into as sea levels rise. Such areas constitute climate change refugia and can potentially better protect biodiversity than more fragile areas. They may also provide fishery benefits, since habitat loss from climate change

1419-579: The island's western perimeters, in very shallow water, which are supposed to be protected but in reality there is no actual control of the marine reserves . Conspicuous fish are king mackerel - called serra, besides potato bass , barracuda and giant trevally . Others present are brindle bass /giant grouper, scorpionfish , butterflyfish , pufferfish , parrotfish , moray eel , Inhaca fringelip and seahorses . Whale sharks and manta rays visit in summer. Although humpback whales migrate seasonally past these shores, whale watching has never become

1462-659: The life history of focal species (e.g. home ranges, nursery grounds, migration corridors and spawning aggregations), and were located to accommodate movement patterns among them. Movement patterns (home ranges, ontogenetic shifts and spawning migrations) vary among and within species, and are influenced by factors such as size, sex, behaviour, density, habitat characteristics, season, tide and time of day. For example, damselfishes, butterflyfishes and angelfishes travel <0.1–0.5 km, while some sharks and tuna migrate over thousands of kilometres. Larval dispersal distances tend to be <5–15 km, and self-recruitment to new habitat

1505-782: The location of such special areas is unknown, or is too large to include in a reserve, management approaches such as seasonal capture and sales restrictions may provide some protection. Sea turtle nesting areas, dugong feeding areas, cetacean migratory corridors and calving grounds are examples of other special areas that can be protected seasonally. Other types of special areas include isolated habitats that have unique assemblages and populations, habitats that are important for endemic species and highly diverse areas. Isolated populations (e.g. those on remote atolls ) have high conservation value where they harbor endemic species and/or unique assemblages. A location or population 20–30 km from its nearest neighbor generally qualifies as isolated in

1548-756: The long-term. Short-term protections do not allow slow-recovering species to reach or maintain stable populations. In some Coral Triangle countries (e.g., Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands), short term protections are the most common form of traditional marine resource management. These protections can help address problems at lower trophic levels (e.g., herbivores) or allow spawning to succeed. Other reasons for adopting short-term protections include allowing communities to stockpile resources for feasts or close areas for cultural reasons. Short-term/periodic reserves also may function as partial insurance by enhancing overall ecosystem resilience against catastrophes. Reopened reserves can be protected by management controls that limit

1591-545: The reserves ranged in size from 0.006 to 800 square kilometers (0.002 to 310 square miles). In 2014, the World Parks Association adopted a target of establishing no-take zones for 30% of each habitat globally. A review of studies of 34 families (210 species) of coral reef fishes demonstrates that the design of a marine reserve has important implications for its ability to protect habitat and focal species. Effective reserves included habitats that support

1634-759: The south, meet in the Estuário do Espírito Santo on the west side of the bay. The city of Maputo lies north of the estuary, and the Maputo–Katembe bridge , completed in 2018, spans the estuary. The Maputo River , which has its headwaters in the Drakensberg , enters in the south. Maputo Bay is part of the Delagoa marine ecoregion. Habitats in the bay include mangrove wetlands , seagrass beds, and fringing coral reefs around Inhaca and Portuguese islands. Humpback whales and several species of dolphins live in

1677-475: The south-east approaches the mainland. Two inland swamps occur at the northerly airstrip and southern Nhaquene respectively. Besides Inhaca settlement on the western shore there are five smaller villages including Inguane , Nhaquene , Ridjeni and Tobia . Despite being a part of the Portuguese Mozambique until 1975, the island of Inhaca, so close to the harbour of Maputo , was occupied by

1720-502: The water while southern right whales and dugongs were once numerous in the bay and are rare today. The first European to reach the bay was Portuguese navigator António de Campo , one of Vasco da Gama 's captains, in 1502. In 1544 the merchant trader Lourenço Marques explored the upper reaches of the estuaries leading into the bay. Subsequently, King João III ordered the Bay to be named Baia de Lourenço Marques . Lourenço Marques

1763-433: The waters of the northwestern coast, and their group size varies largely from individuals and pairs to hundreds of dolphins. A very small, remaining population of dugong also occur here. Two species of sea turtles ( loggerheads and critically endangered leatherbacks ) visit the eastern shores in summer to breed. Inhaca is home to about 300 bird species, both resident and migratory . Species of conservation concern are

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1806-420: The world's oceans had been set aside in marine reserves. Benefits include increases in the diversity, density, biomass, body size and reproductive potential of fishery and other species within their boundaries. As of 2010, scientists had studied more than 150 marine reserves in at least 61 countries and monitored biological changes inside the reserves. The number of species in each study ranged from 1 to 250 and

1849-429: Was renamed "Praça dos Trabalhadores" (Workers' Square). In 1889, another dispute arose between Portugal and the United Kingdom over the Portuguese seizure of the railway running from the bay to the Transvaal. This dispute was also referred to arbitration: in 1900, Portugal was found liable and ordered to pay nearly £1,000,000 in compensation to the railway company's shareholders. Marine reserve A marine reserve

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