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34-461: Bad Iburg is also the name of a municipality which includes the town and four outlying centres: Glane, Ostenfelde, Sentrup and Visbeck. The most important building is Schloss Iburg above the town. It is a complex of a castle which was the residence of the bishops of Osnabrück for six hundred years and a former monastery of the Order of Saint Benedict . Bad Iburg was first mentioned in 753 in

68-543: A Frankish document. In 772 the Frankish King Charlemagne captured the “Royal castle Iburg”, from his chief antagonist, the Saxon leader Widukind . In a lasting period of struggles the ownership changed between Franks and Saxons. Frankish troops finally regained the castle in 783. Bad Iburg became of more than local importance in the 11th century when Bishop Benno I (1052–1067) built a new castle on

102-511: A custom or usage, to use customarily ' , in turn from νόμος ( nomos ) ' usage, custom ' , ultimately from νέμειν ( nemein ) ' to dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold ' . Throughout its history, money itself has been made to be a scarce good. Many materials have been used to form money, from naturally scarce precious metals and cowry shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money, called fiat money , such as banknotes . Many complementary currencies use time as

136-588: A unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact. Modern money (along with most ancient money) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of contemporary physical money. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of the essential properties of money, such as price fluctuation and limited supply, although these goods are not controlled by one single authority. Coin collecting may have possibly existed in ancient times. Augustus gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of

170-554: Is a former water castle built in 1552, but its history dates from the 14th century. It is situated south of the town centre. Nearby Schleppenburg which was destroyed was also a water castle. Bad Iburg has a number of sculptures made by Hans Gerd Ruwe from Osnabrück. These are the sculpture of Bishop Benno II, founder of the monastery, near the town hall, the Handwerkerbrunnen (craftsmen's fountain) in Große Straße, and

204-586: Is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender ), and many coin collectors are also exonumists. Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the Serienscheine (Series notes) Notgeld . The turning point occurred in

238-748: Is the oldest hall church in the Osnabrück district . St. Jakobus der Ältere in Glane was erected in 1904/1905. The Roman Catholic Church in Gothic Revival architecture contains a pietà from 1420. St. Clemens in the castle complex was the church of theBenedictine monastery. A hagioscope was rediscovered. The Evangelische Schlosskirche which is also situated in the castle complex is the only Lutheran church in Bad Iburg. The Jagdschlösschen (hunting château), also known as Altes Forsthaus Freudenthal,

272-449: Is the study or collection of currency , including coins, tokens, paper money, medals and related objects. Specialists, known as numismatists , are often characterized as students or collectors of coins , but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods . The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but

306-670: The state . Municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax , property tax , and corporate income tax , but may also receive substantial funding from the state. In some European countries, such as Germany, municipalities have the constitutional right to supply public services through municipally-owned public utility companies . Terms cognate with "municipality", mostly referring to territory or political structure, are Spanish municipio (Spain) and municipalidad (Chile), Catalan municipi , Portuguese município . In many countries, terms cognate with "commune" are used, referring to

340-487: The 1970s when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. At the same time, some developed countries such as the United States , Germany , and France began publishing their respective national catalogs of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature. Scripophily is the study and collection of companies' shares and bonds certificates. It is an area of collecting due to both

374-722: The 19th century. The Royal Numismatic Society was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the Numismatic Chronicle . The American Numismatic Society was founded in 1858 and began publishing the American Journal of Numismatics in 1866. In 1931 the British Academy launched the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum publishing collections of Ancient Greek coinage . The first volume of Sylloge of Coins of

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408-619: The British Isles was published in 1958. In the 20th century, coins gained recognition as archaeological objects, and scholars such as Guido Bruck of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna realized their value in providing a temporal context and the difficulty that curators faced when identifying worn coins using classical literature. After World War II in Germany, a project, Fundmünzen der Antike (Coin finds of

442-619: The Classical Period) was launched to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries. In the United States, the US Mint established a coin cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection. William E. Du Bois' Pledges of History... (1846) describes the cabinet. C. Wyllys Betts ' American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals (1894) set

476-590: The Iburg castle, thus the complex of castle and monastery has had two churches, Protestant and Catholic, since the 17th century. In 1668 Sophia Charlotte of Hanover , the only daughter of Ernest Augustus and his wife Sophia of the Palatinate , was born in Schloss Iburg. She became the first Queen of Prussia. Of special importance is the castle's Rittersaal (hall of knights). The ceiling in pseudo-architecture

510-602: The Roman state (granting Roman citizenship to the inhabitants) while permitting the communities to retain their own local governments (a limited autonomy). A municipality can be any political jurisdiction , from a sovereign state such as the Principality of Monaco , to a small village such as West Hampton Dunes, New York . The territory over which a municipality has jurisdiction may encompass: Powers of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to

544-511: The Spanish term ayuntamiento , referring to a municipality's administration building, is extended via synecdoche to denote the municipality itself. In Moldova and Romania , both municipalities ( municipiu ; urban administrative units) and communes ( comună ; rural units) exist, and a commune may be part of a municipality. In many countries, comparable entities may exist with various names. Numismatic Numismatics

578-478: The Trommlerbrunnen (drummer boy's fountain) in Glane. The Trommlerbrunnen reminds of the conferment of becoming a market town in 1764. Municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term municipality may also mean

612-543: The coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors , the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures, and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest. Exonumia (UK English: Paranumismatica) is the study of coin -like objects such as token coins and medals , and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins , encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counter-stamped coins, wooden nickels , credit cards , and other similar items. It

646-534: The community living in the area and the common interest. These include terms: The same terms "Gemeente" (Dutch) or "Gemeinde" (German) may be used for church congregations or parishes, for example, in the German and Dutch Protestant churches. In Greece, the word Δήμος ( demos ) is used, also meaning 'community'; the word is known in English from the compound democracy (rule of the people). In some countries,

680-619: The crash, the inscription reads, Trotzdem vorwärts (Ahead nevertheless). On 18 January 1962 an aeroplane from the British Royal Air Force crashed on the hill of the Dörenberg . The two pilots aged 24 and 26 years old, died. There is a monument at the Dörenberg in memory of the accident. The current mayor is Daniel Große-Albers (independent), elected in 2021. He succeeded Annette Niermann (Alliance 90/The Greens), who

714-566: The early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope Boniface VIII , Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders. Professional societies organised in

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748-561: The governing body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district . The English word is derived from French municipalité , which in turn derives from the Latin municipalis , based on the word for social contract ( municipium ), referring originally to the Latin communities that supplied Rome with troops in exchange for their own incorporation into

782-513: The groundwork for the study of American historical medals. Helen Wang 's "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages" (2012–2013) gives an outline history of Western countries' understanding of Chinese numismatics. Lyce Jankowski 's Les amis des monnaies is an in-depth study of Chinese numismatics in China in the 19th century. Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of

816-413: The kings and foreign money" as Saturnalia gifts. Petrarch , who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vine diggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first Renaissance collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355. The first book on coins was De Asse et Partibus (1514) by Guillaume Budé . During

850-416: The mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians, and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics frequently lies in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of

884-583: The octagonal tower of the castle called the Bennoturm (Benno's Tower). Five of them died during torture or were executed; the sixth was set free after betraying the plans of John of Leiden , the leader of the Anabaptists. In 1910 the crash of the zeppelin LZ7 Deutschland near Bad Iburg brought international attention. The airship had had its maiden voyage on 19 June 1910, and nine days later

918-473: The ruins of the first fortification. This castle was also ruined so Benno I's successor Bishop Benno II of Osnabrück (1068–1088) built another castle. He also founded a Benedictine monastery, the first twelve monks came from Mainz . An interesting feature of the Roman Catholic Church of St. Clemens is the hagioscope , which allowed lepers to view the service from outside. Bishop Benno II

952-567: The use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins ; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells , precious metals , cocoa beans , large stones , and gems . First attested in English in 1829,

986-513: The word numismatics comes from the adjective numismatic , meaning ' of coins ' . It was borrowed in 1792 from French numismatique , itself a derivation from Late Latin numismatis , genitive of numisma , a variant of nomisma meaning ' coin ' . Nomisma is a latinisation of the Greek νόμισμα ( nomisma ) which means ' current coin/custom ' , which derives from νομίζειν ( nomizein ) ' to hold or own as

1020-559: Was buried in St. Clemens, the monastery's church. About 1100, after a large fire in Osnabrück, the castle became the residence of Osnabrück's bishops. This period ended when Ernest Augustus , Elector of Hanover & Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Protestant Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück built a baroque castle in Osnabrück to which he and his family moved in 1673. He added the small Protestant church Evangelisch-lutherische Schlosskirche to

1054-461: Was elected mayor in 2014. She was the successor of Drago Jurak. Bad Iburg has three museums, Schlossmuseum mit Münzkabinett, the castle museum, which includes a numismatic department, the Uhrenmuseum (a clock museum), and Averbecks Speicher, a museum of local history in a former farm's storehouse in Glane. The Fleckenskirche St. Nikolaus dates from the 13th century. The Roman Catholic Church

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1088-463: Was erected in 1595 by prince bishop Philipp Sigismund von Wolfenbüttel. The Schlossmühle, the castle's mill, was also erected by Philipp Sigismund. The Gografenhof, a classicism building, is used as the town hall since 1967. The kurhaus (spa facility/ resort) was opened in 1967 and torn down in 2010 following great local community debate (the area is now a grassed field and mainly used for local community events such as Schuetzenfest). Burg Scheventorf

1122-486: Was on a pleasure trip to popularize the zeppelin. On board were 19 journalists, among them two reporters of well-known British newspapers. In bad weather, the crew decided to go to Osnabrück , passing over the Teutoburg Forest. The airship crashed into Mount Limberg on 28 June 1910, just after 5 p.m. Nobody was injured. A monument with a portrait of Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin was erected on Mount Limberg after

1156-627: Was painted by Andrea Alovisii. The monastery site has a baroque building designed by Johann Conrad Schlaun in Abbot Adolph Hane's (1706–1768) time. The monastery was active until 1803 when it was secularisated by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss . In 1534 Bad Iburg was involved in the Münster Rebellion when six Anabaptists were captured on their way from Münster to Osnabrück and imprisoned in

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