46-577: Il Kal Grande , also spelled Il Kal Grandi ( Judaeo-Spanish : The Great Synagogue), is a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue , located in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina. The congregation worshiped in the Sephardi rite . The building has been used as a cultural center since 1993. The large synagogue was constructed in the Moorish Revival style in 1930, by a design of
92-724: A minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Israel, and France. In 2017, it was formally recognised by the Royal Spanish Academy . The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish , and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula : Old Aragonese , Asturleonese , Old Catalan , Galician-Portuguese , and Andalusi Romance . The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew , Aramaic , and Arabic —especially in
138-968: A "k" sound or at the end of certain words (such as seis , pronounced [seʃ] , for 'six') is shared with Portuguese (as spoken in Portugal, most of Lusophone Asia and Africa, and in a plurality of Brazilian varieties and registers with either partial or total forms of coda |S| palatalization) but not with Spanish. Like other Jewish vernaculars , Judaeo-Spanish incorporates many Hebrew and Aramaic words, mostly for religious concepts and institutions. Examples are haham/ḥaḥam ('rabbi', from Hebrew ḥakham ) and kal, kahal/cal, cahal ('synagogue', from Hebrew qahal ). Some Judeao-Spanish words of Hebrew or Aramaic origins have more poetic connotations than their Spanish origin equivalents. Compare gaava ('pride, arrogance') from Hebrew ga'avá with arrogansya ('arrogance') from Spanish arrogancia . The majority of Judaeo-Spanish speaking people resided in
184-419: A non-syllabic /u/ ( [w] ). Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords and morphemes (except those that were borrowed indirectly through other languages) are spelled according to Hebrew orthography . The rest of the language's lexicon is spelled as illustrated in the following table: Notes: This orthography uses an interpunct ⟨·⟩ to distinguish the sequence /s+x/ (written ⟨s·h⟩ ) from
230-871: A profession) was borrowed into Judaeo-Spanish as the suffix -djí . It can be found in words like halvadjí ('candyman'), derived from halva + -djí . Due to the influence of the Alliance Israélite Universelle in the westernization and modernization of Judeao-Spanish speaking communities, many words of French origin were adopted. Most of these words refer to Western European innovations and introductions. Examples include: abazur ('lampshade'), from French abat-jour , fardate ('apply makeup'), from French se farder , and fusil ('gun') from French fusil . Some French political and cultural elements are present in Judeao-Spanish. For example, ir al Bismark ('to go to
276-536: A semi-cursive form of Sephardic origin, ultimately normalised as the Rashi typeface. A corresponding but distinctive semi-cursive typeface was used for printing Yiddish . It was termed mashket or vaybertaytsh , the Yiddish word vayber meaning "women" (Weiber) and taytsh being an archaic word for "German" (Deutsch), since works printed in mashket were often intended for a female readership. Besides usage for
322-568: A simplified secular form in 1965, and the former dome was replaced with a flat roof. The building was initially used as the Đuro Đaković Workers' University Center and currently as the Bosnian Cultural Center . This Bosnia and Herzegovina -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Judaeo-Spanish Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol , Hebrew script : גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול ), also known as Ladino ,
368-606: A subject–verb–object word order , has a nominative-accusative alignment , and is considered a fusional or inflected language. Two Israeli organizations, the Akademia Nasionala del Ladino and the Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino , jointly regulate Judæo-Spanish orthography. The organizations allow speakers to choose between the Hebrew script , which was historically the most prevalent writing system for
414-460: A tendency to render Hebrew word order literally ( ha-laylah ha-zeh , meaning 'this night', was rendered la noche la esta instead of the normal Spanish esta noche ). As mentioned above, authorities confine the term Ladino to that style. Following the Expulsion , the process of dialect mixing continued, but Castilian Spanish remained by far the largest contributor. The daily language
460-831: Is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish . Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans , Turkey , West Asia , and North Africa ) as well as France , Italy , the Netherlands , Morocco , and England , it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel . Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as
506-511: Is a typeface for the Hebrew alphabet based on 15th-century Sephardic semi-cursive handwriting . It is named for the rabbinic commentator Rashi , whose works are customarily printed in the typeface (though Rashi himself died several hundred years before the script came into use). It was taken as a model by early Hebrew typographers such as Abraham Garton , the Soncino family and Daniel Bomberg in their editions of commented texts (such as
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#1732801166187552-444: Is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music . The scholar Joseph Nehama, author of the comprehensive Judeo-Spanish–French dictionary, referred to the language as Judeo-Espagnol . The 1903 Hebrew–Judeo-Spanish Haggadah entitled " Seder Haggadah shel pesaḥ ʿim pitron be-lashon sefaradi " ( סדר הגדה של פסח עם פתרון בלשון ספרדי ), from
598-568: Is by splitting first Haketia , or "Western Judeao-Spanish", from other varieties, collectively referred to as "Eastern Judeao-Spanish". Within Eastern Judeao-Spanish, further division is made based on city of origin. Aldina Quintana split Eastern Ladino into three groups: 1. Grupo noroccidental (Northwest group), centered around Sarajevo (Bosnia). It also includes the dialects of Bitola (Macedonia) and Kastoria (Greece). The most distinct characteristics of this group are:
644-463: Is distinguished from other Spanish dialects by the presence of the following features: Regular conjugation for the present tense: Regular conjugation in the preterite: Regular conjugation in the imperfect: Judaeo-Spanish follows Spanish for most of its syntax . (That is not true of the written calque language involving word-for-word translations from Hebrew, which scholars refer to as "Ladino", as described above.) Like Spanish, it generally follows
690-556: Is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish has been known also by other names, such as: Español ( Espanyol, Spaniol, Spaniolish, Espanioliko ), Judió ( Judyo, Djudyo ) or Jidió ( Jidyo, Djidyo ), Judesmo ( Judezmo, Djudezmo ), Sefaradhí ( Sefaradi ) or Ḥaketía (in North Africa). In Turkey, and formerly in
736-619: Is used, a loanword from Arabic via Turkish, while the Monastir dialect uses karrose , possibly from Italian. The number of phonemes in Judaeo-Spanish varies by dialect. Its phonemic inventory consists of 24-26 consonants and 5 vowels . Notes: Notes: As exemplified in the Sources section above, much of the phonology of Judaeo-Spanish is similar to that of standard modern Spanish. Here are some exceptions: Judaeo-Spanish
782-619: The Mikraot Gedolot and the Talmud , in which Rashi's commentaries prominently figure). The initial development of typefaces for the printing press was often anchored in a pre-existing manuscript culture . In the case of the Hebrew press, the tradition of using square or block letters were cast for Biblical and other important works prevailed. However, secondary religious texts such as rabbinic commentaries, were commonly set with
828-407: The /ʃ/ phoneme (written ⟨sh⟩ ). It also uses acute accents to mark irregular stress. The regular stress pattern is as follows: Prior to the adoption of the official orthographies, the following systems of writing Judaeo-Spanish had been used or proposed. Rashi script The Rashi script or Sephardic script ( Hebrew : כְּתַב רַשִׁ״י , romanized : Ktav Rashi )
874-461: The Hebrew language , an adapted form of Rashi script alphabet is commonly used for writing Ladino language texts in the Hebrew alphabet. To express additional fricative sounds found in Ladino, the alphabet is expanded by adding diacritic marks to existing letters. Whereas in block print a Hebrew letter is typically modified by an adjacent geresh , in the Rashi script, new letters are formed by adding
920-579: The Ottoman Empire , although a large minority on the northern Coast of Morocco and Algeria existed. As such, words of Turkish origin were incorporated into the local dialect of the language. Examples include emrenear ('rejoice') from Turkish imrenmek . Some of these words themselves were inherited into Turkish from Arabic or Persian. Examples include bilbiliko ('nightingale'), from Persian (via Turkish) bülbül and gam ('sorrow, anxiety, grief') from Arabic (via Persian then Turkish) ḡamm . The Turkish agentive suffix -ci (denoting
966-868: The Reconquista , where Judaeo-Spanish speakers had no motivation to do so. Some Arabic words were borrowed via Turkish or Persian. Haketia , the variety of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the Maghreb , has substantial influence from Moroccan and Algerian Arabic , as well as local Amazigh languages . The varieties of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the Levant and Egypt have some influence from Levantine Arabic and Egyptian Arabic respectively. Judeao-Spanish speaking communities often incorporated words or phrases from surrounding languages. Greek , South Slavic , Italian , and Romanian borrowings can be found in those respective communities. A common way of dividing Judaeo-Spanish
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#17328011661871012-631: The Bible, the Biblia de Ferrara (1553), provided inspiration for the translation of numerous Spanish Christian Bibles. The derivation of the name Ladino is complicated. Before the expulsion of Jews from Spain , the word meant "literary Spanish" as opposed to other dialects, or "Romance" in general as distinct from Arabic. One derivation has Ladino as derived from the verb enladinar , meaning "to translate", from when Jews, Christians and Arabs translated works from Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic into Spanish (during
1058-771: The Bismark') was a phrase used in some Judeao-Spanish communities in the late 20th century to mean 'to go to the restroom', referring to the German Chancellor , Otto von Bismarck (an unpopular figure in France), as a euphemism for toilet. Because of the large number of Arabic words in Spanish generally, it is not always clear whether some of these words were introduced before the Expulsion or adopted later; modern Spanish replaced some of these loans with Latinisms after
1104-871: The Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish , meaning the 'Jewish language.' In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Ladino , Espanyolit or Spanyolit . Judaeo-Spanish, once the Jewish lingua franca of the Adriatic Sea , the Balkans, and the Middle East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika , today is under serious threat of extinction . Most native speakers are elderly, and
1150-684: The Sephardic community of Livorno , Italy, refers to the language used for explanation as the Sefaradi language. The rare Judeo-Spanish-language textbook entitled Nuevo Silibaryo Espanyol , published in Salonica in 1929, referred to the language as Espanyol and lingua Djudeo-Espanyola . The language is also called Judeo-Espanyol , Judeoespañol , Sefardí , Judío , and Espanyol or Español sefardita ; Haketia (from Arabic : حكى , romanized : ḥakà 'tell') refers to
1196-618: The United States and Spain, the language has come to be referred to as Ladino ( Ladino : לאדינו ), literally meaning 'Latin'. This name for the language was promoted by the Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino , although speakers of the language in Israel referred to their mother tongue as Espanyolit or Spanyolit . Native speakers of the language consider the name Ladino to be incorrect, having for centuries reserved
1242-695: The architect Rudolf Lubinski . It was the largest and most ornate synagogue in the Balkans . The building was heavily damaged by the Nazis in 1941 during World War II , and the majority of the Jewish community was murdered in the Holocaust . After WWII, all the Jews of Sarajevo used the Sarajevo Synagogue , the synagogue of the Ashkenazi community. The exterior of "Il Kal Grande" was restored in
1288-563: The dialect of North Africa, especially Morocco . Judeo-Spanish has also been referred to as Judesmo (also Judezmo, Djudesmo or Djudezmo ). The dialect of the Oran area of Algeria was called Tetuani after the Moroccan city of Tétouan since many Orani Jews came from there. In Israel, the language is known as Spanyolit or Espanyolit . The names Djidio , Kasteyano Muestro , and Spanyol de mozotros have also been proposed to refer to
1334-508: The domains of religion , law , and spirituality —and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian . Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek , Bulgarian , and Serbo-Croatian . Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it
1380-478: The expulsion from Spain, Ladino is not spoken, rather, it is the product of a word-for-word translation of Hebrew or Aramaic biblical or liturgical texts made by rabbis in the Jewish schools of Spain. In these translations, a specific Hebrew or Aramaic word always corresponded to the same Spanish word, as long as no exegetical considerations prevented this. In short, Ladino is only Hebrew clothed in Spanish, or Spanish with Hebrew syntax. The famous Ladino translation of
1426-422: The historical usage. In the Judaeo-Spanish press of the 19th and 20th centuries the native authors referred to the language almost exclusively as Espanyol , which was also the name that its native speakers spontaneously gave to it for as long as it was their primary spoken language. More rarely, the bookish Judeo-Espanyol has also been used since the late 19th century. In recent decades in Israel, followed by
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1472-567: The language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift . In 2018, four native speakers in Bosnia were identified however, two of them have since died, David Kamhi in 2021 and Moris Albahari in late 2022. In some expatriate communities in Spain , Latin America , and elsewhere, there
1518-896: The language, and the Latin script , which gained prominence after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Printed works in Judæo-Spanish use the Rashi script , whereas the handwritten language uses a cursive form of the Hebrew alphabet called Solitreo . In the Hebrew script, a silent ⟨ א ⟩ must precede word-initial vowels. Moreover, it is necessary to separate adjacent vowels with ⟨ א ⟩ or ⟨ י ⟩ . Whereas ⟨ א ⟩ can separate any pair of vowels, ⟨ י ⟩ can only separate front vowels ( /i/ and /e/ , both represented by ⟨ י ⟩ ) from adjacent vowels. Furthermore, ⟨ י ⟩ cannot separate diphthongs that include
1564-481: The language; regional names to refer to the language include kastiyano viejo , sepharadit , ekseris romeka , yahudije , and musevije . An entry in Ethnologue claims, "The name 'Judesmo' is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews and American Jews; 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists; 'Ladino' by laymen, initially in Israel; 'Haketia' by Moroccan Jews; 'Spanyol' by some others." That does not reflect
1610-416: The main Sephardic cultural hubs of Salonika (Greece) and Istanbul (Turkiye), as well as the remainder of Anatolia, and Eastern Greece. The varieties of this group maintain the gradient in difference between /e : i/ and /o : u/ in the final position, as well as maintaining a difference between /r/ : /ɾ/ . The metathesis of ⟨rd⟩ into ⟨dr⟩ is also present. While unsorted,
1656-401: The phonology, and about 60% of the vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is essentially Spanish but, in some respects, it resembles the dialects in southern Spain and South America, rather than the dialects of Central Spain. For example, it has yeísmo ("she" is eya / ella [ˈeja] (Judaeo-Spanish), instead of ella ) as well as seseo . In many respects, it reproduces the Spanish of
1702-519: The reduction of /r/ and /ɾ/ into /ɾ/ and the conservation of ⟨rd⟩ as in ⟨gordo⟩ . 2. Grupo nororiental (Northeast group) that includes most of (northern) Bulgaria and Romania including Sofia and Bucharest . It represented an intermediate state between the other varieties: the reduction of /r/ and /ɾ/ into /ɾ/ , but the metathesis of ⟨rd⟩ into ⟨dr⟩ as in ⟨godro⟩ . 3. Grupo suroriental (Southeast group) that included
1748-525: The same way that (among Kurdish Jews) Targum has come to mean Judeo-Aramaic and (among Jews of Arabic-speaking background) sharḥ has come to mean Judeo-Arabic . Judaeo-Spanish Ladino should not be confused with the Ladin language ( Italian : ladino ), spoken in part of Northeastern Italy . Ladin has nothing to do with Jews or with Spanish beyond being a Romance language , a property that it shares with French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. At
1794-463: The term for the "semi-sacred" language used in word-by-word translations from the Bible, which is distinct from the spoken vernacular . According to linguist Paul Wexler , Ladino is a written language that developed in the eighteenth century and is distinct from spoken Judaeo-Spanish. According to the website of the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki, the cultural center of Sephardic Judaism after
1840-464: The time of the Expulsion, rather than the modern variety, as it retains some archaic features such as the following: However, the phonology of both the consonants and part of the lexicon is, in some respects, closer to Portuguese and Catalan than to modern Spanish. That is explained by direct influence but also because Portuguese, Old Spanish and Catalan retained some of the characteristics of medieval Ibero-Romance languages that Spanish later lost. There
1886-446: The time of the expulsion from Spain, the day-to-day language of the Jews of different regions of the peninsula was hardly, if at all, different from that of their Christian neighbours, but there may have been some dialect mixing to form a sort of Jewish lingua franca. There was, however, a special style of Spanish used for purposes of study or translation, featuring a more archaic dialect, a large number of Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords and
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1932-544: The times of Alfonso X ). (The first European language grammar and dictionary, of Spanish referred to it as ladino or ladina . In the Middle Ages , the word Latin was frequently used to mean simply 'language', particularly one understood: a latiner or latimer meant a translator.) Following the Expulsion, Jews spoke of "the Ladino" to mean the word-for-word translation of the Bible into Old Spanish. By extension, it came to mean that style of Spanish generally in
1978-796: The variety of spoken in Judeo-Spanish in Italy ( Venice , Trieste , Ferrera ) and Budapest more closely followed the Northwest group. Egyptian Judeo-Spanish ( Alexandria , Cairo ) followed more the patterns of the Southeast Group. Levantine Judeo-Spanish ( Jerusalem , Jaffa , Hebron ) and Rhodesli Judeo-Spanish represented intermediate states, more similar to the Northeast group. Although Levantine Judeo-Spanish phonology and syntax, especially its usage of [ħ] , [ʕ] , [ʔ] , and [h]
2024-903: Was a mutual influence with the Judaeo-Portuguese of the Portuguese Jews . Contrast Judaeo-Spanish daínda ('still') with Portuguese ainda (Galician ainda or aínda , Asturian aína or enaína ) and Spanish aún or the initial consonants in Judaeo-Spanish fija , favla ('daughter,' 'speech'), Portuguese filha , fala Galician filha or filla , fala , Asturian fía , fala , Aragonese filla , fabla , Catalan filla ), Spanish hija , habla . It sometimes varied with dialect, as in Judaeo-Spanish popular songs, both fijo and hijo ('son') are found. The Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation of s as " [ʃ] " before
2070-426: Was increasingly influenced both by the language of study and by the local non-Jewish vernaculars, such as Greek and Turkish. It came to be known as Judesmo and, in that respect, the development is parallel to that of Yiddish . However, many speakers, especially among the community leaders, also had command of a more formal style, castellano , which was nearer to the Spanish at the time of the Expulsion. The grammar,
2116-569: Was unique enough to be defined separately. Differences between varieties usually include phonology and lexicon . The dialect spoken in the Macedonian city of Bitola (traditionally referred to as Monastir) has relatively many lexical differences as compared with other varieties of Judeao-Spanish. An example of this can be seen is the word for 'carriage'. In many dialects, such as those that were spoken in Istanbul and Thessaloniki , araba
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