114-619: Iloilo ( / ˌ ɪ l oʊ ˈ iː l oʊ / ih-loh- EE -loh ; [ɪlo.ˈilo] ), also called Iloilo Province , officially the Province of Iloilo ( Hiligaynon : Kapuoran sang Iloilo ; Kinaray-a : Kapuoran kang Iloilo/Kapuoran ka Iloilo ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Iloilo ; Spanish : Provincia de Iloílo ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region . Its capital and largest city
228-624: A UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Philippines . The province is also home to several other prominent structures, including the San Joaquin Campo Santo , San Joaquin Church , and Santa Barbara Church , all recognized as National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum of the Philippines . The province offers diverse attractions, from well-preserved colonial structures in the south to pristine beaches and islands in
342-522: A Western Bisayan language, while Capiznon is a Central Bisayan language closely related to Hiligaynon. Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron ('to forgive') [from patawad , 'forgiveness'] but not patawadon , and tagadiín ('from where') [from diín , 'where'] but not tagariín . There are four main vowels: /a/ , /i ~ ɛ/ , /o ~ ʊ/ , and /u/ . [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i ) are allophones , with [i] in
456-529: A Westerner's point of view. In June 1582, while he was in Arevalo ( Iloilo ), he wrote in his Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas the following observations: The island is the most fertile and well-provisioned of all the islands discovered, except the island of Luzon : for it is exceedingly fertile, and abounds in rice , swine , fowls , wax , and honey ; it produces also a great quantity of cotton and abacá fiber. "The villages are very close together, and
570-517: A difficult endeavor to achieve in the strait of Malacca, which was among the world's most hotly contested maritime choke-point where, today, one half of world trade passes through. The naval power of Pannai was successful in policing and defending the straits of Malacca for the Mandala of Srivijaya until the Chola invasion of Srivijaya occurred, wherein a surprise attack from behind, originating from
684-540: A dog. When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two. Example: Ido nga itom 'black dog' Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng , as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga , '(the) good morning', and maayong aga ,
798-468: A force of 1,000 Hiligaynon warriors and 70 Mexican arquebusiers under the command of Juan García de Sierra, the Spanish officer who died in the battle. The Spanish Christianized the area. Soon, the area itself began to prosper, due to its successful textile and sugar industry. As a result, it received Chinese immigrants from the west (that worked for its trades) and Latinos from the ports of Mexico in
912-562: A geographic and ethnographic study of certain districts of northern Luzon by Fr. Angel Perez). Additionally, the characters and places mentioned in the Maragtas book, like Rajah Makatunaw and Madj-as can be found in Ming Dynasty Annals and Arabic Manuscripts. However, the written dates go earlier since Rajah Makatunaw was recorded to have been from 1082 AD and was a descendant of Seri Maharajah (According to Chinese annals) while
1026-412: A lesser extent, Buddhists and Hindus. Poverty incidence of Iloilo Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Iloilo is one of the most competitive provinces in the Philippines, recognized for its strong economy, resilience, and effective governance. This collaboration has resulted in an economic boom that has generated thousands of jobs and propelled the province to become one of the richest in
1140-520: A militant-nation settled by warrior-monastics as evidenced by the temple ruins in the area as it was allied under the Srivijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca . The small kingdom traded with and simultaneously repulsed any unlicensed Chinese, Indonesian, Indian or Arab navies that often warred in or pirated the strait of Malacca and, for a small country, they were adept at taking down armadas larger than itself -
1254-632: A number of adventures, they arrived at the bay of Taal , which was also called Lake Bombon on Luzon . Datu Puti returned to Borneo by way of Mindoro and Palawan, while the rest settled in Lake Taal. The descendants of the Datus who settled by Lake Taal spread out in two general directions: one group settling later around Laguna de Bay , and another group pushing southward into the Bicol Peninsula . A discovery of an ancient tomb preserved among
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#17327867623071368-677: A portion of the Datu's blood in their veins. The Boxer Codex calls these Timawas : Knights and Hidalgos . The Spanish conquistador, Miguel de Loarca, described them as "free men, neither chiefs nor slaves" . In the late 17th century, the Spanish Jesuit priest Fr. Francisco Ignatio Alcina, classified them as the third rank of nobility (nobleza). To maintain purity of bloodline, Datus marry only among their kind, often seeking high-ranking brides in other Barangays, abducting them, or contracting brideprices in gold, slaves and jewelry. Meanwhile,
1482-551: A religion of their own. The Datu Class was at the top of a divinely sanctioned and stable social order in a Sakop or Kinadatuan ( Kadatuan in ancient Malay; Kedaton in Javanese; and Kedatuan in many parts of modern Southeast Asia), which is elsewhere commonly referred to also as barangay . This social order was divided into three classes. The Kadatuan (members of the Visayan Datu Class) were compared by
1596-499: A string of gold beads so long that it touched the ground when worn and, second, a salakot , or native hat covered with gold. The term for that necklace which survive in the present Kinaray-a language is Manangyad , from the Kiniray-a term sangyad , which means "touching the ground when worn". There were also a variety of many beads, combs, as well as pieces of cloth for the women and fancifully decorated weapons (Treaty-Blades) for
1710-551: A strong sense of community. Hiligaynon language Hiligaynon , also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisayâ/Bisayâ nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo , is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas , Negros Island Region , and Soccsksargen , most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people . It is the second-most widely spoken language in
1824-544: A variety of weapons and personal adornments, which were much superior to those known among the Negritos . Negotiations were conducted between the newcomers and the native Atis for the possession of a wide area of land along the coast, centering on the place called Andona , at a considerable distance from the original landing place. Some of the gifts of the Visayans in exchange of those lands are spoken of as being, first,
1938-449: A wand. Notable among the rituals performed by Babaylan was the pig sacrifice. Sometimes chicken were also offered. The sacrificial victims were placed on well adorned altars, together with other commodities and with the most exquisite local wine called Pangasi . The Babaylan would break into dance hovering around these offerings to the sound of drums and brass bells called Agongs , with palm leaves and trumpets made of cane. The ritual
2052-675: Is Iloilo City , the regional center of Western Visayas and politically independent from the province. Iloilo occupies the southeast portion of the Visayan island of Panay and is bordered by the province of Antique to the west, Capiz to the north, the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast, the Guimaras Strait to the east, and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest. Just off Iloilo's southeast coast
2166-460: Is a key economic driver in Passi City and nearby towns like Lambunao, Duenas, San Enrique, and Bingawan. In southern Iloilo, the economy is largely driven by tourism, with historical sites, colonial architecture, and coastal attractions in towns such as Tigbauan, Guimbal, Miagao, and San Joaquin playing a significant role in the local economy. The government of Iloilo was established in 1566 when
2280-728: Is also spoken in the neighboring provinces, such as Capiz , Antique , Aklan , Masbate , Palawan and Romblon as well as in some parts of Maguindanao . It is also spoken as a second language by Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental , Kinaray-a speakers in Antique , Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan , and Capiznon speakers in Capiz . The language is referred to as Ilonggo in Iloilo and Negros Occidental . More precisely, Ilonggo
2394-828: Is an ethno-linguistic group referring to the people living in southeastern Panay and its associated culture. The boundaries of the language called Ilonggo and that called Hiligaynon are unclear. The disagreement of which name is correct extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople. Iloilo is a Roman Catholic-predominated province comprising about 87% of the population. Independent Catholic and Protestant churches also exist such as members of Iglesia Filipina Independiente or Aglipayan Church, Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Adventists, and other Evangelical Christians; There are also non-Protestant and other Christian sects such as Iglesia Ni Cristo, Church of Christ of Latter day Saints (Mormons) and Jehovah's Witnesses while non-Christians are usually represented by Muslims, and to
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#17327867623072508-613: Is beautiful.' 'Sara is beautiful' (English) There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively. Example: Manamì mangín manggaránon. 'It is nice to become rich.' The Spanish copula estar ('to be') has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it
2622-843: Is called by the Visayans "Pag-aanito" . According to Augustinian Friar, Rev. Fr. Santaren, Datu Macatunao or Rajah Makatunao is the “sultan of the Moros,” and a relative of Datu Puti who seized the properties and riches of the ten datus. Robert Nicholls, a historian from Brunei identified Rajah Tugao, the leader of the Malano Kingdom of Sarawak, as the Rajah Makatunao referred to in the Maragtas. The Bornean warriors Labaodungon and Paybare, after learning of this injustice from their father-in-law Paiburong, sailed to Odtojan in Borneo where Makatunaw ruled. Using local soldiers recruited from
2736-568: Is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon (which incorporated some Cebuano and other languages due to the mass influx of migrants from Cebu , Bohol , Siquijor and Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao reside in the Soccsksargen area). Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon dialects of Hiligaynon. However, linguists have classified Kinaray-a as
2850-481: Is included for geographical purposes, Iloilo has an area of 5,079.17 square kilometres (1,961.08 sq mi). The province is bordered by the province of Antique to the west, Capiz to the north, the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast, the Visayan Sea and Guimaras Strait to the east, and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest. The province is divided into two distinct geographic regions;
2964-746: Is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas ( Iloilo , Capiz , and Guimaras ), Negros Island Region ( Negros Occidental ), and Soccsksargen ( South Cotabato including General Santos , Sultan Kudarat , and North Cotabato ). It is spoken in other neighboring provinces , such as Antique and Aklan in Western Visayas, Negros Oriental in Negros Island Region, Masbate in Bicol Region , and southern parts of Mindoro , Romblon and Palawan in Mimaropa . It
3078-597: Is more commonly used, which has rarely or never been used by other dialects of the language. Another example, amó iní , ('this is it') in Standard Hiligaynon can be simplified in Urban Hiligaynon and become 'mó'ní . Some of the other widely recognized dialects of the language, aside from Standard Hiligaynon and Urban Hiligaynon, are Bacolodnon Hiligaynon ( Metro Bacolod dialect), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental dialect that
3192-525: Is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino. A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filipino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing /k/ (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and
3306-532: Is now Cambodia), they and Sumatra were united in a rebellion against Rajah Makatunao who was a Chola appointed local Rajah. This oral legend of ancient Hiligaynons rebelling against Rajah Makatunao have corroboration in Chinese records during the Song Dynasty when Chinese scholars recorded that the ruler during a February 1082 AD diplomatic meeting, was Seri Maharaja, and his descendant was Rajah Makatunao and
3420-504: Is pronounced as istar and means 'to live (in)/location' (Compare with the Hiligaynon word puyô ). Example: Nagaistar ako sa tabuk suba. 'I live in tabuk suba'. Tabuk suba translates to 'other side of the river' and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo. To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used. Example: May EXIST idô dog (a)ko 1SG May idô (a)ko EXIST dog 1SG I have
3534-468: Is spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique , Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan , Capiznon speakers in Capiz , Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental , and spoken and understood by native speakers of Maguindanaon , Cebuano, Ilocano , Blaan , Tboli and other settler and indigenous languages in Soccsksargen in Mindanao . There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of
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3648-659: Is the subject and which is the object ; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang -marked noun is always the topic. In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics , karí , meaning 'to come to the speaker', and kadto , meaning 'to go yonder'. Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion ay of Tagalog/Filipino or hay of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo ) are written without any marker or copula. Examples: Si Sara ay maganda (Tagalog) Si Sara matahum / Gwapa si Sara (Hiligaynon) = 'Sara
3762-509: Is the first... It is very beautiful, very pleasant, and full of coconut palms... Near the river Alaguer ( Halaur ), which empties into the sea two leagues from the town of Dumangas..., in the ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island." Miguel de Loarca, who was among the first Spanish settlers in the Island, also made one of the earliest account about Panay and its people according to
3876-457: Is the island province of Guimaras , once part of Iloilo but now an independent province. Across Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait is Negros Occidental , occupying the northwestern half of the larger island of Negros . Iloilo City , its capital, is the center of the Iloilo–Guimaras metropolitan area or Metro Iloilo–Guimaras , and is geographically located in the province and grouped under it by
3990-404: Is used medially to indicate the glottal stop san-o 'when' gab-e 'evening; night'. It is also used in reduplicated words: adlaw-adlaw 'daily, every day', from adlaw 'day, sun'. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in pispis 'bird'. Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of /g/ and /ŋ/ , to separate
4104-572: The Bicolanos refers to some of the same gods and personages mentioned in a Panay manuscript examined by anthropologists during the 1920s. Other Datus settled in Negros Island and other Visayan islands. The original Panay settlements continued to grow and later split up into three groups: one of which remained in the original district (Irong-irong), while another settled at the mouth of Aklan River in northern Panay. The third group moved to
4218-711: The Boxer Codex to the titled Lords ( Señores de titulo ) in Spain. As Agalon or Amo ( Lords ), the Datus enjoyed an ascribed right to respect, obedience, and support from their Ulipon (Commoner) or followers belonging to the Third Order. These Datus had acquired rights to the same advantages from their legal "Timawa" or vassals (Second Order), who bind themselves to the Datu as his seafaring warriors. Timawas paid no tribute and rendered no agricultural labor. They had
4332-658: The Diwatas (A local adaptation of the Hindu or Buddhist Devata ). Early Spanish colonizers observed that some of these deities of the Confederation of Madja-as, have sinister characters, and so, the colonizers called them evil gods. These Diwatas live in rivers, forests, mountains, and the natives fear even to cut the grass in these places believed to be where the lesser gods abound. These places are described, even now (after more than four hundred years of Christianization of
4446-483: The Halaud River. An old manuscript ' Margitas' of uncertain date (discovered by the anthropologist H. Otley Beyer ) was said to have given interesting details about the laws, government, social customs, and religious beliefs of the early Visayans. The term Visayan was first applied only to them and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose
4560-548: The Iloilo Provincial Capitol . Historically, the governor, along with the alcalde-mayor and presidente municipal , held office at the Casa Real de Iloilo from 1869 until 2006, when the larger capitol building adjacent to it was completed. 1st District: 2nd District: 3rd District: 4th District: 5th District: Ex-officio Board Members: The old buildings in downtown Iloilo showcase
4674-829: The Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Our Lady of Candles), featuring processions, a grand fair, and traditional performances. The Pintados de Pasi is a cultural festival honors the tribal tradition of body painting known as pintados in Passi City . Every municipality, barangay, and district in the province and city of Iloilo, has its own cultural, social, and religious festivals. Many of these festivals hold religious significance, honoring deities , saints , or important religious events. Others commemorate historical milestones such as independence days, national holidays, or significant local happenings. Some festivals focus on social bonding, bringing people together and fostering
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4788-562: The Philippine Statistics Authority , but remains politically independent from the provincial government. According to the 2020 census, the population of the province (excluding Iloilo City) is 2,051,899. If Iloilo City is included, the population is 2,509,525 in total. Iloilo is known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is home to many Spanish-era historic sites, including the Miag-ao Church ,
4902-452: The Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency. Aside from Hiligaynon , the language is also referred to as Ilonggo , also spelled Ilongo , as it originated in Iloilo. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, that this is an incorrect usage of the word Ilonggo . In precise usage, these people opine that Ilonggo should be used only in relation to
5016-515: The Sultanate of Demak and the Sultanate of Malacca , eventually caused the move of the city center further on to the mouth of the Irong-Irong river founding what is now Iloilo City and constructing Fort San Pedro to defend it in 1616. Nevertheless, when the 4,000 Moros led by Sirungan and Salikala tried to attack Iloilo City they were repulsed with heavy losses in the town of Arevalo by
5130-516: The Visayan Sea and natural attractions like beaches and marine reserves. The central part of the province functions as an agri-industrial hub, producing a variety of agricultural products such as corn, rice, bananas, pineapples, and sugar. The highland areas, including Bucari in Leon and Alimodian , are known for high-value crops like strawberries and mangoes, and offer tourism opportunities through inland resorts and trekking sites. The sugar industry
5244-571: The Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages , and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages . It also has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines , despite it not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil , but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Hiligaynon
5358-727: The promontory between two rivers ( Iloilo and Batiano ) where the Fort San Pedro and the 17th-century Spanish port were located. No pre-Hispanic written accounts of Iloilo and Panay island exist today. Oral tradition, in the form of recited epics like the Hinilawod , has survived to a small degree. A few recordings of these epic poems exist. The most notable are the works of noted Filipino Anthropologist Felipe Jocano . While no current archaeological evidence exist describing pre-Hispanic Iloilo, an original work by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro published in 1907 called Maragtas details
5472-475: The " Primus inter pares " in their alliance network. Iloilo became a province of the newly fledged Republic of the Philippines when the archipelago gained independence from the United States on July 4, 1946. The province covers a total area of 5,000.83 square kilometres (1,930.83 sq mi) occupying the central and eastern section of Panay island in the Western Visayas region. If Iloilo City
5586-605: The 2020 census was 2,051,899 people, with a density of 410 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,100 inhabitants per square mile. If the highly urbanized city of Iloilo is included for statistical purposes, the province's total population is 2,509,525 people, with a density of 494/km (1,280/sq mi). People from Iloilo are called Ilonggos . There are three local languages used in the province: Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) , Kinaray-a and Capiznon . Hiligaynon and dialects/variants of it are spoken in Iloilo City and in some towns of
5700-464: The Aklan River and he was also appointed in charge of pacification and religious instruction. Pedro Sarmiento; was appointed for Batan, Francisco de Rivera; for Mambusao, Gaspar Ruiz de Morales; and for Panay town, Pedro Guillen de Lievana. Later (in 1569), Miguel López de Legazpi transferred the Spanish headquarters from Cebu to Panay. On 5 June 1569, Guido de Lavezaris, the royal treasurer in
5814-662: The Archipelago), Ribera mentioned that his aim was to make the inhabitants of that island " vassals of King Don Felipe... as are all the natives of the island of Panay, the Pintados Islands, and those of the island of Luzon... " In Book I, Chapter VII of the Labor Evangelica (published in Madrid in 1663), Francisco Colin, S.J. described the people of Iloilo as Indians who are Visayans in the strict sense of
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#17327867623075928-588: The Archipelago, wrote to Philip II reporting about the Portuguese attack to Cebu in the preceding autumn. A letter from another official, Andres de Mirandaola (dated three days later - 8 June), also described briefly this encounter with the Portuguese. The danger of another attack led the Spaniards to remove their camp from Cebu to Panay, which they considered a safer place. Legazpi himself, in his report to
6042-506: The Atis' way of distinguishing themselves from the white settlers. Following the religious ceremony, the priest indicated that it was the will of the gods that they should settle not at Andona , but rather at a place some distance to the east called Malandog (now a Barangay in Hamtik , Province of Antique , where there was both much fertile agricultural land and an abundant supply of fish in
6156-451: The Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech. (**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using fewer Spanish loan words. The case markers do not determine which noun
6270-717: The Code of Maragtas, a separate work from the Maragtas book, placed him at the 1200s. J. Carrol in his article: "The Word Bisaya in the Philippines and Borneo" (1960) thinks there might be indirect evidence in the possible affinity between the Visayans and Melanaos as he speculates that Makatunao is similar with the ancient leader of the Melanao in Sarawak , called "Tugau" or "Maha Tungao" (Maha or महत्, meaning 'great' in Sanskrit). Chinese annals and maps record Madja-as as marked with
6384-518: The Confederacy's territory), as mariit (enchanted and dangerous). The natives would make panabi-tabi (courteous and reverent request for permission) when inevitably constrained to pass or come near these sites. Miguel de Loarca in his Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (Arevalo: June 1582) described them. Some are the following: Some Spanish colonial historians, including Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino, would classify some heroes and demigods of
6498-485: The Datus keep their marriageable daughters secluded for protection and prestige. These well-guarded and protected highborn women were called Binukot , the Datus of pure descent (four generations) were called "Potli nga Datu" or "Lubus nga Datu" , while a woman of noble lineage (especially the elderly) are addressed by the inhabitants of Panay as "Uray" (meaning: pure as gold), e.g., Uray Hilway . The Visayans adored (either for fear or veneration) various gods called
6612-483: The De La Salle University who stated that, "Contrary to popular belief, the Monteclaro Maragtas is not a primary source of the legend but is rather more accurately a secondary source at best" as the story of the Maragtas also appeared in the Augustinian Friar, Rev. Fr. Tomas Santaren’s Bisayan Accounts of Early Bornean Settlements (originally a part of the appendice in the book, Igorrotes: estudio geográfico y etnográfico sobre algunos distritos del norte de Luzon Igorots:
6726-437: The Dinagyang, is a competition among cultural festivals from different parts of Iloilo and Western Visayas. The Paraw Regatta Festival is another significant event, celebrating the traditional sailboats known as paraws . This festival includes boat races, cultural presentations, and various activities showcasing the maritime culture of Iloilo. Jaro Fiesta, held every February, is a religious and cultural celebration in honor of
6840-420: The Panay epic Hinilawod , like Labaw Donggon , among these Diwatas. In the above-mentioned report of Miguel de Loarca, the Visayans' belief regarding the origin of the world and the creation of the first man and woman was recorded. The narrative says: The people of the coast, who are called Yligueynes , believed that the heaven and earth had no beginning and that there were two gods, one called Captan and
6954-429: The Philippines as well as fellow pioneers, the warriors sacked the city, killed Makatunaw and his family, retrieved the stolen properties of the 10 datus, enslaved the remaining population of Odtojan, and sailed back to Panay. Labaw Donggon and his wife, Ojaytanayon, later settled in a place called Moroboro . Afterwards there are descriptions of various towns founded by the datus in Panay and southern Luzon. According to
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#17327867623077068-405: The Philippines" with various renowned festivals in the country celebrated in the province. The Dinagyang Festival is the most popular and largest festival in Iloilo, held every January in honor of the Santo Niño in Iloilo City. It features elaborate street dancing, vibrant costumes, and a festive atmosphere that attracts both locals and tourists. The Kasadyahan Festival , which is celebrated during
7182-400: The Philippines, the inhabitants of Panay Island were originally from North Sumatra; especially from the polity of Pannai, after which the Island of Panay (called Ananipay by the Atis) was named after (i and y being interchangeable in Spanish). It was founded by Pannai loyalists who wanted to reestablish their state elsewhere following an occupation of their homeland. The polity of Pannai was
7296-468: The Philippines. Seeing how the actual Srivijayan Empire reached even the outer coast of Borneo, which is already neighboring the Philippines, Historian Robert Nicholl implied that the Srivijayans of Sumatra, Vijayans of Vijayapura at Brunei and the Visayans in the Philippines were all related and connected to each other since they form one contiguous area. According to the ancient tradition recorded by P. Francisco Colin, S.J., an early Spanish missionary in
7410-401: The Spanish colonizers called Arayas , which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya , or the current and more popular version Karay-a ('highlanders' – people of Iraya / highlands ). Similar to many languages in the Philippines , very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Standard Hiligaynon, is the dialect that is used in
7524-455: The Spanish settled a colonial center in Ogtong (now Oton ). Control was later shifted to La Villa Rica de Arevalo (now Arevalo, Iloilo City ) in 1581, which also served as the seat of the Spanish Government overseeing vast territories encompassing Iloilo, Capiz , Aklan , Antique , and surrounding islands such as Negros , Guimaras , Cuyo , Palawan , Caluya , Romblon , and Boracay . Over time, these territories gained independence. By 1616,
7638-421: The Viceroy in New Spain (dated 1 July 1569), mentioned the same reason for the relocation of Spaniards to Panay. It was in Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned, and launched on 8 May 1570. In 1716, the old Sakup (Sovereign Territory) of Aklan completely fell under the Iberian control, and became Spanish politico-military province under the name of Capiz. And so it remained for the next 240 years. During
7752-407: The Visayan " dialect " of Panay. This fact indicates that the ancient people of Panay called themselves as Visayans , for the Spaniards would have otherwise simply referred to them as "people of the Panay". This self-reference as Visayans as well as the appellative ( Panay - a riminescence of the State of Pannai) that these people give to the Island manifest a strong sign of their identification with
7866-445: The Yuan dynasty annals, the Nanhai zhi 南海志 (Dated on 1304), the Empire of Pon-i (Preislamic Brunei) conquered Yachen 啞陳 (present-day Oton, a part of Madja-as) as it also conquered Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila), Ma-i (in Mindoro), Meikun 美昆 Palawan Island (present-day Manukan), Puduan (AKA the Rajahnate of Butuan ), Sulu , Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Manaluonu 麻拿囉奴, and Wenduling 文杜陵 (present-day Mindanao) However, when Pon-i
7980-408: The absence of the letter "w" ("u" was formerly used in certain instances). The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an uppercase and lowercase variety. The apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and hyphen ⟨-⟩ also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters. The hyphen, in particular,
8094-409: The alleged accounts of the founding of the various pre-Hispanic polities on Panay Island. The book is based on oral and written accounts available to the author at the time. The author made no claim on the historical accuracy of the accounts. According to Maragtas, Madja-as was founded after ten datus fled Borneo and landed on Panay Island. The book then goes on to detail their subsequent purchase of
8208-489: The beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable. Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script . Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there
8322-759: The city of Yachen 啞陳 (Oton, which is a district in Panay). In the aftermath of the Indian Chola invasion of Srivijaya , Datu Puti led some dissident datus from Borneo (including present day Brunei which then was the location of the Vijayapura state which was a local colony of the Hindu-Buddhist Srivijaya empire and Vijayapura itself upon earlier in its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, Funan Civilization , previously located in what
8436-468: The coastal lands in which they settled from the native Ati people. Datu Paiburong, one of the ten fleeing datus, established a settlement and named it Irong-Irong after an islet of the same name on the Batiano River. Spain eventually succeeded on conquering of the island of Panay when Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi moved his headquarters from the island of Cebu and creating
8550-443: The country. Its capital, Iloilo City, is one of the largest cities in the country in terms of economic activity. It serves as the economic center of the province and supports a wide range of industries and services, including real estate, accommodation, healthcare, education, retail, business, and IT/BPO sectors. It also functions as a key port for domestic and international trade. The city's diverse economy significantly contributes to
8664-596: The district called Hantik. These settlements continued to exist down to the time of the Spanish regime and formed centers, around which the later population of the three provinces of Iloilo , Capiz , and Antique grew up. The early Bornean settlers in Panay were not only seafaring. They were also a river-based people. They were very keen in exploring their rivers. In fact, this was one of the few sports they loved so much. The Island's oldest and longest epic Hinilawod recounts legends of its heroes' adventures and travels along
8778-512: The early part of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the Spanish Augustinian Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A. described Panay as: "...very similar to that of Sicily in its triangular form, as well as in its fertility and abundance of provision. It is the most populated island after Manila and Mindanao, and one of the largest (with over a hundred leagues of coastline). In terms of fertility and abundance, it
8892-622: The east (to man its military installations). The Jesuits soon built a school for Spanish and Visayan boys in Tigbauan , Iloilo. Later in the 1700s, Iloilo was home to 166 Spanish Filipino families and 29,723 native families. During the American colonial period, Iloilo became a home to many firsts: including the first department stores and cinema theaters in the Commonwealth of the Philippines . Iloilo experienced severe devastation during
9006-687: The encomienda in Ogtong was moved to La Villa Rica de Arevalo , because of frequent coastal raids by the Dutch privateers. Furthermore, an attack in the year 1600 (Part of the Spanish–Moro conflict ) where there was a large Muslim armada to destroy Iloilo City, led by two Moros named Sirungan and Salikala who lead the Muslim force of 70 ships and 4,000 warriors that had raided and attacked several Visayan islands in order to abduct slaves to sell to their allies in
9120-459: The ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople. Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among
9234-580: The events of World War II. The Japanese built "comfort stations" in Iloilo in 1942, where they imprisoned Filipino " comfort women " who they routinely gang-raped, brutalized, and murdered for entertainment. Nevertheless, during the Japanese occupation, Macario Peralta Jr. , freed most of Panay (with little exceptions) from Japanese Imperialism, thus other allied guerillas in other provinces from Romblon , Palawan , Marinduque and portions of Masbate and Mindoro , considered majority liberated Panay Island ,
9348-546: The expedition had landed, the Malay migrants from Borneo came in contact with the native people of the Island, who were called Atis or Agtas . Some writers have interpreted these Atis as Negritos . Other sources present evidence that they were not at all the original people of Negrito type, but were rather tall, dark-skinned austronesian type. These native Atis lived in villages of fairly well-constructed houses. They possessed drums and other musical instruments, as well as
9462-623: The first Spanish settlement in the island in Ogtong in 1566. This is mainly due in part to the rivalries between the Bisaya and the Moro , of which the former found an ally in Spanish against the latter. The Bisayas accepted alliances with Spain, to defend themselves against the enslaving Moros. To this end, Iloilo contributed troops in the Castille War against the Sultanate of Brunei . In 1581,
9576-529: The greeting for 'good morning'. The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun. Madja-as Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The Confederation of Madja-as was a legendary pre-colonial supra- baranganic polity on the island of Panay in the Philippines . It was mentioned in Pedro Monteclaro's book titled Maragtas . It was supposedly created by Datu Sumakwel to exercise his authority over all
9690-449: The high-borne scholars, soldiers and nobles of Pannai who refused to swear allegiance to a treacherous invading empire, faithfully followed their kings, the "datus" and "fled to other islands." Furthermore, an older Muslim Historian, Ibn Said, quoted Arabic texts that state that to the north of Muja (Arabic name for Northwest Borneo) lies the island of Mayd in the Philippines, and Mayd forms a similar orthography to Madj(a)-as. Soon after
9804-481: The highlands of the Central Panay Mountain Range on the western border and the lowland plains which account for a larger portion of the province. Small islands east of its northernmost tip also dot the Visayan Sea - of these, Pan de Azucar and Sicogon are well-known. Mount Baloy is the highest mountain in Iloilo with an elevation of 6,424 feet (1,958 m) above sea level, located on
9918-610: The influence of Spanish architecture, reflecting the historical presence of the Spaniards in the region. However, even before the arrival of the Mexicans, Spaniards, and other Europeans, Iloilo had already established trade relations with ancient Indonesians , Malaysians and Vietnamese , Indian , Arab , Chinese , Korean and Japanese merchants. The Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade in Iloilo, although they were not granted land ownership privileges. Over time, intermarriage between foreign merchants, Spaniards, and
10032-399: The island of Cebu is also healthful and had a good climate, most of its inhabitants are always afflicted with the itch and buboes. In the island of Panay, the natives declare that no one of them had ever been afflicted with buboes until the people from Bohol - who, as we said above, abandoned Bohol on account of the people of Maluco - came to settle in Panay, and gave the disease to some of
10146-436: The largest central business district (CBD) in Iloilo. Leganes is notable for its light industries and hosts the province's first agro-industrial economic zone, contributing to both agriculture and light manufacturing. Santa Barbara is known for its historical sites and a growing tourism industry. The northern part of Iloilo is notable for its robust fishing industry and expanding tourism sector, benefiting from its proximity to
10260-512: The letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word gin-gaan 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as gingaan /gi.ŋaʔan/ as opposed to /gin.gaʔan/ . In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words. Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive , ergative , and oblique . These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though
10374-703: The locals led to the emergence of the Mestizo class, who eventually became the ruling class of the Ilonggos, known as the Principalía . Iloilo is also home to two of the nation's cultural minorities: the Sulod-Bukidnon and the Ati . These indigenous groups contribute to the cultural diversity of the province and add to its vibrant tapestry of traditions and customs. Iloilo is dubbed as the "Festival Capital of
10488-447: The man asked the woman to marry him for there were no other people in the world; but she refused, saying they were brother and sister, born of the same reed, with only one know between them. Finally, they agreed to ask the advice from the tunnies of the sea and from the doves of the earth. They also went to the earthquake, which said that it was necessary for them to marry, so that the world might be peopled. The Visayans believed that when
10602-513: The men. The sale was celebrated by a feast of friendship between the newcomers and the natives, following which the latter formally turned over possession of the settlement. Afterwards a great religious ceremony and sacrifice was performed in honor of the settlers' ancient gods, by the priest whom they had brought with them from Borneo. The Atis were the ones who referred to the Borneans as mga Bisaya , which some historians would interpret as
10716-449: The natives. For these reasons the governor, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, founded the town of Arevalo, on the south side of this island; for the island runs north and south, and on that side live the majority of the people, and the villages are near this town, and the land here is more fertile." "The Ilongga women distinguish themselves in courage, exhibiting feats that are beyond the expectations of their gender." "The island of Panay provides
10830-634: The north, namely the Bantigue Sand Bar, the Tangke Lagoon, Cabugao Island , and Antonia Island, all part of the Islas de Gigantes . Additionally, Sicogon Island , situated south of the group of islands, has gained popularity as a luxury tourist destination. The name of the province is derived from Iloilo City , which in turn is derived from the older name "Irong-irong" ( Philippine Spanish : Irong̃-írong̃ ) meaning "nose-like", referring to
10944-566: The occupied capital, rendered the militant polity of Pannai vulnerable from an unprotected assault from the back flank. The Chola invaders eventually destroyed the polity of Pannai and its surviving soldiers, royals and scholars were said to have been secreted-out eastwards. In their 450 years of occupying Sumatra, they refused to be enslaved to Islam , Taoism or Hinduism after the polity's dissolution. The people who stayed behind in Pannai, themselves, have an oral tradition wherein they said that
11058-453: The other Maguayen . They believed that the breeze and the sea were married; and that the land breeze brought forth a reed, which was planted by the god Captan. When the reed grew, it broke into two sections, from which came a man and a woman. To the man they gave the name Silalac , and that is the reason why men from that time on have been called lalac ; the woman they named Sicavay , and henceforth women have been called babaye ...' One day
11172-651: The other datus of Panay. Like the Maragtas and the Code of Kalantiaw , the historical authenticity of the confederation is disputed, as no other documentation for Madja-as exists outside of Monteclaro's book. However, the notion that the Maragtas is an original work of fiction by Monteclaro is disputed by a 2019 Thesis, named "Mga Maragtas ng Panay: Comparative Analysis of Documents about the Bornean Settlement Tradition" by Talaguit Christian Jeo N. of
11286-481: The overall development of the province. Metro Iloilo, which includes the neighboring municipalities of Pavia, Oton, Leganes, and Santa Barbara, also plays a significant role in the province's economy. Pavia is known as an agricultural-industrial center, combining farming with industrial developments, and is also recognized for its commercial centers and residential developments. Oton contributes with its agricultural production and emerging retail sector, and will soon host
11400-531: The people are peaceful and open to conversion. The land is healthful and well-provisioned, so that the Spaniards who are stricken in other islands go thither to recover their health." The Visayans are physically different from the Malays of Luzon, and can be distinguished by the fact that Visayans are fairer in complexion. Because of this trait, there was an old opinion about these Visayans originating from Makassar . "The natives are healthy and clean, and although
11514-591: The people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod (" los [naturales] de la playa ") in Iloilo, Panay, whom Spanish explorer Miguel de Loarca called Yligueynes (or the more popular term Hiligaynon , also referred to by the Karay-a people as Siná ). The term Hiligaynon came from the root word ilig ('to go downstream'), referring to a flowing river in Iloilo. In contrast, the Kinaray-a has been used by what
11628-484: The plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga (a contracted spelling for /maŋa/ ), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon. (*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite , while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the ; however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by sang . It appears in conservative translations of
11742-542: The precursor civilization of the Srivijayan Empire. Gabriel Rivera, a captain of the Spanish royal infantry in the Philippine Islands, also distinguished Panay from the rest of the Pintados Islands. In his report (dated 20 March 1579) regarding a campaign to pacify the natives living along the rivers of Mindanao (a mission he received from Dr. Francisco de Sande , Governor and Captain-General of
11856-642: The priests or priestesses to offer ceremonies and prayers so that he might go to the place of rest in heaven. The spiritual leaders of the confederation were called Babaylan . Most of the Babaylan were women who, for some reasons, the colonizers described as " lascivious " and astute. On certain ceremonial occasions, they put on elaborate apparel, which appear bizarre to Spaniards. They would wear yellow false hair, over which some kind of diadem adorn and, in their hands, they wielded straw fans. They were assisted by young apprentices who would carry some thin cane as for
11970-512: The province of Iloilo , primarily in the northern and eastern portions of the province. It has a more traditional and extensive vocabulary, whereas the Urban Hiligaynon dialect spoken in Metro Iloilo has a more simplified or modern vocabulary. For example, the term for 'to wander,' 'to walk,' or 'to stroll' in Urban Hiligaynon is lágaw , which is also widely used by most of the Hiligaynon speakers, whereas in Standard Hiligaynon, dayán
12084-577: The province of Romblon . In fact, even at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu , Bohol , and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados . The name Visayan was later extended to them because, as several of the early writers state (especially in the writings of the Jesuit Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro published in 1801), albeit erroneously, their languages are closely allied to
12198-633: The province, especially to the northeast. Tagalog and English are widely used as administrative, educational, and commercial languages. Hiligaynon is concentrated in the city of Iloilo and surrounding areas, as well as the northeastern portion of the province, Guimaras and the Negros Island (especially in Negros Occidental and to a lesser extent in Negros Oriental ), as well as the provinces of South Cotabato , Sultan Kudarat , and North Cotabato in Soccsksargen , Mindanao . It
12312-479: The sea. After nine days, the entire group of newcomers was transferred to Malandog . At this point, Datu Puti announced that he must now return to Borneo. He appointed Datu Sumakwel, the oldest, wisest and most educated of the datus, as chief of the Panayan settlement. Not all the Datus , however, remained in Panay. Two of them, with their families and followers, set out with Datu Puti and voyaged northward. After
12426-518: The seat of government was transferred to La Punta, now known as Iloilo City Proper . This relocation marked a significant increase in colonial power, and the city's economy boomed, making it the largest in the Philippines after Manila during the Spanish period until the American period . The Governor of Iloilo serves as the local chief executive of the province, with the official office located at
12540-550: The time comes for a person to die, the diwata Pandaki visits him to bring about death. Magwayen , the soul ferry god, carries the souls of the Yligueynes to the abode of the dead called Solad . But when a bad person dies, Pandaki brings him to the place of punishment in the abode of the dead, where his soul will wait to move on to the Ologan or heaven. While the dead is undergoing punishment, his family could help him by asking
12654-711: The triple border of Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique. Other peaks are Mount Llorente 4,409 ft. (1,344m), Mount Sansanan 4,219 ft. (1,286m), Mount Napulak 4,095 ft. (1,248 m), Mount Balabag 3,728 ft. (1,136m). Expansive fishponds and mangrove wetlands are found along the coasts and rivers of Iloilo City and the towns of Oton , Leganes , Zarraga , Dumangas , Anilao , Banate , Barotac Viejo , Barotac Nuevo , Ajuy , Balasan and Carles . List of peaks in Iloilo by elevation: List of rivers in Iloilo by length: The Province of Iloilo consists of 42 municipalities and two cities (one component and one highly urbanized ). The population of Iloilo in
12768-488: The word ( Indios en rigor Bisayas ), observing also that they have two different languages: Harayas and Harigueynes , which are actually the Karay-a and Hiligaynon languages. Before the advent of the Spaniards, the settlements of this confederation already had a developed civilization, with defined social mores and structures, enabling them to form an alliance, as well as with a sophisticated system of beliefs, including
12882-762: Was in turn invaded by the Maharaja of Majapahit, Pon-i's vassals in the Philippines rebelled and Sulu even invaded and sacked Northeast Borneo and stole 2 sacred pearls from the Pon-i king. The Spaniards landed in Batan (in Panay's northeastern territory, which is currently called Province of Aklan ), in 1565. Following the Spanish conquest, the locals became Christians. Father Andres Urdaneta baptized thousands of Aklanons in 1565, and consequently these settlements were named Calivo . Legazpi then parceled Aklan to his men. Antonio Flores became encomiendero for all settlements along
12996-508: Was together with Sang Aji (grandfather to Sultan Muhammad Shah). Madja-as could have an even earlier history since Robert Nicholl stated that a Bruneian (Vijayapuran) and Madjas (Mayd) alliance had existed against China as early as the 800s. According to the Maragtas the dissidents against new Rajah's rule and their retinue, tried to revive Srivijaya in a new country called Madja-as in the Visayas islands (an archipelago named after Srivijaya) in
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