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45-468: Iqaluit ( / i ˈ k æ l u ɪ t / ee- KAL -oo-it ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ , [iqaluit] , lit.   ' place of many fish ' ; French: [i.ka.lu.it] ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut . It is the territory's largest community and its only city. It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987, after the large bay on the coast on which

90-595: A large flat area suitable for a landing strip. The wartime airstrip was known as Crystal Two, was part of the Crimson Route and operates today as Iqaluit Airport . It had long been used as a campsite and fishing spot by the Inuit, who called it Iqaluit – "place of many fish" in Inuktitut . The US and Canadian authorities named it Frobisher Bay , after the name of the body of water it borders. In 1949, after

135-424: A population of 7,429 living in 2,708 of its 3,297 total private dwellings, a change of -4% from its 2016 population of 7,740. With a land area of 51.58 km (19.92 sq mi), it had a population density of 144.0/km (373.0/sq mi) in 2021. The median value of these dwellings is $ 376,639, quite a bit higher than the national median at $ 280,552. The average household has about 2.8 people living in it, and

180-628: A single station on Niaqunngusiariaq. The emergency services fleet consists of: Iqaluit Airport Emergency Services is responsible for fire services at the airport. Following a fire at the airport in 1998, the Government of Nunavut re-opened the fire station at the airport. Their fleet consists of: Policing in Iqaluit, as with the rest of Nunavut, is contracted to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) V Division and

225-504: A volunteer-run annual spring festival. Called Toonik Tyme it involves a combination of traditional Inuit activities combined with more modern events, while the Alianait Music and Arts Festival is held for a week each 21 June. The festival has attracted Canadian and international artists such as Joshua Haulli , Quantum Tangle , Washboard Hank and Namgar . In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada , Iqaluit had

270-730: Is called Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics . The first efforts to write Inuktitut came from Moravian missionaries in Greenland and Labrador in the mid-19th century using Latin script. The first book printed in Inuktitut using Cree script was an 8-page pamphlet known as Selections from the Gospels in the dialect of the Inuit of Little Whale River ( ᒋᓴᓯᑊ ᐅᑲᐤᓯᐣᑭᐟ , "Jesus' words"), printed by John Horden in 1855–56 at Moose Factory for Edwin Arthur Watkins to use among

315-628: Is dominated by the valley of the Sylvia Grinnell River. A small visitor's centre with viewing platform is located on top of a hill overlooking scenic waterfalls, tidal flats and traditional fishing sites. Nearby on an island near Peterhead Inlet, is the Qaummaarviit Territorial Park . It is a site with a long Inuit history and numerous artifacts have been recovered, including the remains of 11 semi-buried sod houses . A little farther, across Frobisher Bay, are

360-520: Is due to the city's isolation and heavy dependence on expensive imported supplies, as the city, like the rest of Nunavut, has no road or rail, and only has ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada. The city has a polar climate , influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island —this makes the city of Iqaluit cold, although it is well south of

405-668: Is functional—designed to minimize material costs, while retaining heat and withstanding the climate. Early architecture runs from the 1950s military barracks of the original DEW line installation, through the 1970s white hyper-modernist fibreglass block of the Nakasuk School and Municipal Offices and Arena, to the lines of the steel-reinforced concrete high-rise complex on the hill above it. A number of older Hudson's Bay Company and early 1950s buildings have been retained and restored in Apex (the former nursing station has been revived as

450-407: Is known in Inuktitut as Niaqunngut . It is located on a small peninsula separating Koojesse Inlet from Tarr Inlet. There is a women's shelter, a church, a primary school ( Nanook Elementary School ), a design shop and a bed and breakfast in the community. Apex was where most Inuit lived when Iqaluit was a military site and off-limits to anyone not working at the base. Much of Iqaluit's architecture

495-468: The Arctic Archipelago , with the summer being the wettest season. Temperatures of the winter months are comparable to other northern communities further west on the continent such as Yellowknife and to some extent even Fairbanks, Alaska , even though Iqaluit is a few degrees colder than the latter. Summer temperatures are, however, much colder due to its easterly maritime position affected by

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540-789: The Arctic Circle . As of the 2021 Canadian census , the population was 7,429 ( population centre : 6,991), a decrease of 4.0 percent from the 2016 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada. Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut (singular: Iqalummiuq ). Iqaluit has been a traditional fishing location used by Inuit and their predecessors, the Paleo-Eskimo ( Dorset culture ) and Thule , for thousands of years. The name, Iqaluit, comes from Inuktitut Iqaluit (ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ), which means place of many fish . World War II resulted in an influx of non-Inuit to

585-514: The Arctic willow ( Salix arctica ). The Arctic willow may be up to around 7.6 m (25 ft) horizontally, but only 150 mm (6 in) tall. The climate of Iqaluit is also colder than Gulf Stream locations on the same latitude. For example, the Norwegian city of Trondheim has an annual mean temperature that is 15.2 °C (27.4 °F) milder. The lowest temperature ever recorded

630-682: The Katannilik Territorial Park Reserve and the Soper River , a Canadian Heritage River , forming a park corridor linking Iqaluit along traditional overland travel routes with Kimmirut (formerly Lake Harbour). Frobisher Bay extends for almost 110 km (70 mi) to the east, with moderate hills, glaciers and traditional and summer camp sites, opening into the Davis Strait , which divides Nunavut from Greenland. Iqaluit, like many Nunavut communities, has

675-629: The Mackenzie River delta, the western Arctic islands and Alaska . The Inuktitut script ( titirausiq nutaaq ) is commonly presented as a syllabary . The dots on the letters in the table mark long vowels ; in the Latin transcription, the vowel is doubled. For geminate consonants , the final consonant symbol is placed before the CV syllabic, for instance - kk u-, - nnu - are rendered ᒃ ᑯ and ᓐ ᓄ respectively. The Makivik Corporation expanded

720-491: The Frobisher Inn Fitness Centre, in the W.G. Brown Building/Astro Hill Complex , a golf course, outdoor basketball courts, soccer nets, seasonal outdoor ice rinks, a shooting range, a skatepark, and more. The city's infrastructure is stressed by growth and lack of means to upgrade. Waste from the city is disposed of into an open air dump on Akilliq Drive (West 40) located south of the city. Although

765-491: The Igloo Cathedral, was opened on 3 June 2012. The unique building, in the shape of an igloo, has traditionally been a landmark and tourist attraction in Iqaluit, besides its important spiritual role for Iqalummiut (people of Iqaluit). On a ridge overlooking the city is the distinctive blue and white Inuksuk High School . The school is made up of four square sections joined that give a cloverleaf shape when viewed from

810-467: The Inuit at Fort George . In November 1865, Horden and Watkins met in London under Henry Venn 's direction to adapt Cree syllabics to the Inuktitut language. In the 1870s, Edmund Peck , another Anglican missionary, started printing according to that standard. Other missionaries, and later linguists in the employ of the Canadian and American governments, adapted the Latin alphabet to the dialects of

855-618: The Rannva Bed and Breakfast, the HBC buildings as an art gallery). The newer buildings are more colourful and diverse, and closer to the norms of southern architecture. The principal exception is the Nunavut Legislative Assembly Building , which is remarkable for its colourful interior, adorned with some of the very best in Inuit art. A new legislative building is in planning to be developed and built outside

900-631: The air. The city is also the location of the Nunatta Sunakkutaangit Museum , which houses a large collection of Inuit and Arctic objects. The museum is housed in a restored and extended Hudson's Bay Company building, clad in the HBC signature red and white, transported to Iqaluit from its original site on the Apex Beach. Just west of Iqaluit is the Sylvia Grinnell Territorial Park . This park

945-525: The area in 1942, when the United States built Frobisher Bay Air Base there, on a long-term lease from the Government of Canada , in order to provide a stop-over and refuelling site for the short-range aircraft being ferried to Europe to support the war effort. Iqaluit's first permanent resident was Nakasuk , an Inuk guide who helped United States Army Air Forces planners to choose a site with

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990-537: The area. Nanook Elementary School , located in Apex, Nakasuk School and Joamie Ilinniarvik School offer kindergarten to grade 5. Aqsarniit Ilinniarvik School offers grades 6 to 8 and Inuksuk High School offers grades 9 to 12. The Commission scolaire francophone du Nunavut runs École des Trois-Soleils and offers kindergarten to grade 12. At the post-secondary level there are two, Nunavut Arctic College (Nunatta Campus) and Akitsiraq Law School . Emergency services (fire and ambulance) are provided by city from

1035-419: The average family has 1.4 children living at home with them. The median (after-tax) household income in Iqaluit is quite high, $ 98,921, almost double the national rate at $ 54,089. The median income for an individual in the city, is also high, $ 60,688. 5.9 per cent of people (over 15 years old) are either divorced or separated, which is quite a bit lower than the national rate at 8.6 per cent. Also, 53.3 per cent of

1080-402: The city has water treatment facilities, raw sewage from the city is often dumped untreated into nearby Frobisher Bay . Inuktitut syllabics The name qaniujaaqpait [qaniujaːqpaˈit] derives from the root qaniq , meaning "mouth". The alternative, Latin-based writing system is named qaliujaaqpait ( ᖃᓕᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ ), and it derives from qaliit , a word describing

1125-632: The city is home to the divisional headquarters. Qikiqtani General Hospital is the primary care facility in the city. There is also a Family Practice Clinic providing primary care services by Nurse Practitioners. Two dental clinics exist in the city. Iqaluit features two arenas, the Arctic Winter Games Arena and Arnaitok, the Iqaluit Aquaplex, a curling rink, the Timmianut Pikiuqarvik disc golf course ,

1170-544: The city is situated. The northernmost city in Canada, its traditional Inuktitut name was restored in 1987. In 1999, Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories. Before this event, Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada, with population and economic growth highly limited. This

1215-579: The city on the Apex Road. Another distinctive building is St. Jude's Anglican Cathedral , see of the Anglican Diocese of The Arctic , which is a white building shaped like an igloo . The old St Jude's Cathedral, also in the shape of an igloo, was built in 1972 but arson severely affected the Cathedral structure and interior on 5 November 2005, and it was demolished on 1 June 2006. Its altar

1260-477: The closure of CFI later that year. The American military left Iqaluit in 1963, as their development of the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) diminished the strategic value of the DEW line and Arctic airbases. Canada continued to operate an administrative and logistical centre for much of the eastern Arctic at Frobisher Bay. In 1964, the first local elections were held for a community council, and in 1979 for

1305-461: The community, and several hundred Inuit followed, to take advantage of the access to jobs and medical care provided by the base operations. By 1957, 489 of the town's 1,200 residents were reported to be Inuit. After 1959, the Canadian government established permanent services at Frobisher Bay, including full-time doctors, a school, and social services. The Inuit population grew rapidly in response, as

1350-567: The first mayor. The founding of the Gordon Robertson Educational Centre, now Inuksuk High School , in the early 1970s at Iqaluit confirmed the government's commitment to the community as an administrative centre. At the time of its founding, this was the sole high school operating in what constituted more than one-seventh of Canadian territory. On 1 January 1987, the name of the municipality was changed from "Frobisher Bay" to "Iqaluit" – aligning official usage with

1395-583: The government encouraged Inuit to settle permanently in communities supported by government services. Naval Radio Station (NRS) Frobisher Bay (HMCS Frobisher Bay), callsign CFI, was established in July 1954 as a result of the closure of NRS Chimo, Quebec. Station CFI was part of the Supplementary Radio network. Because of its remoteness and size, it was very expensive to operate. Renamed CFS Frobisher Bay in 1966, advancing technology eventually forced

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1440-612: The host city for the 2010 meeting of the Group of Seven finance ministers, held on 5–6 February. The requirements for the international meeting strained the northern communications technology infrastructure and required supplemental investment. Iqaluit is the northernmost city in Canada, at 63 degrees north of the Equator . Iqaluit is located in the Everett Mountains , which rise from Koojesse Inlet, an inlet of Frobisher Bay, on

1485-483: The markings or the grain in rocks. Titirausiq nutaaq [titiʁauˈsiq nuˈtaːq] meaning "new writing system" is to be seen in contrast to titirausiit nutaunngittut ( ᑎᑎᕋᐅᓰᑦ ᓄᑕᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᑦ ), the "old syllabics" used before the reforms of 1976. Inuktitut is one variation on Canadian Aboriginal syllabics , and can be digitally encoded using the Unicode standard. The Unicode block for Inuktitut characters

1530-434: The most Inuit in both numbers (3,900) and per centages (59.1 per cent), of all Canadian cities with populations greater than 5,000. There is no "majority mother tongue " in Iqaluit, as 45.4 percent reported their mother tongue as being English, and 45.4 percent also reported their mother tongue as Inuktitut . English is spoken by 97.2 percent of Iqaluit residents, however, whereas only 53.1 percent can speak Inuktitut. French

1575-480: The name that the Inuit population had always used, although many documents were made that referred to Iqaluit as Frobisher Bay for several years after 1987. In the non-binding 1995 Nunavut capital plebiscite , held 11 December, the residents of what would become the new territory selected Iqaluit (over Rankin Inlet ) to serve as the future capital. On 19 April 2001, it was designated a city. Canada designated Iqaluit as

1620-433: The official version of the script to restore the ai-pai-tai column. The common diphthong ai has generally been represented by combining the a form with a stand-alone letter ᐃ i. This fourth-vowel variant had been removed so that Inuktitut could be typed and printed using IBM Selectric balls in the 1970s. The reinstatement was justified on the grounds that modern printing and typesetting equipment no longer suffers

1665-421: The population is either married or living with a common law partner. Iqaluit has quite a young population, the median age of the population is more than 10 years younger than the national rate, 30.1 years old compared to 40.6 years old. For those over the age of 25: The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 750 persons or 10.3% of the total population of Iqaluit. Of

1710-470: The restrictions of earlier typewriting machinery. The ai-pai-tai column is used only in Nunavik. CFS Frobisher Bay Canadian Forces Station Frobisher Bay , also known as NRS Frobisher Bay, was a military high-frequency direction-finding station located on Baffin Island at what is now Iqaluit , Nunavut . It opened in July 1954 and closed on July 11, 1966. This Canadian military article

1755-577: The southeast part of Baffin Island. It is well to the east of Nunavut's mainland, and northeast of Hudson Bay . Iqaluit has a tundra climate ( Köppen : ET , Trewartha : Ftkd ) typical of the Arctic region, although it is well outside the Arctic Circle . The city features long, cold winters and brief, cool summers. Average monthly temperatures are below freezing for eight months of the year. Iqaluit averages just over 400 mm (16 in) of precipitation annually, much wetter than many other localities in

1800-454: The total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (195 persons or 26.0%), Cameroon (50 persons or 6.7%), United Kingdom (40 persons or 5.3%), Nigeria (40 persons or 5.3%), Zimbabwe (40 persons or 5.3%), United States of America (35 persons or 4.7%), India (25 persons or 3.3%), Pakistan (20 persons or 2.7%), China (20 persons or 2.7%), Jamaica (20 persons or 2.7%), and Ethiopia (20 persons or 2.7%). As of 2016, Iqaluit has

1845-642: The war, the Hudson's Bay Company moved its south Baffin operations to the neighbouring valley of Niaqunngut , officially called Apex , in order to use the airfield. In the mid-1950s, the population of Frobisher Bay increased rapidly during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW line), a system of defensive radar stations—see North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Hundreds of mostly non-Inuit construction workers, military personnel, and administrative staff moved into

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1890-516: The waters of the cold Baffin Island Current . This means that the tree line is much further south in the eastern part of Canada, being as southbound, in spite of low elevation, as northern Labrador . Although it is north of the natural tree line, there are some short, south-facing imported black spruce ( Picea mariana ) specimens protected by snowdrifts in the winter, in addition to a few shrubs , which are woody plants . These include

1935-426: Was built by the parishioners, under the guidance of Markoosie Peter, a traditional master carpenter. It was shaped like a traditional Inuit sled, and the cross composed of two crossed narwhal tusks. In December 2010, the exterior of a similarly shaped replacement cathedral was completed, and interior work was planned for 2011 with a potential opening for Christmas 2011. The current building, informally referred to as

1980-557: Was the mother tongue of 4.8 percent of the population, which is the same figure of the population who can speak the language. As of 2012, "Pirurvik, Iqaluit's Inuktitut language training centre, has a new goal: to train instructors from Nunavut communities to teach Inuktitut in different ways and in their own dialects when they return home." According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Iqaluit included: The Qikiqtani School Operations based in Pond Inlet operates five schools in

2025-512: Was −45.6 °C (−50.1 °F) on 10 February 1967. The highest temperature ever recorded in Iqaluit was 26.8 °C (80.2 °F) on 21 July 2008. Apex (Niaqunngut) , officially and functionally part of the City of Iqaluit, is a small community about 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast ( 63°43′20″N 068°26′56″W  /  63.72222°N 68.44889°W  / 63.72222; -68.44889  ( Apex ) ) from Iqaluit's centre and

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