Misplaced Pages

#733266

151-579: Ducasse was born in Montevideo , Uruguay , to François Ducasse, a French consular officer, and his wife Jacquette-Célestine Davezac. Very little is known about Isidore's childhood, except that he was baptized on 16 November 1847 in the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral and that his mother died soon afterwards, possibly due to an epidemic. Jean-Jacques Lefrère suggests she may have committed suicide, although concludes there

302-468: A Bonapartist . Dantès's neighbor, Caderousse, is present; he too is jealous of Dantès, but although he objects to the plot, he becomes too drunk to prevent it. On the day of his wedding, Dantès is arrested, but the cowardly Caderousse stays silent. Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, is Noirtier's son. Knowing that it would destroy his political career for it to be known that his father

453-426: A Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) in a middle latitude, the city experiences the four seasons. It has cool winters (June to August), warm to hot summers (December to February), mild autumns (March to May) and volatile springs (September to November); The climate is characterized by having mild temperatures, without harsh cold or extreme heat. There are numerous thunderstorms but no tropical cyclones. Rainfall

604-459: A literary classic today. According to Lucy Sante , " The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization's literature." On the day in 1815 when Napoleon escapes from Elba , Edmond Dantès sails the Pharaon into Marseille after the death of the captain, Leclère. The ship's owner, Morrel, will make Dantès the next captain. On his deathbed, Leclère charged Dantès to deliver

755-639: A per capita of $ 30,148. In 2018, it was classified as a beta global city ranking eighth in Latin America and 84th in the world. Montevideo hosted every match during the first FIFA World Cup , in 1930. Described as a "vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life", and "a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture", Montevideo ranked eighth in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. The city has preserved European architecture, being considered one of

906-618: A "bad fever". Lautréamont died at the age of 24, on 24 November 1870, at 8 am in his hotel. On his death certificate, "no further information" was given. Since many were afraid of epidemics while Paris was besieged, Ducasse was buried the next day after a service in Notre-Dame-de-Lorette in a provisional grave at the Cimetière du Nord . In January 1871, his body was put into another grave elsewhere. In his Poésies Lautréamont announced: "I will leave no memoirs", and as such,

1057-457: A French nineteen-year-old first mate of the merchant ship Pharaon , is falsely accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If , a grim island fortress off Marseille . A fellow prisoner, Abbé Faria, correctly deduces that romantic rival Fernand Mondego, envious crewmate Danglars, and double-dealing magistrate De Villefort are responsible for his imprisonment. Over

1208-403: A banker, buys Morrel's debts, and gives him three months' reprieve. At the end of the three months, Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that they have been mysteriously paid and that one of his lost ships has returned with a full cargo, secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès. Dantès reappears nine years later, in 1838, as the mysterious, fabulously wealthy Count of Monte Cristo. Fernand

1359-471: A copy of the book with him and used to walk around Montparnasse quoting from it. Félix Vallotton and Dalí made "imaginary" portraits of Lautréamont, since no photograph was available. Kadour Naimi realized an adaptation of Les Chants de Maldoror , in theater in 1984, and as a film in 1997. A portion of Maldoror is recited toward the end of Jean-Luc Godard 's 1967 film Week End . Situationist founder, filmmaker and author Guy Debord developed

1510-495: A drug that will give her limited resistance to the poison. Caderousse attempts to rob the Count's house but is caught by "Abbé Busoni" and forced to write a letter to Danglars, exposing "Cavalcanti" as an impostor. When Caderousse leaves the estate, he is stabbed by Benedetto. Caderousse dictates a deathbed statement naming his killer, and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse before he dies. The Count anonymously leaks to

1661-472: A duel. Benedetto ingratiates himself to Danglars, who betroths his daughter Eugénie to him after canceling her engagement to Albert. Caderousse blackmails Benedetto, threatening to reveal his past if he does not share his newfound wealth. Heloïse begins poisoning members of Villefort's family, intending to ensure that all of the family's wealth will be inherited by her son Édouard, rather than her stepdaughter Valentine; Noirtier secretly begins dosing Valentine with

SECTION 10

#1732779518734

1812-573: A faithfully adapted Manga edition of the classic novel. The first Japanese translation by Kuroiwa Shūroku was entitled "Shigai Shiden Gankutsu-ou" (史外史伝巌窟王, "a historical story from outside history, the King of the Cavern"), and serialized from 1901 to 1902 in the Yorozu Chouhou newspaper, and released in book form in four volumes by publisher Aoki Suusandou in 1905. Though later translations use

1963-729: A famous incident involving the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este , 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Montevideo. After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be

2114-532: A few days. Rainfall and sleet are a frequent winter occurrence, but snowfall is extremely rare: flurries have been recorded only four times but with no accumulation, the last one on 13 July 1930 during the inaugural match of the World Cup , (the other three snowfalls were in 1850, 1853 and 1917); the alleged 1980 Carrasco snowfall was actually a hailstorm . Summers are warm-hot and humid, with less wind than other seasons. The average temperature in this season

2265-508: A haughty and blasphemous antihero similar in some ways to Isidore's Maldoror. The pseudonym was possibly paraphrasing l'autre à Mont(evideo) , although it can also be interpreted as l'autre Amon (the other Amon ) or "l'autre Amont" (the other side of the river: 'En amont' = French for: 'Upstream') or, finally, from The Count of Monte Cristo , "L'autre Mond" (the other world's count). Lefrère considers another possibility: le Comte de Lautréamont = le compte de l'autre à Mont (the account of

2416-566: A large central square called Towers Square. World Trade Center 1 was the first building to be inaugurated, in 1998. It has 22 floors and 17,100 square meters of space. That same year the avenue and the auditorium were raised. World Trade Center 2 was inaugurated in 2002, a twin tower of World Trade Center 1. Finally, in 2009, World Trade Center 3 and the World Trade Center Plaza and the Towers Square were inaugurated. It

2567-502: A large mass in Tres Cruces , declaring the cross located behind the altar as a monument. In 1988, he returned to the country, visiting Montevideo, Florida , Salto and Melo . The 2002 Uruguay banking crisis affected several industries of Montevideo. In 2017, the city has maintained 15 years of economic growth, with a GDP of $ 44 billion, and a GDP per capita of $ 25,900. Montevideo has consistently been rated as having

2718-527: A losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later. The eagle figurehead of the Graf Spee was salvaged on 10 February 2006. Uruguay began to stagnate economically in the mid-1950s; Montevideo began a decline, later exacerbated by widespread social and political violence beginning in 1968 (including the emergence of the guerrilla Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros ) and by

2869-474: A mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance." The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa . Of much greater importance

3020-482: A natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department , with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbor, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone , and

3171-495: A new text, a follow-up to his "phenomenological description of evil", in which he wanted to sing of good. The two works would form a whole, a dichotomy of good and evil. The work, however, remained a fragment. In April and June 1870, Ducasse published the first two installments of what was obviously meant to be the preface to the planned "chants of the good" in two small brochures, Poésies I and II; this time he published under his real name, discarding his pseudonym. He differentiated

SECTION 20

#1732779518734

3322-565: A new translation by Robin Buss. Buss' translation updated the language, making the text more accessible to modern readers, and restored content that was modified in the 1846 translation because of Victorian English social restrictions (for example, references to Eugénie's lesbian traits and behavior) to reflect Dumas' original version. In addition to the above, there have also been many abridged translations such as an 1892 edition published by F.M. Lupton, translated by Henry L. Williams (this translation

3473-456: A package to General Bertrand (exiled with Napoleon ), and a letter from Elba to a Bonapartist in Paris named Noirtier. Crewmate Danglars is jealous of Dantès's rapid promotion. On the eve of Dantès's wedding to his Catalan fiancée Mercédès, Danglars meets Fernand Mondego, Mercédès's cousin and a rival for her affections, and Mondego and Danglars hatch a plot to anonymously accuse him of being

3624-527: A particularly gripping television series. Day after day, at breakfast or at work or on the street, people talked of little else. George Saintsbury stated that " Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe. Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries." This popularity has extended into modern times as well. The book

3775-411: A plan was drawn delineating the city and designating it as San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo , later shortened to Montevideo. The census counted more than 100 families of Galician and Canary Islands origin, more than 1000 indigenous people, mostly Guaraní , as well as some trafficked slaves of Bantu origin . A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of

3926-410: A position that entailed comparisons to the role of Brussels in Europe. The 2019 Mercer's report on quality of life, rated Montevideo first in Latin America, a rank the city has consistently held since 2005. As of 2010 , Montevideo was the 19th largest city economy in the continent and 9th highest income earner among major cities . In 2022, it has a projected GDP of $ 53.9 billion, with

4077-479: A price; each customer could decide which sum they wanted to pay for it. On 19 July 1870, Napoleon III declared war on Prussia, and after his capture, Paris was besieged on 17 September, a situation with which Ducasse was already familiar from his early childhood in Montevideo. The living conditions worsened rapidly during the siege, and according to the owner of the hotel he lodged at, Ducasse became sick with

4228-404: A publication which will see its end only later, and after I will have seen mine". He tried to explain his position, and even offered to change some "too strong" points for future editions: I have written of evil as Mickiewicz, Byron, Milton, Southey, A. de Musset, Baudelaire and others have all done. Naturally I pulled the registers in a slightly exaggerated way, in order to create something new in

4379-578: A rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande , which lasted until 1851. The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851 , during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support. By 1843 Montevideo's population of thirty thousand inhabitants was highly cosmopolitan with Uruguayans making up only a third of it. The remaining were chiefly Italian (4205), Spanish (3406), Argentine (2553), Portuguese (659), English (606) and Brazilians (492). Oribe, with

4530-541: A reference to a famous line in Canto VI, Chapter 3. Lautréamont describes a young boy as "beautiful as the chance meeting on a dissecting-table of a sewing-machine and an umbrella". Similarly, Breton often used this line as an example of Surrealist dislocation. In direct reference to Lautréamont's "chance meeting on a dissection table", Max Ernst defined the structure of the surrealist painting as "a linking of two realities that by all appearances have nothing to link them, in

4681-532: A section from Poésies II as thesis 207 in The Society of the Spectacle . The thesis covers plagiarism as a necessity and how it is implied by progress. It explains that plagiarism embraces an author's phrase, makes use of his expressions, erases a false idea, and replaces it with the right idea. His fellow Situationist Raoul Vaneigem placed considerable importance on the insights of Lautréamont, stating in

Comte de Lautréamont - Misplaced Pages Continue

4832-672: A setting that by all appearances does not fit them". Referencing this line, the debut record by the experimental/ industrial music group Nurse with Wound is titled Chance Meeting on a Dissecting Table of a Sewing Machine and an Umbrella . Maldoror inspired many artists: Fray De Geetere , Salvador Dalí , Man Ray , Jacques Houplain , Jindřich Štyrský , René Magritte , Georg Baselitz and Victor Man . Individual works have been produced by Max Ernst , Victor Brauner , Óscar Domínguez , André Masson , Joan Miró , Aimé Césaire , Roberto Matta , Wolfgang Paalen , Kurt Seligmann and Yves Tanguy . The artist Amedeo Modigliani always carried

4983-685: A song inspired by, and named after, the Chants of Maldoror in his 2021 album Caos e Cosmos, Vol. 1 . Isidore Ducasse is the given name of the fashion creator in William Klein's 1966 movie Who Are You, Polly Maggoo? . Lautréamont, as an unnamed "South American", appears as a character in Julio Cortázar 's short story "The Other Heaven", which also uses quotations from Maldoror as epigraphs. French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychiatrist Félix Guattari cited Lautréamont twice over

5134-495: A speculator, amassed a fortune, married a wealthy widow, and became a baron. Fernand served in the French Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Dantès rewards Caderousse with a diamond. Later, Caderousse negotiates the sale of the diamond to a jeweler, but kills the jeweler to keep both the diamond and the money; he is eventually arrested and sentenced to the galleys . To rescue Morrel from bankruptcy, Dantès poses as

5285-473: A spy on behalf of England in a period of wars between France and England. Picaud was placed under a form of house arrest in the Fenestrelle Fort , where he served as a servant to a rich Italian cleric. When the cleric died, he left his fortune to Picaud, whom he had begun to treat as a son. Picaud then spent years plotting his revenge on the three men who were responsible for his misfortune. He stabbed

5436-522: A writer. After a brief stay with his father in Montevideo, Ducasse settled in Paris at the end of 1867. He began studies in view of entering the École Polytechnique , only to abandon them one year later. Continuous allowances from his father made it possible for Ducasse to dedicate himself completely to his writing. He lived in the "Intellectual Quarter", in a hotel in the Rue Notre-Dame-des-Victoires , where he worked intensely on

5587-429: Is 23 °C (73 °F). Daytime temperatures are usually between 24 °C (75 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F), while night lows between 14 °C (57 °F) and 22 °C (72 °F). During this season, a moderate wind often blows from the sea in the evenings which has a pleasant cooling effect on the city, in contrast to the more severe summer heat of nearby cities like Buenos Aires . Heat waves come with

5738-497: Is Ciudad Vieja, that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829. This area contains most important buildings of the colonial era and early decades of independence. The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the late-modern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-meter (518 ft) ANTEL Telecommunication Tower ,

5889-523: Is a Bonapartist, he destroys the letter and silences Dantès by sentencing him without trial to life imprisonment. After six years of solitary imprisonment in the Château d'If , Dantès is on the verge of suicide when another prisoner, the Abbé Faria, an Italian scholarly priest, digs an escape tunnel that by mistake ends in Dantès's cell. The Abbé helps Dantès deduce the culprits of his imprisonment. Over

6040-620: Is also mentioned in the Pléiade edition of this novel, and it probably served as a model for the chapter of the murders inside the Villefort family. The introduction to the Pléiade edition mentions other sources from real life: a man named Abbé Faria existed, was imprisoned but did not die in prison; he died in 1819 and left no large legacy to anyone. As for Dantès, his fate is quite different from his model in Peuchet's book, since that model

6191-548: Is an adventure novel written by French author Alexandre Dumas ( père ) serialized from 1844 to 1846. It is one of the author's most popular works, along with The Three Musketeers . Like many of his novels, it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet . The story takes place in France, Italy, and islands in the Mediterranean during the historical events of 1815–1839:

Comte de Lautréamont - Misplaced Pages Continue

6342-560: Is left with a ruined reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals. The Count demands this sum to fulfill their credit agreement, and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund. He flees to Italy with the Count's receipt for the cash and 50,000 francs of his own, and is reimbursed the 5,000,000 francs from the Count's own bank account. While leaving Rome, he is kidnapped by Luigi Vampa. The bandits extort Danglars's ill-gotten gains out of him by forcing him to pay exorbitant prices for food and water; Dantès anonymously returns

6493-399: Is located between the avenues Luis Alberto de Herrera and 26 de Marzo and has 19 floors and 27,000 square meters (290,000 sq ft) of space. The 6,300-square-meter (68,000 sq ft) World Trade Center Plaza is designed to be a center of gastronomy opposite Towers Square and Bonavita St. The Towers Square, is an area of remarkable aesthetic design, intended to be a platform for

6644-494: Is made in man's image." In 1917, French writer Philippe Soupault discovered a copy of Les Chants de Maldoror in the mathematics section of a small Parisian bookshop, near the military hospital to which he had been admitted. In his memoirs Soupault wrote: By the light of a candle that was permitted to me, I began reading. It was like an enlightenment. In the morning I read the Chants again, convinced that I had dreamed... The day after, André Breton came to visit me. I gave him

6795-451: Is much " black humor "; De Jonge argues that Maldoror reads like "a sustained sick joke". Poésies (Poems, Poetry) is Ducasse's other, minor surviving work, and is divided into two parts. Unlike Maldoror , Poésies was published under Ducasse's given name. Both parts consist of a series of maxims or aphorisms in prose, which express aesthetic opinions concerning literature and poetry. These statements frequently refer to authors of

6946-548: Is murdered by the "Caderousse" of the plot. The Count of Monte Cristo was originally published in the Journal des Débats in eighteen parts. Serialization ran from 28 August 1844 to 15 January 1846. The first edition in book form was published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845. Most of the Belgian pirated editions, the first Paris edition and many others up to

7097-488: Is necessary. It is implied in the idea of progress. It clasps the author's sentence tight, uses his expressions, eliminates a false idea, replaces it with the right idea. Among the works plagiarized were Blaise Pascal 's Pensées and La Rochefoucauld 's Maximes , as well as the work of Jean de La Bruyère , Luc de Clapiers , Dante , Kant and La Fontaine . It even included an improvement of his own Les Chants de Maldoror . The brochures of aphoristic prose did not have

7248-670: Is no way to know for certain. In 1851, as a five-year-old, he experienced the end of the eight-year Siege of Montevideo in the Uruguayan Civil War . He was brought up speaking three languages: French, Spanish, and English. In October 1859, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to high school in France by his father. He was trained in French education and technology at the Imperial Lycée in Tarbes . In 1863 he enrolled in

7399-417: Is now the Count de Morcerf, Danglars a baron and banker, and Villefort a procureur du roi ('royal prosecutor'). In Rome, at Carnival time, Dantès befriends Viscount Albert de Morcerf, the son of Mercédès and Fernand. He arranges for Albert to be captured by the bandit Luigi Vampa, and "rescues" the boy, earning his trust. Albert introduces the Count to Parisian high society . Dantès, in his guise as

7550-569: Is popular in Japan, and has spawned numerous adaptations, the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu-ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu-ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa . Its influence can also be seen in how one of the first prominent cases of miscarriage of justice in Japan, in which an innocent man was charged with murder and imprisoned for half a century, is known in Japanese as

7701-545: Is regular and evenly spread throughout the year, reaching around 950 millimeters (37 in). Winters are generally cool, wet, windy and overcast. The average temperature during this season is just above 10 °C (50 °F). Daytime temperatures are generally between 10 °C (50 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F), and night lows between 3 °C (37 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F). During this season, there are bursts of icy and relatively dry winds of continental polar air masses, giving an unpleasant chilly feeling to

SECTION 50

#1732779518734

7852-676: Is the Estadio Centenario within Parque Batlle . Parque Batlle, Parque Rodó and Parque Prado are Montevideo's three great parks. The Pocitos district, near the beach of the same name, has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940, with a mixture of styles. Other landmarks in Pocitos are the " Edificio Panamericano " designed by Raul Sichero, and the "Positano" and "El Pilar" designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis García Pardo  [ es ] in

8003-463: Is the capital and largest city of Uruguay . According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 (about one-third of the country's total population) in an area of 201 square kilometers (78 sq mi). Montevideo is situated on the southern coast of the country, on the northeastern bank of the Río de la Plata . A Portuguese garrison was established in the place where today

8154-570: Is the city of Montevideo in November 1723. The Portuguese garrison was expelled in February 1724 by a Spanish soldier, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala , as a strategic move amidst the Spanish - Portuguese dispute over the platine region . There is no official document establishing the foundation of the city, but the "Diario" of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala officially mentions the date of 24 December 1726 as

8305-563: Is the division of the city into 62 barrios : neighborhoods or wards. Many of the city's barrios —such as Sayago , Ituzaingó and Pocitos —were previously geographically separate settlements, later absorbed by the growth of the city. Others grew up around certain industrial sites, including the salt-curing works of Villa del Cerro and the tanneries in Nuevo París . Each barrio has its own identity, geographic location and socio-cultural activities. A neighborhood of great significance

8456-448: Is under construction as of 2010 . Torre de las Telecomunicaciones (Telecommunications Tower) or Torre Antel (Antel Tower) is the 158 meters (518 ft), 37-floor headquarters of Uruguay's government-owned telecommunications company, ANTEL , and is the tallest building in the country. It was designed by architect Carlos Ott . It is situated by the side of the Bay of Montevideo. The tower

8607-572: The Bay of Montevideo , but there is disagreement about the etymological origin of the "video" part. When the Portuguese invaded the Banda Oriental and annexed it as the province of Cisplatina until 1831, they called the city Montevidéu , and pronounced as European Portuguese: [mõtɨviˈðew] . Between 1680 and 1683, Portugal founded the city of Colonia do Sacramento in

8758-522: The Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay (1973-1985) . There were major problems with supply; the immigration cycle was reversed. From the 1960s to the end of the dictatorship in 1985, around one hundred people died or disappeared because of political violence. In 1974 another hundred Uruguayans also disappeared in Argentina. In 1980, the dictatorship proposed a new constitution. The project

8909-600: The Cultural Revolution . Since then, there have been another 22 Chinese translations. The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844. Carlos Javier Villafane Mercado described the effect in Europe: The effect of the serials, which held vast audiences enthralled ... is unlike any experience of reading we are likely to have known ourselves, maybe something like that of

9060-604: The Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party , and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party , with each party's name taken from the color of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign from the presidency; he established

9211-524: The French civil code , Article 171, modern performance artist Shishaldin petitioned the government for permission to marry the author posthumously. John Ashbery , an American poet influenced by surrealism, entitled his 1992 collection Hotel Lautréamont , and the English edition notes that Lautréamont is "one of the forgotten presences alive" in the book. Brazilian author Joca Reiners Terron depicts

SECTION 60

#1732779518734

9362-568: The Lycée Louis-Barthou in Pau , where he attended classes in rhetoric and philosophy. He excelled at arithmetic and drawing and showed extravagance in his thinking and style. Isidore was a reader of Edgar Allan Poe and particularly favored Percy Bysshe Shelley and Byron , as well as Adam Mickiewicz , Milton , Robert Southey , Alfred de Musset , and Baudelaire (see the letter of 23 October 1869 cited extensively below). At school he

9513-670: The Lécrivain et Toubon illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with "Christo" used instead of "Cristo". The first edition to feature the correct spelling was the L'Écho des Feuilletons illustrated edition, Paris 1846. This edition featured plates by Paul Gavarni and Tony Johannot and was said to be "revised" and "corrected", although only the chapter structure appears to have been altered with an additional chapter entitled La Maison des Allées de Meilhan having been created by splitting Le Départ into two. The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English

9664-535: The gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo , which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region. The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to

9815-486: The western canon and compare their works and talents in rhetorical language; cited authors include the Greek tragedians , Edgar Allan Poe , and especially many French authors of Ducasse's period, including Charles Baudelaire , Alexander Dumas , and Victor Hugo . Poésies is therefore not a collection of poetry as its title suggests, but instead a work of literary criticism , or poetics . Poésies also contrasts with

9966-413: The "Yoshida Gankutsu-ou incident" (吉田岩窟王事件). A manga adaptation of the novel, titled Monte Cristo Hakushaku (モンテ・クリスト, 伯爵) and made by Ena Moriyama, was published in November 2015. The first translation into Chinese was published in 1907. The novel had been a personal favorite of Jiang Qing , and the 1978 translation became one of the first mass-popularized foreign novels in mainland China after end of

10117-675: The 1920s, the equestrian statue of Artigas was installed in Plaza Independencia ; the Palacio Legislativo was built; the Spanish Plus Ultra flying boat arrived (the first airplane to fly from Spain to Latin America, 1926); prominent politician and former president José Batlle y Ordóñez died (1929); and the ground was broken (1929) for the Estadio Centenario (completed 1930). During World War II,

10268-546: The 1950s and 1960s. However, the construction boom of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the face of this neighborhood, with a cluster of modern apartment buildings for upper and upper middle-class residents. The Palacio Legislativo in Aguada, north of the city center, is the seat of the Uruguayan Parliament . Construction started in 1904 and was sponsored by the government of President José Batlle y Ordóñez . It

10419-497: The Abbé Busoni, Dantès finds Caderousse, who regrets not intervening in Dantès's arrest. Caderousse informs him that Mercédès eventually resigned herself to marrying Fernand, that Dantès's father died of starvation, and that his old employer Morrel tried in vain to secure Dantès's release and tend after his father in his absence, but is now on the brink of bankruptcy. Both Danglars and Fernand have prospered greatly. Danglars became

10570-612: The Banda Oriental of Brazil. It was named Imperial City  [ pt ] by Emperor Pedro I when the city was part of the Empire of Brazil as the capital of the Cisplatina province . Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales (" Thirty-Three Orientals ") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as

10721-561: The Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until the middle of the 20th century. After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Unión and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated. From 1854 to 1861

10872-463: The Count of Monte Cristo, who reveals his identity. Fernand shoots himself. At the party to celebrate "Cavalcanti"'s engagement to Eugénie Danglars, the police arrive to arrest Benedetto for Caderousse's murder. Benedetto flees, but is arrested and returned to Paris. Eugénie (who is implied to be a lesbian ) also takes the opportunity to flee Paris with her girlfriend. Valentine barely survives Héloïse's first attempt to poison her, and Maximilien begs

11023-440: The Count to protect her from the unknown poisoner. He does so by faking her death, making it appear that the poisoner succeeded. Villefort, deducing that Héloïse is the murderer, gives her a choice between the shame of a public trial and committing suicide in private, before leaving to prosecute Benedetto's trial. At the trial, Benedetto reveals that he is Villefort's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive, having learned

11174-459: The Count, meets Mercédès for the first time in 23 years, and eventually makes the acquaintance of Danglars, Fernand, and Villefort. The Count purchases a home in Auteuil , a suburb of Paris. He has learned from his servant Bertuccio that it is the home in which Villefort once had an extramarital affair with Danglars's wife, who gave birth to a child that Villefort buried alive in order to cover up

11325-568: The Introduction to The Revolution of Everyday Life that: "For as long as there have been men — and men who read Lautréamont — everything has been said and few people have gained anything from it." The writers Jean Paulhan and Henri Michaux have both counted Lautréamont as an influence on their work. Kenneth Anger claimed to have tried to make a film based on Maldoror , under the same title, but could not raise enough money to complete it. In recent years, invoking an obscure clause in

11476-659: The Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros . During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and

11627-510: The Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras . During the same year and the next, the neighborhoods Colón , Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply

11778-585: The Paris police. The archivist was Jacques Peuchet , and the multi-volume book was called Memoirs from the Archives of the Paris Police in English. Dumas included this essay in one of the editions of his novel published in 1846. Peuchet related the tale of a shoemaker, Pierre Picaud , living in Nîmes in 1807, who was engaged to marry a rich woman when three jealous friends falsely accused him of being

11929-515: The Parlour Novelist respectively. The most common English translation is an anonymous one originally published in 1846 by Chapman and Hall . This was originally released in ten weekly installments from March 1846 with six pages of letterpress and two illustrations by M Valentin. The translation was released in book form with all twenty illustrations in two volumes in May 1846, a month after

12080-690: The Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River , competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions. In 1776, Spain made Montevideo its main naval base ( Real Apostadero de Marina ) for

12231-580: The South Atlantic, with authority over the Argentine coast, Fernando Po , and the Falklands . Until the end of the 18th century, Montevideo remained a fortified area, today known as Ciudad Vieja . On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807) , but it was recaptured by

12382-533: The Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were known as Guanches or Canarians . There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues. A census of the city's inhabitants was performed in 1724 and then

12533-559: The Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental —roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers , and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished

12684-669: The U.S.). Fantasy novelist Steven Brust 's Khaavren Romances series have all used Dumas novels (particularly the Three Musketeers series) as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera . His 2020 novel The Baron of Magister Valley follows suit, using The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point. Jin Yong has admitted some influence from Dumas, his favorite non-Chinese novelist. Some commentators feel that

12835-432: The affair. The infant was rescued by Bertuccio, named Benedetto, and raised by Bertuccio's sister Assunta, but Benedetto turned to a life of crime as a young man, murdered Assunta, and was sentenced to the galleys himself. Having impressed Parisian society with his wealth and air of mystery, the Count begins setting up the pieces for his revenge. He persuades Danglars to extend him a credit of six million francs. He discusses

12986-529: The ambrosia which Hebe served at the table of Jupiter". When he arrives in Paris, the Count brandishes an emerald box in which he carries small green pills compounded of hashish and opium which he uses for sleeplessness. (Source: Chapters 31, 32, 38, 40, 53 & 77 in the 117-chapter unabridged Pocket Books edition.) Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins . In June 2017, Manga Classics, an imprint of UDON Entertainment, published The Count of Monte Cristo as

13137-544: The autumn, but the weather in that season tends to be more windy and volatile, with more dramatic changes in a short period of time. Montevideo has an annual average temperature of 16.7 °C (62.1 °F). The lowest recorded temperature is −5.6 °C (21.9 °F) while the highest is 42.8 °C (109.0 °F). Source 3: Weather Atlas(daylight-UV) As of 2010 , the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities ( Municipios ), referred to with letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by

13288-523: The book and asked him to read it. The following day he brought it back, enthusiastic as I had been. Due to this find, Lautréamont was introduced to the Surrealists . Soon they called him their prophet. As one of the poètes maudits (accursed poets), he was elevated to the Surrealist pantheon beside Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud , and acknowledged as a direct precursor to Surrealism. In

13439-491: The book. Only the Bulletin du Bibliophile et du Bibliothécaire noticed it in May 1870, saying: "The book will probably find a place under the bibliographic curiosities". During spring 1869, Ducasse frequently changed his address, from 32 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre to 15 Rue Vivienne, then back to Rue Faubourg Montmartre, where he lodged in a hotel at number 7. While still awaiting the distribution of his book, Ducasse worked on

13590-435: The booksellers as he feared prosecution for blasphemy or obscenity . Ducasse considered that this was because "life in it is painted in too harsh colors" (letter to the banker Darasse from 12 March 1870). Ducasse urgently asked Auguste Poulet-Malassis , who had published Baudelaire 's Les Fleurs du mal ( The Flowers of Evil ) in 1857, to send copies of his book to the critics. They alone could judge "the commencement of

13741-464: The building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867. In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro , at the time called Cosmopolis . In the same year,

13892-549: The burial sack. When he is thrown into the sea, Dantès cuts through the sack and swims to a nearby island, where, claiming to be a shipwrecked sailor, he is rescued by Genoese smugglers . Some months later, he locates and retrieves the treasure; he later purchases the island of Monte Cristo and the title of count from the Tuscan government. Having sworn vengeance on Danglars, Mondego, and Villefort, Dantès returns to Marseille in search of information for his vengeance. Traveling as

14043-527: The character of Isidoro Ducasse as one of the seven angels of the Apocalypse in his first novel, Não Há Nada Lá . Ducasse's character becomes obsessed with an edition of Les Fleurs du mal in the novel, while taking a trip by train through Europe. Both Ducasse and his Chants de Maldoror are also briefly mentioned in Jô Soares ' 1995 novel O Xangô de Baker Street , and musician Rogério Skylab has

14194-524: The cities with the most art deco influence. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial hub of Uruguay and the cultural anchor of a metropolitan area with a population of around 2 million. There are several explanations for the word Montevideo . All agree that "Monte" refers to the Cerro de Montevideo , the hill situated across

14345-702: The city's population of 300,000 was foreign-born. In that decade the city expanded quickly: new neighborhoods were created and many separate settlements were annexed to the city, among which were the Villa del Cerro , Pocitos , the Prado and Villa Colón . The Rodó Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central were also established, which served as poles of urban development. During the early 20th century, Uruguay saw huge social changes with repercussions primarily in urban areas. Among these changes were

14496-490: The complacent acceptance of the reality proposed by their cultural traditions and makes them see that reality for what it is: an unreal nightmare all the more hair-raising because the sleeper believes he is awake". There is a wealth of Lautréamont criticism, interpretation and analysis in French (including an esteemed biography by Jean-Jacques Lefrère), but little in English. Lautréamont's writing has many bizarre scenes, vivid imagery and drastic shifts in tone and style. There

14647-472: The consequences of vengeance and its impact on both the avenger and the targets. The theme of hope is central, driving Dantès through his trials and symbolizing his belief in eventual redemption. Mercy and forgiveness are contrasted with vengeance, as Dantès grapples with the morality of his actions. Additionally, the novel touches on themes of fate, identity, and redemption, making it a complex exploration of human nature. A short novel titled Georges by Dumas

14798-567: The course of their joint two-volume work, Capitalism and Schizophrenia , once in each volume . Róbert Wittinger composed a Maldoror Requiem , for 8 soloists, mixed choir, narrator and large orchestra, Op.42 (1984-86). There is a wealth of Lautréamont criticism, interpretation and analysis in French, including an esteemed biography by Jean-Jacques Lefrère, but little in English. Montevideo Montevideo ( / ˌ m ɒ n t ɪ v ɪ ˈ d eɪ oʊ / , US also /- ˈ v ɪ d i oʊ / ; Spanish: [monteβiˈðeo] )

14949-407: The course of their long imprisonment, Faria educates Dantès and, knowing himself close to death, inspires him to retrieve for himself a cache of treasure Faria had discovered. After Faria dies, Dantès escapes and finds the treasure. As the fabulously wealthy, powerful and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo , he enters the fashionable Parisian world of the 1830s to avenge himself. The book is considered

15100-503: The development of business activities, art exhibitions, dance and music performances and social places. This square connects the different buildings and towers which comprise the WTC Complex and it is the main access to the complex. The square contains various works of art, notably a sculpture by renowned Uruguayan sculptor Pablo Atchugarry . World Trade Center 4, with 40 floors and 53,500 square meters (576,000 sq ft) of space

15251-576: The era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis-Philippe of France . It begins on the day that Napoleon left his first island of exile, Elba, beginning the Hundred Days period of his return to power. The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book, an adventure story centrally concerned with themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy, and forgiveness. Before he can marry his fiancée Mercédès, Edmond Dantès ,

15402-475: The everyday life of the city, with daytime temperatures around or below 8 °C (46 °F) and possible night frosts. These occur few times during winter, with temperatures generally not falling below −2 °C (28 °F) because of the oceanic influence that moderates the temperature; a few kilometres inland, frosts are more common and colder. On the other hand, even in the middle of winter it's not uncommon to have temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) for

15553-408: The financial markets by bribing a telegraph operator to transmit a false message, causing Danglars to lose hundreds of thousands of francs. Meanwhile, Villefort's daughter Valentine is engaged to marry Albert's friend Franz, but is secretly in love with Morrel's son Maximilien; Noirtier, her grandfather, induces Franz to break the engagement by revealing that Noirtier himself killed Franz's father in

15704-525: The finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams crisscross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. Its coastline near the emptying rivers are heavily polluted. The city has an average elevation of 43 meters (141 ft). Its highest elevations are two hills: the Cerro de Montevideo and the Cerro de la Victoria, with

15855-536: The first canto of Les Chants de Maldoror . It is possible that he started this work before his passage to Montevideo, and also continued the work during his ocean journey. Ducasse was a frequent visitor to nearby libraries, where he read Romantic literature, as well as scientific works and encyclopaedias. The publisher Léon Genonceaux described him as a "large, dark, young man, beardless, mercurial, neat and industrious", and reported that Ducasse wrote "only at night, sitting at his piano, declaiming wildly while striking

16006-466: The first canto, and asked for a recommendation for further publication. A new edition of the first canto appeared at the end of January 1869, in the anthology Parfums de l'Âme in Bordeaux. Here Ducasse used his pseudonym "Comte de Lautréamont" for the first time. His chosen name may have been based on the title character of Eugène Sue 's popular 1837 gothic novel Latréaumont  [ fr ] ,

16157-527: The first edition of the Manifeste du Surréalisme (1924) Breton wrote: "With Les Chants de Maldoror the Surrealism was born. Older examples can only be traced all the way back to the time of prophets and oracles". André Gide regarded him — even more than Rimbaud — as the most significant figure, as the "gate-master of tomorrow's literature", meriting Breton and Soupault "to have recognized and announced

16308-606: The first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, in December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cordón were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz , was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and

16459-418: The first with a dagger on which the words "Number One" were printed, and then he poisoned the second. The third man's son he lured into crime and his daughter into prostitution, finally stabbing the man himself. This third man, named Loupian, had married Picaud's fiancée while Picaud was under arrest. In another of the true stories reported by Ashton-Wolfe, Peuchet describes a poisoning in a family. This story

16610-456: The following baneful pen-pushers: Sand, Balzac, Alexander Dumas, Musset, Du Terrail, Féval, Flaubert, Baudelaire, Leconte and the Grève des Forgerons ! Despite this, there are commonalities with Maldoror . Both works regularly describe animals by way of simile or colorful analogy, and although God is praised, other passages suggest on the contrary a humanism which places man above God: "Elohim

16761-492: The foundation, corroborated by presential witnesses. The complete independence from Buenos Aires as a real city was not reached until 1 January 1730. It was also under brief British rule in 1807 , but eventually the city was retaken by Spanish criollos who defeated the British invasions of the River Plate . Montevideo is the seat of the administrative headquarters of Mercosur and ALADI , Latin America 's leading trade blocs,

16912-641: The highest point, the peak of Cerro de Montevideo, crowned by a fortress, the Fortaleza del Cerro at a height of 134 m (440 ft). Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 km (16 mi) from the city center. The approximate distances to the neighboring department capitals by road are, 90 km (56 mi) to San Jose de Mayo (San Jose Department) and 46 km (29 mi) to Canelones (Canelones Department). Montevideo has

17063-541: The highest quality of life of any city in Latin America: by 2015 it held this rank every year during the decade through 2014. Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the Río de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometers (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Lucía River forms

17214-461: The injustices inflicted on him, but agrees not to kill Albert. Realizing that Dantès intends to let Albert kill him, she reveals the truth to Albert, who makes a public apology to the Count. Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand, renounce their titles and wealth and depart to begin new lives. Albert enlists as a soldier, while Mercedes lives alone in Dantès's old house in Marseilles. Fernand confronts

17365-424: The keys, and hammering out ever new verses to the sounds". However, this account has no corroborating evidence, and is considered unreliable. In late 1868, Ducasse published (anonymously and at his own expense) the first canto of Les Chants de Maldoror (Chant premier, par ***), a booklet of thirty-two pages. On 10 November 1868, Ducasse sent a letter to the writer Victor Hugo , in which he included two copies of

17516-420: The life of the creator of Les Chants de Maldoror remains for the most part unknown. Les Chants de Maldoror is based on a character called Maldoror, a figure of unrelenting evil who has forsaken God and mankind. The book combines a violent narrative with vivid and often surrealistic imagery. The critic Alex De Jonge writes: "Lautréamont forces his readers to stop taking their world for granted. He shatters

17667-621: The literary and ultra-literary importance of the amazing Lautréamont". Louis Aragon and Breton discovered the only copies of the Poésies in the National Library of France , and published the text in April and May 1919 in two sequential editions of their magazine Literature . In 1925, a special edition of the Surrealist magazine Le Disque Vert was dedicated to Lautréamont, under the title "Le cas Lautréamont" (The Lautréamont case). It

17818-437: The money to the hospitals. Danglars finally repents of his crimes, and a softened Dantès forgives him and allows him to depart with his 50,000 francs. Maximilien Morrel is driven to despair by Valentine's apparent death and considers suicide. Dantès reveals his true identity and persuades Maximilien to delay his suicide for one month. One month later, on the island of Monte Cristo, he reunites Valentine with Maximilien and reveals

17969-508: The name of the street-corner hustle three-card monte ." Modern Russian writer and philologist Vadim Nikolayev determined The Count of Monte-Cristo as a megapolyphonic novel. The novel has been the inspiration for many other books, from Lew Wallace 's Ben-Hur (1880), then to a science fiction retelling in Alfred Bester 's The Stars My Destination , and to Stephen Fry 's The Stars' Tennis Balls (entitled Revenge in

18120-488: The nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed. Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera , the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against

18271-424: The negative themes of Maldoror in the sense that it uses far more positive, uplifting, and humanistic language. Goodness and conventional moral values are regularly praised, even as authors familiar to Ducasse are sometimes denigrated: Do not deny the immortality of the soul, God's wisdom, the value of life, the order of the universe, physical beauty, the love of the family, marriage, social institutions. Ignore

18422-474: The newspapers Fernand's betrayal of Ali Pasha, and at the Chamber of Peers ' inquiry into the accusations Haydée testifies against him as an eyewitness. Albert blames the Count for his father's downfall and challenges him to a duel . The Count is later visited by Mercédès, who had recognized him as Dantès upon their first meeting but chose not to say anything. Mercédès begs Dantès to spare her son. He tells her of

18573-399: The next eight years, Faria educates Dantès in languages, history, culture, mathematics, chemistry, medicine, and science. Knowing himself to be close to death from catalepsy and having grown fond of his pupil, Faria tells Dantès the location of a vast treasure hidden on the island of Monte Cristo . On 28 February 1829, Faria dies. Dantès takes Faria's body to his cell and takes its place in

18724-588: The north winds, which bring humid and hot air masses from the tropical interior of the continent; temperatures can rise above 35 °C (95 °F). These warm periods are usually followed by thunderstorms, generated by cold fronts from the southwest that lowers temperatures considerably. This phenomenon is regional, and can occur several times all year long. The autumn in Montevideo is quite pleasant and not so unstable. Daytime temperatures are in general around 20 °C (68 °F) and nights around 10 °C (50 °F). Spring average temperatures are very similar to

18875-460: The other at Montevideo); this could be interpreted as a joke at his father's expense, who supported Ducasse with a generous allowance. Thanks to his father's money and the banker Darasse's good offices, a total of six cantos were to be published during late 1869, by Albert Lacroix in Brussels, who had also published Eugène Sue. The book was already printed when Lacroix refused to distribute it to

19026-518: The place of the gas-operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighborhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol

19177-568: The properties of various poisons with Villefort's second wife Heloïse, and allows her to borrow some of his supply. He allows his ward, Haydée—the exiled daughter of Ali Pasha of Janina , whom Dantès purchased from slavery—to see Fernand, recognizing him as the man who betrayed and murdered her father and stole his fortune. Having freed Benedetto and Caderousse from the galleys (under the alias "Lord Wilmore"), he anonymously hires Benedetto to impersonate an Italian nobleman, "Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti", and introduces him to Parisian society. He manipulates

19328-517: The region across the bay from Buenos Aires . This city met with no resistance from the Spanish until 1723, when they began to place fortifications on the elevations around Montevideo Bay. On 22 November 1723, Field Marshal Manuel de Freitas da Fonseca  [ pt ] of Portugal built the Montevieu fort. A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724,

19479-500: The release of the first part of the above-mentioned translation by Emma Hardy. The translation follows the revised French edition of 1846, with the correct spelling of "Cristo" and the extra chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan . Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation. In 1889, two of the major American publishers Little Brown and T.Y. Crowell updated the translation, correcting mistakes and revising

19630-576: The right to divorce (1907) and women's right to vote . The 1910s saw the construction of Montevideo's Rambla ; strikes by tram workers, bakers and port workers; the inauguration of electric trams; the creation of the Municipal Intendencias ; and the inauguration of the new port. In 1913, the city limits were extended around the entire gulf. The previously independent localities of the Villa del Cerro and La Teja were annexed to Montevideo, becoming two of its neighborhoods. During

19781-532: The sense of a sublime literature that sings of despair only in order to oppress the reader, and make him desire the good as the remedy. Thus it is always, after all, the good which is the subject, only the method is more philosophical and less naive than that of the old school. (...) Is that evil? No, certainly not. Poulet-Malassis announced the forthcoming publication of the book the same month in his literary magazine Quarterly Review of Publications Banned in France and Printed Abroad . Otherwise, few people took heed of

19932-659: The support of the then conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province Juan Manuel de Rosas , besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe. The fighting however resumed in 1855, when

20083-829: The tallest skyscraper in the country. Along with the Telecommunications Tower, the Palacio Salvo dominates the skyline of the Bay of Montevideo. The building facades in the Old Town reflect the city's extensive European immigration, displaying the influence of old European architecture. Notable government buildings include the Legislative Palace , the City Hall , Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower . The most notable sports stadium

20234-400: The text to reflect the original serialized version. This resulted in the removal of the chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan , with the text restored to the end of the chapter called The Departure . In 1955, Collins published an updated version of the anonymous translation which cut several passages, including a whole chapter entitled The Past , and renamed others. This abridgment

20385-400: The title "Monte Cristo-haku" (モンテ・クリスト伯, the Count of Monte Cristo), the "Gankutsu-ou" title remains highly associated with the novel and is often used as an alternative. As of March 2016, all movie adaptations of the novel brought to Japan used the title "Gankutsu-ou", with the exception of the 2002 film, which has it as a subtitle (with the title itself simply being "Monte Cristo"). The novel

20536-641: The true sequence of events. Having found peace, Dantès leaves the couple part of his fortune on the island and departs for the East to begin a new life with Haydée, who has declared her love for him. The reader is left with a final line: " l'humaine sagesse était tout entière dans ces deux mots: attendre et espérer! " ("all human wisdom is contained in these two words: 'Wait and Hope'"). The Count of Monte Cristo explores key themes such as justice and vengeance, focusing on Edmond Dantès' quest for revenge against those who wronged him. This pursuit raises moral questions about

20687-429: The truth from Bertuccio. Villefort admits his guilt and rushes home to prevent his wife's suicide but is too late; she is dead and has poisoned her son Édouard as well. The Count confronts Villefort, revealing his true identity, which drives Villefort insane. Dantès tries but fails to resuscitate Édouard, causing him to question if his revenge has gone too far. As a result of the Count's financial manipulations, Danglars

20838-494: The two parts of his work with the terms philosophy and poetry , announcing that the beginning of a struggle against evil was the reversal of his other work: I replace melancholy with courage, doubt with certainty, despair with hope, malice with good, complaints with duty, scepticism with faith, sophisms with cool equanimity and pride with modesty. At the same time Ducasse took texts by famous authors and cleverly inverted, corrected and openly plagiarized for Poésies : Plagiarism

20989-444: Was "translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them. There have been at least twenty-nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series, and many movies [have] worked the name 'Monte Cristo' into their titles." The title Monte Cristo lives on in a " famous gold mine , a line of luxury Cuban cigars, a sandwich , and any number of bars and casinos—it even lurks in

21140-463: Was also released by M.J. Ivers in 1892 with Williams using the pseudonym of Professor William Thiese). A more recent abridgment is the translation by Lowell Bair for Bantam Classics in 1956. Many abridged translations omit the Count's enthusiasm for hashish . When serving a hashish jam to the young Frenchman Franz d'Épinay, the Count (calling himself Sinbad the Sailor ), calls it, "nothing less than

21291-576: Was an abridged edition with woodcuts published by Geo Pierce in January 1846 entitled The Prisoner of If or The Revenge of Monte Christo . In April 1846, volume three of the Parlour Novelist , Belfast, Ireland: Simms and M'Intyre, London: W S Orr and Company, featured the first part of an unabridged translation of the novel by Emma Hardy. The remaining two parts would be issued as the Count of Monte Christo volumes I and II in volumes 8 and 9 of

21442-613: Was completed by American Bridge Company and other design/build consortium team members on 15 March 2000. When its construction was announced, many politicians complained about its cost (US$ 40 million, plus US$ 25 million for the construction of the other 5 buildings of the Telecommunications Complex). Problems during its construction turned the original US$ 65 million price into US$ 102 million. The Count of Monte Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo )

21593-502: Was designed by Italian architects Vittorio Meano and Gaetano Moretti  [ it ] , who planned the building's interior. Among the notable contributors to the project was sculptor José Belloni , who contributed numerous reliefs and allegorical sculptures . World Trade Center Montevideo officially opened in 1998, but work was completed in 2009. The complex is composed of three towers, two three-story buildings called World Trade Center Plaza and World Trade Center Avenue and

21744-518: Was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas , going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed Artigas Boulevard in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated into the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City). The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took

21895-516: Was fascinated by Racine and Corneille , and by the scene of the blinding in Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex . According to his schoolmate Paul Lespès, he displayed obvious folly "by self-indulgent use of adjectives and an accumulation of terrible death images" in an essay. After graduation he lived in Tarbes, where he started a friendship with Georges Dazet, the son of his guardian, and decided to become

22046-485: Was founded. Other neighborhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated. In the early 20th century, many Europeans (particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe) immigrated to the city. In 1908, 30% of

22197-506: Was published in 1843, before The Count of Monte Cristo was written. This novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices in The Count of Monte Cristo . Dumas wrote that the germ of the idea of revenge as one theme in his novel The Count of Monte Cristo came from an anecdote ( Le Diamant et la Vengeance ) published in a memoir of incidents in France in 1838, written by an archivist of

22348-612: Was republished by many Collins imprints and other publishers including the Modern Library , Vintage , and the 1998 Oxford World's Classics edition (later editions restored the text). In 2008 Oxford released a revised edition with translation by David Coward. The 2009 Everyman's Library edition reprints the original anonymous English translation that first appeared in 1846, with revisions by Peter Washington and an introduction by Umberto Eco. In 1996, Penguin Classics published

22499-472: Was submitted to a referendum and rejected in the first polls since 1971, with 58% of the votes against and 42% in favor. The result weakened the military and triggered its fall, allowing the return of democracy. In the 1980s, Pope John Paul II visited the city twice. In April 1987, as head of state of Vatican , he signed a mediation agreement for the conflict of the Beagle Channel . He also held

22650-542: Was the 1927 publication by Soupault and Breton that assured him a permanent place in French literature and the status of patron saint in the Surrealist movement. In 1930, Aragon called Lautréamont the "veritable initiator of the modern marvelous", with "the marvelous" being a primary feature of Breton's Surrealism. In 1940, Breton incorporated him into his Anthology of Black Humour . The title of an object by American artist Man Ray , called L'énigme d'Isidore Ducasse ( The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse ), created in 1920, contains

22801-609: Was the first part of a serialization by W. Harrison Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth's Magazine published in 1845, although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If . Ainsworth translated the remaining chapters of the novel, again in abridged form, and issued these in volumes VIII and IX of the magazine in 1845 and 1846 respectively. Another abridged serialization appeared in The London Journal between 1846 and 1847. The first single volume translation in English

#733266