128-531: Islam Shah Suri (Jalal Khan; 1507 – 22 November 1554) also known as Salim Shah Suri , was Sultan of Hindustan from 27 May 1545 until his death in 1554. He was the second ruler of the Suri dynasty which ruled parts of India in the mid-16th century. He was the second son of Sher Shah Suri . On his father's death, an emergency meeting of nobles chose Jalal Khan to be successor instead of his elder brother Adil Khan, since he had shown greater military ability. Jalal Khan
256-640: A Jagir in Bengal . Despite this, Qadir Khan did not like the generous offer, and instead, fled to Gujarat, with an attempt to re-capture him in a pursuit led by Shujaat Khan ending in failure. Sher Shah consolidated his new territories before returning to Agra . While returning to Agra, he received submission from the ruler of Ranthambore . Shujaat Khan was placed as the new governor of Malwa. Qadir Khan attempted to retrieve his lost territories, and entered in battle against Shujaat Khan on separate occasions. Despite numerical inferiority, Shujaat Khan decisively defeated
384-598: A business. The name of this city has changed with time. One of the oldest cities of India, there are several theories regarding the origin of the modern name Patna ( Bengali : পাটনা; Devanagari : पटना; Kaithi : 𑂣𑂗𑂢𑂰; Gurmukhi : ਪਟਨਾ; Urdu: پٹنہ). It is etymologically derived from Patan (Devanagari: पटन), the name of the Hindu goddess, Patan Devi. Patan Devi Mandir is still in old Patna near Gulzarbagh mandi along with another, Patan Devi Mandir, near Takht Sri Patna Sahib . Many believe Patna derived its name from Patli,
512-667: A distance of two marches from the fort, and Adil Khan and Qutab Khan to bind themselves by solemn oaths that Puran Mall and his family will not be molested in any way. Sher Shah and his army withdrew a distance of two marches from the fort per the agreement. However, Sher Shah then encountered widows of the chiefs of Chanderi, with many others waiting for Sher Shah along the roadside. They called out to Sher Shah: We have suffered from this inhuman and malignant infidel all kinds of tyranny and oppression. He has slain our husbands and our daughters he has enslaved, and made dancing girls of them, and has seized our lands, and all our worldly goods for
640-630: A factory there in 1580 at least. The products were shipped out down the river until other Portuguese ports as Chittagoon e Satgaoon, and from there to the rest of the empire. During the 17th century, Patna became a centre of international trade. In 1620, the English East India Company established a factory in Patna for trading in calico and silk . Soon it became a trading centre for saltpetre . Francois Bernier, in Travels in
768-516: A few thousand men against the Afghans, who wielded a force of 80,000 men and some cannons. In the ensuing battle of Sammel (also known as battle of Giri Sumel), Sher Shah emerged victorious, but several of his generals lost their lives and his army suffered thousands of casualties. After this victory, Sher Shah's general Khawas Khan Marwat took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544. Following
896-420: A forced march, which caught up to the retreating detachment of Puran Mal. The Rajput forces put up resistance, but were entirely annihilated. After conquering Multan in 1541, it was later overrun by Baloch tribes. As a result, Sher Shah began assembling for a campaign in 1543. It also aligned with his ideas of building a new road from Lahore to Multan. During this, a certain raider named Fateh Khan Jat looted
1024-428: A growth in air traffic in recent years, as has an improvement in the situation with regard to law and order. For the period April to December 2009 the airport ranked first in a survey of 46 airports in the country in terms of percentage growth of domestic passengers as well as domestic aircraft movement. The Airport Authority of India (AAI) has proposed to develop a civil enclave at Bihta Air Force Station to serve as
1152-470: A large force, and advanced with an army of 40,000, while Sher Shah amassed 15,000. Humayun met Sher Shah at Kannauj , with both armies mirroring each other across the Ganges river. Humayun crossed the river and began skirmishing with Sher Shah's army. Amidst the fighting, Humayun's army saw many nobles hiding their insignia to prevent them from being recognized by the Afghans, with many nobles also fleeing from
1280-486: A long time past. ... If you do not give us justice, hereafter, in the day of resurrection when the first and the last of all men shall be collected together, we will accuse you. Upon hearing this, and further seeing the ruined families of Muslim survivors, Sher Shah was reported to have tears dropped from his eyes, and his idea of the destruction of oppression overtook him. Furthermore, demanded by his army to take action, Sher Shah ordered an army led by Isa Khan Hajjab to lead
1408-581: A mayor, a deputy mayor, and other elected members of the PMC. The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves. The functions of the PMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in
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#17327797401981536-739: A period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi . The most remarkable period during the Middle Ages was under the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri , who revived Patna in the middle of the 16th century. He built a fort and founded a town on the banks of the Ganges. Sher Shah's fort in Patna does not survive, although the Sher Shah Suri mosque, built in Afghan architectural style, does. Mughal emperor Akbar reached Patna in 1574 to crush
1664-523: A recovery from this fever I will return with all speed, and Puran Mall who has enslaved the families of the Muslims in Chanderi and has made dancing girls of their daughters and did not accompany my son Qutab Khan — him will I so punish that he may be a warning to others. Before resorting to war, Sher Shah offered Varanasi to Puran Mall if he ceded Raisin. Puran Mall refused to agree to any offer, and as
1792-472: A result, Sher Shah declared war. Jalal Khan led the Afghan army, reaching Vidisha , where he merged forces with Sher Shah. The Afghan forces then advanced to Raisin, besieging it. The siege of the city lasted for six months until the artillery of Sher Shah destroyed the cities defenses, which led to Puran Mall surrendering. The treaty observed the points that: Free passage to himself [Puran Mall] and his family with their belongings, The retirement of Sher Shah to
1920-489: A setback for the economy. Although the city had several fertiliser plants and sugar mills, due to a weakened ecosystem, many companies incurred losses and were eventually forced to close or leave the state. The economy of Patna has seen sustained growth since 2005, in particular from the fast-moving consumer goods industry, the service sector , and Green Revolution businesses. In 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna as
2048-602: A sortie, breaking out of the fort and successfully fleeing. Despite this, Hinda Baluch was captured during the sortie. With this, the Balochi leaders were executed. Following the campaign, Haibat Khan would subjugate upper Sindh as far as Sehwan . In 1543, Sher Shah Suri with a force of 80,000 cavalry set out against Maldeo Rathore , the Rajput king of Marwar . Maldeo Rathore with an army of 4,000-12,000 cavalry and archers advanced to face Sher Shah's army. Instead of marching to
2176-470: A tree variety that was found in abundance in the historic city. It is also seen on the state tourism 's logo. The place is mentioned in Chinese traveller Fa Hien 's records as Pa-lin-fou. The city has been known by various names through more than 2,000 years of existence – Pataligrama, Pataliputra , Kusumapura, Kusumdhwaja Pushpapuram, Padmavathi, Azimabad and the present-day Patna. Legend ascribes
2304-428: Is 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi). Patna master 2031 is the second master plan of the city that has been passed ever, after the last plan was approved for 1961-1981. Patna master plan covers six urban local bodies - Patna Municipal Corporation, Danapur Nagar Parishad, Phulwarisharif Nagar Parishad, Khagaul Nagar Parishad, Maner Nagar Panchayat and Fatuha Nagar Parishad. The new master plan proposed to increase
2432-482: Is 83.37%, with the male literacy rate being 87.35% and the female literacy rate being 79.89%. The sex ratio of Patna is 885 females per 1,000 males. The child sex ratio of girls is 877 per 1000 boys. The urban agglomeration had a population of 2,049,156 of which 1,087,285 are males and 961,871 are females with 82.73% literacy. Patna is the second largest city (in terms of population) in eastern India . Roughly 0.25% of Patna's population lives in slums which makes Patna,
2560-403: Is a sacred city for Sikhs as the tenth Sikh Guru , Guru Gobind Singh was born here. The modern city of Patna is mainly on the southern bank of the river Ganges . The city also straddles the rivers Son , Gandak and Punpun . The city is approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) in length and 16 to 18 kilometres (9.9 to 11.2 mi) wide. One of the oldest continuously inhabited places in
2688-523: Is about 100 km south of national East – West Highway corridor . The NH 30 , NH 31 and NH 2 passes through the city. The Ashok Rajpath , Patna- Danapur Road, Bailey Road , Harding Road and Kankarbagh old bypass Road are the major corridors. Patna was one of the first places in India to use horse-drawn trams for public transport . Public transportation is provided for by buses , auto rickshaws and local trains . Auto rickshaws are said to be
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#17327797401982816-456: Is also emerging as an information technology hub, including Tata Consultancy Services , which started operations in 2019 at a new Patna facility. There is also a growing number of home grown IT companies offering Software Development and AI/ ML solutions like Technix Technology and others. With an estimated population of 1.68 million in 2011, Patna is the 19th most populous city in India and with over 2 million people, its urban agglomeration
2944-408: Is an under-construction rapid transit system for the city. It would be owned and operated by state run Patna Metro Rail Corporation. It will be constructed on Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode, estimated to cost ₹ 140 billion (US$ 2 billion). It will have 5 lines with a total planned length of 60 kilometres (37 mi) km, which will be built in 3 phases. Patna Monorail Project covering
3072-550: Is clear from coins dated AH 945 (1538 AD) that Sher Khan had assumed the royal title of Farid al-Din Sher Shah and had coins struck in his own name prior to the battle of Chausa. Sher Shah was responsible for greatly rebuilding and modernizing the Grand Trunk Road , a major artery which runs all the way from modern day Bangladesh to Afghanistan . Caravanserais (inns) and mosques were built and trees were planted along
3200-881: Is directly connected to most of the major cities in India. The city has four additional major railway stations: Rajendra Nagar Terminal (adjacent to Kankarbagh ), Patliputra Junction (near Bailey road ), Danapur (near western outskirts) and Patna Sahib (in Patna City area). Danapur is the divisional headquarters of East Central Railway zone 's Danapur railway division . Patna is well connected with neighbouring Gaya , Jehanabad , Bihar Sharif , Rajgir , Islampur through daily passenger and express train services. And also connected with Jamalpur Junction and Munger . India's longest road-cum-rail bridge, Digha–Sonpur bridge has been constructed across river Ganges , connecting Digha, Patna to Pahleja Ghat in Sonpur . The bridge
3328-540: Is in Patna and connects the city to Hajipur across the Ganga. In recent times, the bridge has been witnessing major traffic chaos and accidents due to exceeding number of vehicles passing over it and regularly overloading the structure. A new six lane road bridge across the Ganges parallel to Mahatma Gandhi Setu is proposed which would connect Kacchi Dargah in Patna City to Bidupur in Vaishali district , which will be
3456-525: Is one of the 6 Tehsils of the Patna district . It is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM). The SDM of Patna Tehsil reports to the District Magistrate (DM) of Patna District. The Patna Tehsil is divided into 3 Blocks , each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). The list of Blocks is as follows: The civic administration of Patna
3584-630: Is provided by the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation and the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation . Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation. Prepaid auto services operated by an all-women crew was started in 2013 in Patna, which is the first of its kind in India. Radio Taxi services are also available within city limit as well as outskirts. There are private options such as Ola Cabs. Patna Metro
3712-665: Is run by several government agencies and has overlapping structural divisions. At least five administrative definitions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are: Patna division , Patna district (also the Patna Police area), the Patna Metropolitan Region (also known as Patna Planning area), "Greater Patna" or PRDA area, which adds to the PMC area a few areas just adjacent to it and Patna Municipal Corporation area. The Patna Municipal Corporation, or PMC, oversees and manages
3840-656: Is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India . According to the United Nations , as of 2018, Patna had a population of 2.35 million, making it the 19th largest city in India. Covering 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) and over 2.5 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 15th largest in India. Patna also serves as the seat of Patna High Court . The Buddhist , Hindu and Jain pilgrimage centres of Vaishali , Rajgir , Nalanda , Bodh Gaya and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna City
3968-468: Is the 18th largest in India. Residents of Patna are referred to by the demonym Patnaite. According to 2011 census data, Patna city had a population of 1,684,222 (before the expansion of the city limits) within the corporation limits, with 893,399 men and 790,823 women. This was an increase of 22.3 per cent compared to the 2001 figures. 11.32 per cent of the population was under six years of age, with 102,208 boys and 88,288 girls. The overall literacy rate
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4096-528: Is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India according to a study by the City Mayors Foundation . Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010. As of 2011-12, the GDP per capita of Patna is ₹1,08,657, and its GDP growth rate is 7.29 per cent. In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after Delhi ) for ease of starting
4224-445: Is the largest riverine city in the world. The topography of Patna city is saucer shaped as per Patna City Development Plan prepared in 2006. The bridge over the river Ganges named Mahatma Gandhi Setu is 5575m long. It is the longest river bridge in the India . Patna comes under India's seismic zone-IV , indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes , but earthquakes have not been common in recent history. Patna also falls in
4352-437: Is the official language of the state of Bihar and Urdu is the additional official language, but many other languages are spoken too. The native language is Magadhi or Magahi , named after Magadha, the ancient name of South Bihar and is most widely spoken. Hindi is spoken by 65.94% of the population, 18.04% Magahi, 9.67% Urdu, 3.19% Bhojpuri and 1.79% Maithili as their first language. The Patna sub-division ( Tehsil )
4480-706: The Bengal Presidency was partitioned, Patna became the capital of the British province of Bihar and Orissa . However, in 1936 Orissa became a separate entity with its capital. To date, a major population of Bengalis lives in Patna particularly. People from Patna were greatly involved in the Indian independence movement . Most notable movements were the Champaran movement against the Indigo plantation and
4608-573: The Lok Sabha , and 14 representatives to the state legislative assembly. The capital city of Patna has 8 State Legislative Assembly constituencies, which form two constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India). Groundwater fulfills the basic needs of the people, administered by Patna Jal Parishad under Patna Municipal Corporation. The public water supply system comprises 98 tube wells that pump water directly to
4736-700: The Patna Electric Supply Undertaking (PESU) Circle, which is further divided into two wings namely Patna East (consists Kankarbagh , Patna City , Gulzarbagh , Bankipore , Rajendra Nagar Divisions) and Patna West (Consists Danapur , New Capital, Pataliputra , Gardanibagh, Dak Bungalow divisions). Direct–to–home (DTH) is available via DD Free Dish , Airtel digital TV , Dish TV , Tata Sky , Videocon d2h , Sun Direct and Reliance Digital TV . Cable companies include Darsh Digital Network Pvt. Ltd., SITI Maurya Cablenet Pvt. Ltd etc. The Conditional Access System for cable television
4864-750: The Patna Metropolitan Region . Patna Metropolitan Area Authority was established in 2016. It is the superseding agency for the former Patna Regional Development Authority (PRDA), which was dissolved in 2006. In addition to the city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Ministry of Tourism, the Bihar Health Department, the Bihar Water Resources Department, National Ganga River Basin Authority, Bihar State Pollution Control Board and
4992-821: The Patna Secretariat ; and the Patna High Court . The Patna High Court is one of the oldest High Court in India. The Patna High Court has jurisdiction over the state of Bihar. Patna also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The Patna Police , commanded by Senior Superintendent of Police , is overseen by the Bihar Government's Home Department. The Patna district elects two representatives to India's lower house,
5120-502: The Punjab . Haibat Khan had control of over 30,000 men, and was able to give jagirs to his own soldiers. Khwas Khan was another military governor, who ruled over Rajasthan , and assembled over 20,000 men. The head of Iqtas were known by different names, such as Hakim, Faujdar , or Momin. These head of Iqtas had their own bodies of men, which were usually less than 5,000 men. The responsibility of these heads were instilling order and law in
5248-646: The Taj Mahal . Amongst his magnitude of reforms while consolidating the empire, Sher Shah Suri abolished taxes that were held on the borders of provinces. This was due to Sher Shah wishing to invigorate trade throughout India, and only two levies remaining in place, with them being upon goods being brought into the country, and the second for when goods were sold. Customs as a result, were entirely removed. Patna Patna ( / ˈ p ʌ t n ə , ˈ p æ t -/ ; Hindi: [ˈpəʈnaː] , ISO : Paṭanā ), historically known as Pāṭaliputra ,
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5376-478: The 17th century, Patna has been a centre of international trade and an agricultural and textile hub, including a major silk and calico market. After gaining independence in 1947, the economy remained relatively stable, including growth in produce and manufacturing of vegetable oil. From the 1980s onwards, the economy experienced fluctuations. When liberalisation came to India in the 1990s, Patna did not attract significant global funds or foreign investment which proved
5504-469: The 1942 Quit India Movement . National leaders who came from the city include Swami Sahajanand Saraswati ; the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India , Dr. Rajendra Prasad ; Bihar Vibhuti ( Anugrah Narayan Sinha ); Basawon Singh (Sinha) ; and Loknayak ( Jayaprakash Narayan ). Patna remained the capital of Bihar after India gained independence in 1947, even as Bihar
5632-640: The 19th century, it was a major trading and commercial hub in India. After independence there were a few downturns but its economy was still stable. After the separation of Jharkhand from Bihar, it lost its glory. As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Bihar), Nominal GDP of Patna District was estimated at INR 63,176.55 crores in 2011-12. As of 2011-12, Patna already recorded per capita gross domestic product of ₹ 1,08,657, way ahead of many other Indian cities and state capitals. Using figures for assumed average annual growth, Patna
5760-565: The Afghans advanced further into Malwa were extinguished. After gaining the submission of Abul Qasim Beg, the Mughal wali of Gwalior , The Afghans continued their march to Sarangpur . Qadir Khan, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate, being abandoned by his vassals who refused to support him, begged for the mercy of Sher Shah, who treated him well. Despite former grudges, Sher Shah reconciliated and gave him gifts, and even gave Qadir Khan
5888-530: The Bihar Public Service Commission—play a role in the life of Patnaites. As the capital of Bihar, Patna plays a major role not only in state politics but in central politics as well. In October 2016, the Bihar cabinet approved the Patna master plan 2031 which envisages the development of a new airport at Bihta . As of August 2015, the area of Patna city (along with its urban agglomeration)
6016-547: The Buddhist accounts may have presented the grandeur of Patna as a prophecy and that its wooden fortifications, unlike other early historic Indian cities, indicate that it might be much older than thought but only archaeological excavation and C14 dates of its wooden palisades which is presently lacking may establish this. Megasthenes , the Indo-Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, gave one of
6144-704: The Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee. As of June 2017, the BJP won PMC Mayor seat; the mayor is Sita Sahu, while the deputy mayor is Vinay Kumar Pappu. The Patna Municipal Corporation was ranked 4th out of 21 Cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.6 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3. The revenue district of Patna comes under
6272-595: The Kanvas and eventually by the Guptas. Some Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observations about Pataliputra in their travelogues. One such famous account was recorded by a Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa Hien, who visited India between 399 and 414 CE, and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts. When the Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian visited
6400-629: The Mogul Empire (1656–1668), says, ". It was carried down the Ganges with great facility, and the Dutch and English sent large cargoes to many parts of the Indies, and Europe". This trade encouraged other Europeans, principally the French, Danes, Dutch, and Portuguese, to compete in the lucrative business. Peter Mundy , writing in 1632, described Patna as "the greatest mart of the eastern region". After
6528-694: The Mughals. Kamran Mirza was not prepared to face Sher Shah, and as a result, retreated to Kabul, leaving the region to Sher Shah. Sher Shah captured Lahore in November 1540, with Afghan armies advancing as far as the Khyber Pass , but not extending his empire beyond the Indus as Sher Shah did not wish to incorporate many Afghans who enjoyed their independence and face difficulties with them. The Afghans also seized control of Multan in 1541, but did not pursue
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#17327797401986656-477: The Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government . Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of
6784-604: The Munsif in collection of land revenues, and measuring land. While the Munsif in the Pargana would be under the oversight of the chief Munsif in the Sarkar. Villages were often autonomous and were governed by their own assemblies called Panchayats . This was respected by Sher Shah during his reign. Each assembly consisted of elders of a village who looked after the needs of villagers and instructed their own punishments in respect to
6912-677: The Patna Smart City Limited has been formed to implement the smart city projects. On 22 November 2017, Eptisa Servicios de Ingenieria SL of Spain was chosen as the project management consultant. As the seat of the Government of Bihar , The city has several federal facilities, including the Raj Bhavan : Governor's house, the Bihar Legislative Assembly ; the state secretariat, which is housed in
7040-644: The Punjab and subjugated the Gakhars, laying waste to much of the countryside and taking many prisoner. Sher Shah also constructed the Rohtas Fort . To further secure his rule over the Gakhars, and to wade off any threat of Mughal return, he left 50,000 men in the Punjab , while he returned toward the Bengal, whose governor he placed was becoming unruly. In 1542, Sher Shah embarked on his campaign to Malwa . This
7168-465: The Rajputs were a Jihad . The war against Puran Mall was described as a Jihad, and his treatment of Maldeo was argued as signs of religious intolerance . However, he was always tolerant of Hindus, and did not hold any grudges against them, or wage propaganda. According to Srivastava, Sher Shah's balance made his fellow Muslims content with his lenient treatment of Hindus. Sher Shah's evaluated policy
7296-537: The Sher Mandal, an octagonal building also inside the Purana Qila complex, which later served as the library of Humayun. He built a new city, Bhera , in present-day Pakistan in 1545, including within it a grand masjid named after him. The mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri is described as one of the most beautiful monuments in India, due to its grandeur and dignity. Cunningham even was inclined to prefer it over
7424-399: The area of Patna city to 1,167 square kilometres (451 sq mi) to transform it as a metropolitan city. 5 satellite towns have also been proposed in the master plan at Bihta , Naubatpur , Punpun , Fatuha and Khusrupur . Patna has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Government of India 's flagship Smart Cities Mission . With
7552-582: The attempts from Rumi Khan to make quick work of the city. Sher Shah then led a second invasion into Bengal, and besieged Gauda . Gauda fell to the Afghan forces in April 1538. With the fort of Rohtasgarh also falling under his control in March 1538, which he used as a place to situate Afghan families and loot he obtained during the war, also transferring the loot he obtained from Gaur to Rohtasgarh. With this victory, Sher Shah held his first coronation. Following
7680-602: The banks of the Gumal . They entered into the service of Muhabbat Khán Súr, Dáúd Sáhú-khail, to whom Sultán Bahlol had given in jágír the Parganas of Hariána and Bahkála, etc., in the Panjáb , and they settled in the pargana of Bajwára. The system of tri-metalism which came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by Sher Shah. While the term rūpya had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule
7808-456: The battle. The Mughal army was defeated, which led to Humayun fleeing to Sindh . Following this victory, Sher Khan was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540 as Sher Shah, being declared as Emperor of Northern India, while also donning the epithet of Sultan Adil, meaning "Just King". With the defeat and flight of Humayun, Sher Shah captured Delhi . Realizing the importance of Bengal , Sher Shah focused much of his administrative efforts in
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#17327797401987936-402: The city are Bander Bagicha, Exhibition Road , Gandhi Maidan Marg , Frazer Road , Indrapuri and Maurya Lok . Many manufacturing companies, including Hero Cycles , Britannia Industries , PepsiCo , Sonalika Tractors and UltraTech Cement , have established their manufacturing plants in the Patna metropolitan area. One of the world's largest leather clusters is in Fatuha, in Patna. Patna
8064-430: The city in 400 A.D, he found the people to be rich and prosperous; they practised virtue and justice. He found that the nobles and householders of the city had constructed several hospitals in which the poor of all countries, the needy, the crippled, and the diseased, could get treatment. They could receive every kind of help gratuitously. Physicians would inspect the diseases and order them food, drink, and medicines. In
8192-444: The city with the lowest percentage of people living in slums in India. Like other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Patna suffers from major urbanisation problems including unemployment, poor public health, and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. In 2015, the National Sample Survey Organisation revealed that, for females, Patna had the highest unemployment rate 34.6%, and for males, it
8320-443: The city. However, as this was happening, Sher Khan drove deep into his territory, seizing Bihar and Varanasi , while also recovering control over Chunar, and laying siege to Jaunpur, with other detachments of the Afghan army extending as far as Kannauj . As a result, Humayun was effectively stranded at Gauda with no communication lines. After learning of disturbances at Agra , Humayun rushed to settle for peace with Sher Khan, which
8448-423: The civic infrastructure of the city's 75 wards, which accommodates a population of 1.7 million as per 2011 Census. The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, each ward elects a Councillor to the PMC. The PMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. As Patna's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises
8576-624: The coalition of Qadir Khan. Shujaat Khan was awarded with over 12,000 horses due to his valiant efforts. After the death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, Puran Mall recovered control of Raisin after it was annexed by Bahadur Shah in 1532. Upon his restored rule in the region, he led many tyrannical actions on the Muslim populace of the city. The survivors of this occasion developed a grudge against Puran Mall. Sher Shah, hearing of this, and seeking to obtain control of Raisen himself, began preparing for war. Sher Shah remarked: I did wrong when I said I would go towards Bengal. If Almighty God would vouchsafe me
8704-423: The conquest of Marwar, Sher Shah besieged Kalinjar Fort in 1544. While leading the siege, he was mortally wounded from a gunpowder explosion from one of his cannons bursting. Sher Shah was taken to his tent where he remained for two days. When he received the news that the fort finally fell, he remarked: "Thanks to Almighty god". Sher Shah succumbed to his wounds and died on 22 May 1545, at the age of 73 or 59. He
8832-445: The customs of the community. The chief of a village would be a form of a diplomat between the villages and the higher government. The religious policy of Sher Shah is debated amongst historians. Dr. Qanungo states that Sher Shah upheld religious tolerance toward Hindus . Ram Sharma states that Sher Shah Suri was heavily devoted to his faith, always praying the five prayers . And on other occasions, claimed that Sher Shah's wars against
8960-430: The decisive Battle of Buxar of 1764, as per the treaty of Allahabad East India Company was given the right to collect a tax of this former Mughal province by the Mughal emperor. Patna was annexed by the company in 1793 to its territory when Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) was abolished, and the British East India Company took control of the province of Bengal-Bihar. Patna, however, continued as a trading centre. In 1912, when
9088-558: The distribution mains. Around 23 overhead reservoirs of which only the ones at Agam Kuan , Gulzarbagh Press, Guru Gobind Singh Hospital and High Court serve the city. The sewerage system in Patna was set up in 1936. At present, there are four sewage treatment plants at Saidpur, Beur, Pahari and Karmali Chak. In 2019, the central government has started the process Nirmal Ganga , which is to build new sewerage infrastructure at Patna's Karmalichak as well as in Barh, Naugachia and Sultanganj. The new infrastructure will be capable of preventing
9216-514: The earliest accounts of the city. He wrote that the city was on the confluence of the rivers Ganga and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra – Hiranyawah) and was 14 kilometres (9 mi) long and 2.82 kilometres (1.75 mi) wide. Megasthenes , the Greek ambassador to India, described the city as the greatest city on earth during its heyday. The Shungas ultimately retained control of Pataliputra and ruled for almost 100 years. The Shungas were followed by
9344-851: The enemy's capital Sher Shah halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of Jaitaran , ninety kilometres east of Jodhpur . After one month of skirmishing, Sher Shah's position became critical owing to the difficulties of food supplies for his huge army. To resolve this situation, Sher Shah resorted to a cunning ploy. One evening, he dropped forged letters near the Maldeo's camp in such a way that they were sure to be intercepted. These letters indicated, falsely, that some of Maldeo's army commanders were promising assistance to Sher Shah. This caused great consternation to Maldeo, who immediately suspected his commanders of disloyalty. Maldeo left for Jodhpur with his own men, abandoning his commanders to their fate. Following this, Maldeo's generals, Jaita and Kumpa, fought with
9472-400: The entire stretch on both sides of the road to provide shade to travelers. Wells were also dug, especially along the western section. He also established an efficient postal system, with mail being carried by relays of horse riders. The Sur empire consisted of many subdivisions, referred to as Iqtas . Some of these provinces were ruled by military governors, such as Haibat Khan, who governed
9600-571: The fact that 8 of the 16 silver mint cities he established were in the region between Chunar and Fathabad . Sher Shah Suri 's relentless campaigns on the Bengal Sultanate prompted its ruler to request aid from Humayun , who in turn mobilized a Mughal army in July 1537, and advanced to Chunar. He reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege of the fort at Chumar would last over six months until it finally fell despite
9728-630: The fall of Gaur, Sher Shah offered favorable peace terms to Humayun, offering 10,000,000 dinars, and that he would surrender Bihar in exchange for control of Bengal. Humayun did not wish to leave Bengal in the hands of a hostile state, especially with its rich resources, as well as the contributing factor that Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah , wounded, entered the camp of Humayun and requested the continuation of war against Sher Shah. Ghiyasuddin would die from his wounds not long after. Following this, Humayun began his march to Bengal against Sher Khan, however
9856-404: The fields along the banks of river Ganges, weeds such as ammannia, citriculari, hygrophile and sesbania grow. But palmyra, date palm, and mango orchards are found near habitations. Dry stretches of shrubbery are sometimes seen in the villages far from the rivers. Trees commonly found are bel, siris, jack fruit, and the red cotton tree. Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity. It
9984-567: The flow of 67 million litre of sewage into Ganga . As of 2011, the city's electricity consumption is about 601 kWh per capita, even though the actual demand is much higher. Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited managed by Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (the holding company and a successor company of erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board). The city forms
10112-436: The grade of a Smart City, Patna will have highly up-to-date and radical provisions like uninterrupted electric supply, first-rate traffic and transport system, superior health care and many other prime utilities. Under this scheme, the city will use digital technology that will act as the integral mechanism of the aforesaid facilities and thereby further elevate the lifestyle of the citizens. A special purpose vehicle company named
10240-547: The hands of the Nawabs of Bengal , who levied a heavy tax on the populace but allowed it to flourish as a commercial centre. The mansions of the Maharaja of Tekari Raj dominated the Patna riverfront in 1811–12. In 1750, the future Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah revolted against his grandfather, Alivardi Khan , and seized Patna, but quickly surrendered and was forgiven. Guru Gobind Singh (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708),
10368-587: The jurisdiction of a District Collector (District Magistrate). The Collectors are in charge of the general administration, property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city. The Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (BUIDCO) and the Patna Metropolitan Area Authority, are responsible for the statutory planning and development of
10496-508: The king of Magadha, wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagrha (today Rajgir) to a strategically chosen place to better combat the Licchavis of Vaishali . He chose the site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area. Gautama Buddha travelled through this place in the last year of his life. He prophesied a great future for this place even as he predicted its ruin due to flood, fire, and feud. According to Dieter Schlingloff,
10624-514: The leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city. Patna was the second Indian city, after Bangalore , which offered free WiFi connectivity to its citizens in February 2014. By surpassing the previous record-holder, Beijing in China , Patna's WiFi zone is the world's longest free WiFi zone, which covers a 20-km stretch from NIT Patna on Ashok Rajpath to Danapur . Patna
10752-409: The lifeline of the city. BSRTC has started City bus service on all major routes of Patna. App based cab service is available within city. Patna is about 70.02KM away from Chhapra Patna Airport known as Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan International Airport is classified as a restricted international airport. The arrival of several low-cost carriers and a number of new destinations have caused
10880-491: The longest bridge in India after completion. Patna is well connected with roads to various major cities of Bihar like Hajipur , Munger , Jamalpur , Bhagalpur , Gaya Motihari , and Purnia . Patna is 1,015 kilometres (631 miles) East from Delhi , 1,802 kilometres (1,120 miles) North East from Mumbai ,1,527 kilometres (949 miles) North from Hyderabad and 556 kilometres (345 miles) North West from Kolkata . Luxury bus service between Patna and several neighbouring cities
11008-441: The march of the Mughal army would be overwhelmed from poor weather conditions, with rains causing the loss of his baggage between Patna and Monghyr . Humayun eventually reached Gauda and seized it without any opposition on 8 September 1538. However, the city was abandoned by the Afghans, with no loot as they had stripped the treasury. Humayun remained at Gaur for months, stuck there due to the weather, however he restored order into
11136-416: The most famous for trade". This was before the founding of the city of Calcutta. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb acceded to the request of his favourite grandson, Prince Muhammad Azim , to rename Patna as Azimabad , in 1704 while Azim was in Patna as the subedar . Patna or Azimabad did see some violent activities, according to Phillip Mason, writing in the book "The Men Who Ruled India". "Aurangzeb had restored
11264-490: The new airport for Patna. The military airfield lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Patna, in Bihta . Patna is served by several railway stations within. The Patna Junction railway station is the main railway station of the city, and one of the busiest railway stations in India. Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata on Howrah–Delhi main line , which is one of the busiest rail routes in India. Patna Junction
11392-432: The nobility to the crown. He continued his father's policies of efficient administration and increased centralization. He had little opportunity for military campaigning; the fugitive Mughal emperor Humayun , whom his father had overthrown, made one abortive attempt to attack him. He did however lead one major campaign against Kalinjar . Islam Shah died on 22 November 1554. He was succeeded by his son Firuz Shah Suri , who
11520-782: The officials be held responsible themselves and be hanged. As a result of these reforms, historians praise it for its effectiveness. Sher Shah built several monuments including Rohtas Fort (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Pakistan), many structures in the Rohtasgarh Fort in Bihar, the Sher Shah Suri Masjid in Patna , the Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque inside the Purana Qila complex in Delhi, and
11648-578: The origin of Patna to the mythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali, literally "trumpet flower", which gives it its ancient name Pataligrama. It is said that in honour of the queen's firstborn, the city was named Pataliputra. Gram is Sanskrit for village and Putra means son. Legend also says that the Emerald Buddha was created in Patna (then Pataliputra) by Nagasena in 43 BCE. Traditional Buddhist literature attributes foundation of Patna 490 BCE as Ajatashatru ,
11776-403: The poll tax (Jazia) on unbelievers, which had to be compounded for. In Patna, Peacock, the factory's chief, was not sufficiently obedient. He was seized, forced to walk through the town bare-headed and bare-footed, and subjected to many other indignities before he paid up and was released." Little changed during this period other than the name. With the decline of the Mughal empire, Patna moved into
11904-699: The princes of the house of the Ghorian , who left his native country, and married a daughter of one of the Afghán chiefs of Roh. with his son Hasan Khán, the father of Sher Sháh, came to Hindu-stán from Afghánistán , from a place which is called in the Afghán tongue "Shargarí",* but in the Multán tongue "Rohrí". It is a ridge, a spur of the Sulaimán Mountains , about six or seven kos in length, situated on
12032-556: The prominence of Afghans in Bengal, with many Afghans moving and settling in the region. Some of the Afghans who settled in the region would go on to establish the Muhammad Shahi dynasty , which ruled Bengal from 1553 to 1563, and the Karrani dynasty , which ruled from 1563 to 1576. Following the flight of Humayun , Sher Shah continued in pursuit, advancing into the Punjab. Sher Shah advanced on Lahore , and caused panic among
12160-622: The rebellious Afghan Chief Daud Khan . One of the navratnas from Akbar's court, his official historian and author of " Ain-i-Akbari " Abul Fazl refers to Patna as a flourishing centre for paper, stone and glass industries. He also refers to the high quality of numerous strains of rice grown in Patna, famous as Patna rice in Europe. By 1620, the city of Patna was being described as the "chiefest mart towne of all Bengala" (i.e. largest town in Bengal) in northern India, "the largest town in Bengal and
12288-459: The region. Khijir Khan, the governor of Bengal under Sher Shah, led a revolt in March 1541. Sher Shah mobilized an army and lead it himself, defeating Khijir Khan and restoring Bengal under his suzerainty. Bengal was divided into 47 smaller administrative divisions, appointing them under a shiqdar , which would be oversighted by Kazi Fajilot as the chief supervisor of the Muqtars . These reforms saw
12416-562: The retreat of the Mughals further, seeing them as no longer as a threat. Not longer after, Sher Shah entered conflict with the Gakhars , who had always been difficult to subjugate, and caused issues amongst former rulers in the region. Sher Shah resorted to diplomacy, inviting the Gakhar chief and asking him to acknowledge him as the emperor of India. The Gakhar chief gave an insulting response, which enraged Sher Shah. Sher Shah marched through
12544-465: The risk zone for floods and cyclones. Patna has a humid subtropical climate under the Köppen climate classification : (Cwa) with sweltering summers from late March to June, the monsoon season from late June to late September and chilly winter nights and foggy or sunny days from November to February. Highest temperature ever recorded was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) in the year 1966, the lowest ever
12672-404: The routes between Lahore and Delhi , which surmounted to numerous complaints in return. As a result, Sher Shah ordered Haibat Khan to put an end to the raids of Fateh Khan. Haibat Khan successfully trapped Fateh Khan in a mud fort around Fatehpur . Seeking no possible way of escaping the situation, Fateh Khan surrendered to Haibat Khan. However, the garrison of the fort led by Hinda Baluch made
12800-483: The safe limit, which is 25 micro-grams. Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer , asthma , dysentery and diarrhoea . The dense smog in Patna during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year. Patna has been ranked 10th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Since
12928-521: The second best city in India to start a business. In 2010, Patna was ranked 21st fastest-growing city in the world and fifth fastest-growing city in India, and was forecast to grow at an average annual rate of 3.72% through 2020. Its largest exports are grain , sugarcane , sesame , and Patna rice , a local medium-grained variety. There are several sugar mills in and around Patna. Patna has been described as an important business and luxury brand centre of eastern India. The major business districts of
13056-481: The southern bank of the river Ganges . The total area of Patna is 250 km (97 sq mi). The municipal area constitutes 109.218 km (42.169 sq mi). The suburban area covers 140.782 km (54.356 sq mi). It has an average elevation of 53 m (174 ft). A characteristic feature of the geography of Patna is its confluence of major rivers. During the British Raj , Patna
13184-588: The subdivisions they controlled. Iqtas themselves were divided into districts, named Sarkars. Sarkars had two chief officers, the Shiqar, and Munsif. Shiqars were tasked with the responsibility of civil administration, and themselves could field 200-300 soldiers to maintain law and order in their districts. The Munsif of a Sarkar was responsible for revenue collection, and civil justice. The chief Shiqars would often handle cases of criminal justice. Sarkars were also in turn divided into two or three Parganas . A Pargana
13312-575: The tenth Guru of the Sikhs, was born as Gobind Rai in Patna to Guru Teg Bahadur , the ninth Guru of the Sikhs, and his wife Mata Gujri . His birthplace, Patna Sahib , is one of the most sacred sites of pilgrimage for Sikhs. As trade grew, settlements of the Portuguese empire expanded to the Bengal Gulf. Since at least 1515, the Portuguese were in Bengal as traders, and later in 1521, an embassy
13440-518: The term rūpee came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern rupee . The Rupee is today used as the national currency in India , Indonesia , Maldives , Mauritius , Nepal , Pakistan , Seychelles , and Sri Lanka . Gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Paisa were also minted during his reign. According to numismatists Goron and Goenka, it
13568-579: The things Sher Shah Suri was renowned for was giving justice. Courts were held by Qadis , with Sher Shah as well observing civil cases. Hindus settled their disputes in Panchayat assemblies, while in criminal cases, nobody was exempt from the law of the empire. The criminal law of the empire was extremely harsh, and done so to prevent others from doing a crime out of fear of the repercussions. Sher Shah gave heavy punishments for people in high posts, including government officials. The reputation of Sher Shah
13696-474: The west to modern-day Bangladesh in the east. Despite its short reign, the Sur Empire significantly influenced Mughal administrative reforms when they returned to power, most notably under Mughal Emperor Akbar . It was at the time of this bounty of Sultán Bahlul [Lodi], that the grandfather of Sher Sháh, by name Ibráhím Khán Súr,* The Súr represent themselves as descendants of Muhammad Súr, one of
13824-614: The world , Patna was founded in 490 BCE by the king of Magadha . Ancient Patna , known as Pataliputra , was the capital of the Magadha Empire throughout the Haryanka , Nanda , Mauryan , Shunga , Gupta , and Pala dynasties. Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts. It was home to many astronomers and scholars including Aryabhata , Vātsyāyana and Chanakya . During the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) its population
13952-606: The years that followed, many dynasties ruled the Indian subcontinent from the city, including the Gupta dynasty and the Pala kings. With the disintegration of the Gupta empire, Patna passed through uncertain times. Bakhtiar Khilji captured Bihar in the 12th century and destroyed everything, and Patna lost its prestige as the political and cultural centre of India. The Mughal Empire was
14080-450: Was 1.1 °C (34 °F) on 9 January 2013, and highest rainfall was 204.5 mm (8.05 in) in the year 1997. The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables. Pollution is a major concern in Patna. According to the CAG report, tabled in the Bihar Legislative Assembly in April 2015, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) level ( PM-10 ) in Patna
14208-479: Was 355, three-and-a-half times higher than the prescribed limit of 100 micro-gram per cubic metre, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions and construction activities in the city. In May 2014, a World Health Organization survey declared Patna the second most air polluted city in India, only after Delhi , with the survey calculating the airborne particulate matter in the state capital's ambient air ( PM-2.5 ) to be 149 micro-grams, six times more than
14336-468: Was a moderately sized town and surrounding villages. In every Pargana, there was a Shiqar, Munsif, and one treasurer who went under the title of Fotdar. They were also accompanied by a Karkun who could write in Hindi and Persian. The Shiqar of a Pargana would be a military officer under the oversight of the Shiqar of the Sarkar. The responsibilities of a Shiqar in a Pargana were to maintain stability, and assist
14464-543: Was a result of fears of Malwa joining with the Mughals against Sher Shah. Sher Shah also faced the external threat of Humayun, who was attempting to forge a kingdom in Gujarat, and a forged alliance with the Malwa Sultanate would be threatening. As a result, the Afghan armies first began their march on Gwalior . Led by Shujaat Khan, Gwalior was subjugated under Afghan rule. With this, the threat of being flanked as
14592-482: Was about 400,000. Patna served as the seat of power, and political and cultural centre of the Indian subcontinent during the Maurya and Gupta empires. With the fall of the Gupta Empire, Patna lost its glory. The British revived it again in the 17th century as a centre of international trade. Following the partition of Bengal presidency in 1912, Patna became the capital of Bihar and Orissa Province . Until
14720-540: Was completed in 2015, It is 4.55 kilometres (2.83 miles) long and therefore the second longest rail-cum-road bridge in India , after Bogibeel Bridge in Assam. The city is served by several major road highways and state highways, including National Highways 19 , 30 , 31 , and 83 . Pataliputra Bus Terminal is an upcoming ISBT . Asia's longest river bridge, the Mahatma Gandhi Setu (built 1982),
14848-718: Was concluded. Humayun crossed the Karmanasa River , where he could easily be attacked by the Afghans. Sher Khan, seeing the fragile state of the Mughal army, attacked the Mughal army led by Humayun at the Battle of Chausa . The Afghans descended on the Mughals and caught them off guard, and resulted in the complete rout of the Mughals. Humayun barely escaped with his life, and the Mughals suffered over 7,000 dead, with many prominent noblemen dead. Following his defeat, Humayun returned to Agra , and restored order after disturbances from his brother, Hindal Mirza . Humayun mobilized
14976-498: Was crowned on 26 May 1545 and took the title "Islam Shah". He was still worried that his brother would threaten his power and tried to have him captured. But Adil Khan evaded his grasp and raised an army. It marched on Islam Shah while he was at Agra . In the battle Islam Shah came out victorious and Adil Khan fled eastwards, never to be seen again. The support some nobles had given his brother made Islam Shah suspicious, leading him to ruthlessly purge their ranks and strictly subordinate
15104-459: Was formidable in this regard as a just ruler, to the point where merchants could travel through and sleep in deserts without fear of being harassed by bandits or robbers. The soldiers of Sher Shah acted as police, with the duty of these soldiers to look for thieves and robbers. Sher Shah Suri also implemented the reform of self-responsibility. It was the duty assigned to officials to find the culprits of different cases in examples such as murder, lest
15232-539: Was founded by Sher Shah Suri . The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the Mughal Empire territories along the Indo-Gangetic Plain , from eastern Balochistan in the west of Indus River to modern-day Rakhine, Myanmar in the east. Even as Sher Shah Suri consolidated his power over North India, Eastern India was still considered to be the seat of Sur power in India. This is demonstrated by
15360-874: Was implemented in March 2013. Patna comes under the Patna Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services are available. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service. Among private enterprises, Bharti Airtel , Reliance Jio , Reliance GSM/CDMA , Idea Cellular , Aircel , Tata Teleservices ( Tata DoCoMo , Virgin Mobile and Tata Indicom), Telenor (Formerly Uninor & Now Acquired by Bharti Airtel), Vodafone and Videocon Telecom are
15488-551: Was led by a commander. Discipline was strict, with provisions being given by Banjaras, who accompanied the army. Men were also assigned roles, attributing to the system of the Dagh, with spys being able to be rooted out using this method. Sher Shah also considered Pashto a sign of friendliness, and gave higher salaries to Afghans who could speak Pashto in his army. In 1540, Sher Shah's army consisted of over 150,000 cavalrymen, 25,000 infantrymen, and over 5,000 war elephants. One of
15616-718: Was only twelve. Within a few days the boy ruler had been murdered by Sher Shah's nephew Muhammad Mubariz Khan, who then ascended the throne as Muhammad Adil Shah . The incomplete tomb of Islam Shah lies about a kilometer to the North-West of Sher Shah's tomb. Sur Empire#List of rulers of the Sur Empire The Sur Empire was an empire ruled by the Afghan -origin Sur dynasty in northern India for nearly 16 or 18 years, between 1538/1540 and 1556, with Sasaram (in modern-day Bihar ) serving as its capital. It
15744-441: Was part of the Bengal Presidency . After Nalanda district was carved out of Patna district in 1976, Patna was purged of all hilly regions. It is an alluvial, flat expanse of land. The land in the district is too fertile and is almost entirely cultivated with no forest cover. Alluvial soil is ideal for cultivating rice, sugarcane, and other food grains. The area under cultivation is studded with mango orchards and bamboo groves. In
15872-399: Was partitioned again in 2000 when Jharkhand became a separate state of the Indian union. On 27 October 2013, six people were killed and 85 others were injured in a series of co-ordinated bombings at an election rally for BJP candidate Narendra Modi . On 3 October 2014, 33 people were killed and 26 injured in a stampede at Gandhi Maidan during Vijaya Dashmi celebrations. Patna is on
16000-528: Was seen that Islam should hold supremacy over the lands he had conquered, but not to displace Hinduism. Sher Shah's army defeated the Mughal Empire and drove them out of India. Sher Shah invited Afghans from across the empire and gave them high positions, with himself taking interest in recruiting troops. Sher Shah also promoted out of Merit. The Afghan army utilized heavy emphasis on their cavalry , while his infantry were armed with muskets. One of his reforms included splitting up his armies into divisions, which
16128-475: Was sent to Gaur to create factories in the region. The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to develop several settlements as Chitagoong e Satgaon. In 1535 the Portuguese were allied with the Bengal sultan and held the Teliagarhi pass 280 km from Patna helping to avoid the invasion by the Mughals. By then, several of the products came from Patna, and the Portuguese sent in traders, establishing
16256-556: Was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan, who took the title of Islam Shah Suri . Sher Shah was buried in the Sher Shah Suri Tomb (122 ft high), stands in the middle of an artificial lake at Sasaram, a town on the Grand Trunk Road . The tomb finished its construction on 16 August 1545, three months following the death of Sher Shah. The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the Mughal territories, from Balochistan in
16384-519: Was the second highest with a rate of 8% in 2011–12. According to the 2011 census of India, Patna's major religion is Hinduism with 86.39% followers. Islam is the second most popular religion in Patna with approximately 12.27% following it. Christianity , Jainism , Sikhism , and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Patna. During the last census report, around 0.01% stated other religions and approximately 0.49% stated no particular religion. Languages of Patna city (2011) Hindi
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