67-592: Joseph Jacobs (29 August 1854 – 30 January 1916) was an Australian-born folklorist, literary critic and historian who became a notable collector and publisher of English folklore . Born in Sydney to a Jewish family, his work went on to popularise some of the world's best known versions of English fairy tales including " Jack and the Beanstalk ", " Goldilocks and the Three Bears ", " The Three Little Pigs ", " Jack
134-447: A 15th-century physician using a golden artifact to heal his patients, their failures were attributed to the fickleness of magic. As for English folktales, some such as Weber argue that they were passed down for the purpose of reflecting the grim realities of a child's life and hence instilled valued English morals and aesthetics. Others such as Tatar would counter that these folktales' fantasies were so removed from reality that they were
201-615: A brutal outlaw, ballads revelling in his violent retaliation to threats. Robin Hood fought to protect himself and his group the Merry Men , regardless the class, age, or gender of their enemy. In stories such as ' Robin Hood and the Widow's Three Sons ' and ' The Tale of Gamelyn ', the joyful ending is in the hanging of the sheriff and the officials; in ' Robin Hood and the Monk ' , Robin Hood kills
268-454: A child was happy, healthy, and good. English folklore also included beliefs of the supernatural , including premonitions , curses , and magic , and was common across all social classes. It was not regarded with the same validity as scientific discoveries, but was made to be trusted by the repeated accounts of a magician or priest's clients who saw the ritual's spectacle and so believed in its efficacy. Even when such rituals failed, such as
335-409: A demon. Lob , also called loby, looby, lubbard, lubber, or lubberkin, is the name given to a fairy with a dark raincloud as a body. It has a mischievous character and can describe any fairy-like creature from British folklore. It can be confused with Lob Lie-By-The-Fire , a strong, hairy giant which helps humans. Beowulf is an anonymous Old English historical epic of 3182 lines which describes
402-524: A form of escapism, imaginative expression, and linguistic appreciation. Most folklorists would agree that the purpose of English folklore is to protect, entertain, and instruct on how to participate in a just and fair society. Folklorists have developed frameworks such as the Aarne–Thompson-Uther index which categorise folktales first by types of folktales and then by consistent motifs. While these stories and characters have differences according to
469-473: A game of hide-and-seek during her wedding breakfast, hid in a chest in an attic and was unable to escape. She was not discovered by her family and friends, and suffocated. The body was allegedly found many years later in the locked chest. Standing stones are man-made stone structures made to stand up. Some small standing stones can also be arranged in groups to form miniliths. Similar to these geological artefacts are hill figures . These are figures drawn into
536-410: A holed stone or adder stone, is a type of stone, usually glassy, with a naturally occurring hole through it. Such stones have been discovered by archaeologists in both Britain and Egypt. In England it was used as a counter-charm for sleep paralysis , called hag-riding by tradition. A petrifying well is a well which, when items are placed into it, they appear to be covered in stone. Items also acquire
603-538: A lasting impact on English culture , literature , and identity . Many of these traditional stories have been retold in various forms, from medieval manuscripts to modern films and literature. To this day, traditional folk festivals such as May Day , Plough Monday , Bonfire Night , Allhallowtide , and Harvest festival continue to be practised. Morris dancing , Mummers' plays , and Maypole dancing remain popular forms of folk traditions, often depicting or echoing themes or stories from English folklore. Before England
670-413: A malevolent genius loci inhabiting fields, marshes or other topographical features. The household boggart causes objects to disappear, milk to sour, and dogs to go lame. They can possess small animals, fields, churches, or houses so they can play tricks on the civilians with their chilling laugh. Always malevolent, the boggart will follow its family wherever they flee. In Northern England, at least, there
737-585: A monk and his young helper. Paradoxical to English values of strict adherence to the law and honour, Robin Hood was glorified in ballads and stories for his banishment from society. Robin Goodfellow , or Puck, is a shape-changing fairy known for his tricks. Since some English superstition suspected that fairies were demons, 17th century publications such as 'Robin Good-Fellow, his Mad Prankes and Merry Jests' and 'The Anatomy of Melancholy' portrayed him as
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#1732775928358804-947: A new program, a Master of Arts in Interfaith Leadership, and in 2019 the school initiated a Master of Science in Camp Administration and Leadership. Gratz College is "the only institution in the United States to offer an actual Doctor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies degree, as opposed to a Ph.D. in a related discipline, like history or sociology." The newly available doctorate is the first-ever online Ph.D. in Holocaust and Genocide Studies. In addition to their full degree programs, Gratz offers graduate certificate programs and professional development programs, including courses for educators (CEU) and Continuing Legal Education (CLE) opportunities. In addition,
871-674: A stony texture when left in the well for an extended period of time. Examples in England include Mother Shipton's Cave in Knaresborough and Matlock Bath in Derbyshire . Gratz College Gratz College is a private Jewish college in Melrose Park, Pennsylvania . The college traces its origins to 1856 when banker , philanthropist , and communal leader Hyman Gratz and
938-404: A term used to refer to male and female healers, magicians, conjurers, fortune-tellers, potion-makers, exorcists, or thieves. Such people were respected, feared and sometimes hunted for their breadth of knowledge which was suspected as supernatural. The wild hunt was a description of a menacing group of huntsmen which either rode across the sky or on lonely roads. Their presence was a hallmark of
1005-664: Is a nursery rhyme , Henny Penny (in English Fairy Tales ) is a fable , and The Buried Moon (in More English Fairy Tales ) has mythic overtones to an extent unusual in fairy tales. According to his own analysis of English Fairy Tales , "Of the eighty-seven tales contained in my two volumes, thirty-eight are Märchen proper , ten sagas or legends , nineteen drolls , four cumulative stories , six beast tales , and ten nonsense stories ." During his lifetime Jacobs came to be regarded as "one of
1072-560: Is a combination of Odysseus ' Argos and Hades ' Cerberus from Greek mythology , and Fenrir from Norse mythology . The first collection of sightings of the black dog around Great Britain, Ethel Rudkin's 1938 article reports that the dog has black fur, abnormally large eyes, and a huge body. The black dog is a common motif in folklore and appears in many traditional English stories and tales. They often denote death and misfortune close at hand and appear and disappear into thin air. A boggart is, depending on local or regional tradition,
1139-537: Is a folk explanation of strange, flickering lights seen around marshes and bogs . Some perceive them as souls of unbaptized infants which lead travellers off the forest path and into danger, while others perceive them as trickster fairies or sprites . King Arthur is the legendary king of the Britons, the Once and Future King and True Born King of England. The origins of King Arthur and his exploits are vague due to
1206-486: Is depicted differently according to where he is engraved and who carves him; on a church he may symbolise either inspiration or lust, or he may symbolise an ancient protector of travellers in a forest. The phrase originated from 'whifflers' who dressed in leaves or hair to make way for processions during pageants from the 15th to 18th centuries. There was a belief that those born at the chime hours could see ghosts. The time differed according to region, usually based around
1273-402: Is unknown). Robin Hood was a vicious outlaw who expressed the working-class' disenchantment with the status quo. Through Robin Hood, the forest (called the "greenwood" by folklorists) transformed from the dangerous, mystical battleground of Arthur to a site of sanctuary, comradery, and lawlessness. Rather than a philanthropic thief of the rich, Robin Hood's tales began in the 15th century as
1340-737: The Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition held in the Royal Albert Hall in London in 1887, and with Lucien Wolf he compiled the exhibition catalogue. In 1888 Jacobs visited Spain to examine old Jewish manuscripts there. The Royal Academy of History at Madrid elected him a corresponding member. In 1891 he returned to the theme of Russian anti-Semitism in a short book, The Persecution of the Jews in Russia , which
1407-767: The Council of Jewish Women in New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. In 1900 he was invited to serve as revising editor for the Jewish Encyclopedia , which included entries from 600 contributors. He moved to the United States to take on this task. He also involved himself in the American Jewish Historical Society , became a working member of the Jewish Publication Society 's publication committee. and taught at
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#17327759283581474-572: The Fables of Bidpai and the Fables of Aesop , as well as articles on the migration of Jewish folklore. He also edited editions of The Thousand and One Nights . He went on to join The Folklore Society in England and became an editor of the society journal Folklore . Joseph Jacobs also contributed to The Jewish Encyclopedia . During his lifetime, Jacobs came to be regarded as one of the foremost experts on English folklore. Jacobs
1541-636: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America . Jacobs married Georgina Horne, and fathered two sons and a daughter. In 1900, when he became revising editor of the Jewish Encyclopedia , based in New York, he settled permanently in the United States. He died on 30 January 1916 at his home in Yonkers, New York , aged 62. Jacobs was a student of anthropology at the Statistical Laboratory at University College London in
1608-657: The Society of Hebrew Literature . He was concerned by the anti-Semitic pogroms in the Russian Empire and in January 1882 wrote letters on the subject to The Times of London. This helped to raise public attention to the issue, resulting in the formation of the Mansion House Fund and Committee , of which he was secretary from 1882 to 1900. He was the honorary secretary of the literature and art committee of
1675-744: The Wild Hunt which originates from wider Europe, and Herne the Hunter which relates to the Germanic deity Woden . The Abbots Bromley Horn Dance may represent a pre-Christian festival and the practice of Well dressing in the Peak District , which may date back to Anglo-Saxon or even Celtic times. May Day celebrations such as the Maypole survive across much of England and Northern Europe . Christmas practices such as decorating trees ,
1742-646: The witch trials of the early modern period, which are reflected in stories like that of the Pendle witches . During the Renaissance in the 16th century, England looked to more European texts to develop a national identity. English folklore has continued to differ according to region, although there are shared elements across the country. The folktales, characters and creatures are often derived from aspects of English experience, such as topography , architecture , real people, or real events. English folklore has had
1809-533: The 1880s under Francis Galton . His Studies in Jewish Statistics: Social, Vital and Anthropometric (1891) made his reputation as the first proponent of what was then called "Jewish race science". In 1908 he was appointed a member of the board of seven editors that made a new English translation of the Bible for the Jewish Publication Society of America. In 1913 he resigned his positions at
1876-576: The English revival in the 19th century. During the English folksong revival , English artists scrambled to compose a national identity consisting of England's past folksongs and their contemporary musical influences. Authors such as Francis James Child , Arthur Hugh Clough , and Chaucer made English folksong supranational due to the willingness to import other languages' words, pronunciations, and metres. Other examples of non-Christian influences include
1943-471: The Giant Killer " and " The History of Tom Thumb ". He published his English fairy tale collections English Fairy Tales in 1890 and More English Fairy Tales in 1893. He published European, Jewish, Celtic, and Indian fairy tales, which made him one of the most popular English-language fairy tale writers. Jacobs was also an editor for journals and books on the subject of folklore which included editing
2010-579: The Gratz faculty until 1916 when he became a professor of philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania . Arthur Dembitz was the first cousin of Louis Dembitz Brandeis who at the time was one of the leading Jewish attorneys in the United States and in 1916 became the first Jew to serve on the US Supreme Court . Following the model of the early Jewish educator, Rebecca Gratz (Hyman's sister),
2077-506: The Grimm brothers collected were integrated into the English school curriculum throughout the 19th century as educators of morality. Although English folklore has many influences, its largest are Christian, Celtic and Germanic. Non-Christian influences also defined English folklore up to the eleventh century, such as in their folksongs, celebrations and folktales. An example is the 305 ballads collected by Francis James Child published during
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2144-600: The Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia (established in 1849 by Rebecca Gratz and Isaac Leeser ) joined to establish a trust to create a Hebrew teachers college. Gratz is a graduate college located in a suburban setting, with fully online courses. In addition to its graduate certificate, master's, and doctoral programs, Gratz also runs cultural programs, adult education offerings, and the Tuttleman Library for Jewish studies. Gratz operates
2211-579: The Jewry of our age", adding that he was "in himself a type of the humanity and universality of the Jewish people". Sulzberger praised Jacobs's literary style, commenting that he "wrote with ease and grace", and "might have attained a high place in the illustrious roll of honor of Britain's literary worthies" if he had pursued a career in literature. Sulzberger described him as having "a noble nature, incapable of envy", as well an "insatiable thirst for knowledge"; he
2278-490: The adventures of its titular character, prince Beowulf of Geats . The story goes that Beowulf slays Grendel , a monster who has tormented the hall of Hrothgar King of the Danes for twelve years. Grendel's mother seeks to gain revenge and Beowulf slays her also, after which Beowulf becomes king of the Danes himself. After 50 years, Beowulf's people are tormented by a dragon and Beowulf dies while slaying her. Original speculation
2345-934: The age of 18. He then studied at St John's College, Cambridge , where he gained a BA in 1876. At university he demonstrated a particular interest in mathematics, philosophy, literature, history, and anthropology. While he was in Britain Jacobs became aware of widespread anti-Semitism ; to counter this he wrote an essay, "Mordecai", which was published in Macmillan's Magazine in June 1877 Later in 1877 he moved to Berlin to study Jewish literature and bibliography under Moritz Steinschneider , and Jewish philosophy and ethnology under Moritz Lazarus . Jacobs then returned to Britain and studied anthropology under Francis Galton . At this point he began to further develop his interest in folklore. From 1878 to 1884 he served as secretary of
2412-400: The branches of trees about to bloom to symbolise the birth of new life. Eventually the flowers were replaced with ribbons and May day became a day for celebration and dancing in which a May queen and sometimes a May king would be crowned to also symbolise fertility. A parish ale is a type of party in the parish usually held to fundraise money for a particular purpose. Plough Monday
2479-646: The countryside by digging into the ground and sometimes filling it in with a mineral of a contrasting colour. Examples are the Cerne Abbas Giant , the Uffington White Horse , and the Long Man of Wilmington and are the focus for folktales and beliefs. The Green Man is a description originating in 1939 which describes the engraved sculpture of a face with leaves growing from it in English architecture. His presence symbolises nature, but he
2546-650: The cultural heritage of the country. This body of folklore includes a diverse array of characters, such as heroic figures like Beowulf or Robin Hood , legendary kings like Arthur , and mythical creatures like the Green Man and Black Shuck . These tales and traditions have been shaped by the historical experiences of the English people, influenced by the various cultures that have settled in England over centuries, including Celtic , Roman , Anglo-Saxon , Norse , and Norman elements. The stories within English folklore often convey themes of justice, loyalty, bravery, and
2613-1444: The first classes at Gratz College were focused on the training of teachers. Women were accepted and educated on the same basis as men. There were eight women and five men in the first 'afternoon' class and the first evening class had twelve women and nine men. Women were inspired to gain training and enrolled in Gratz to become teachers of various aspects of Jewish culture, literature, history and language. Gratz College has two doctoral programs: Doctor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Education in Leadership (Ed.D.). Gratz master's degree (MA and MS) programs include Master of Arts in education (M.Ed.), Master of Science in Teaching Practice, Master of Arts in Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Master of Arts in Human Rights, Master of Arts in Jewish Professional Studies, Master of Arts in Jewish Communal Service, Master of Arts in Jewish Studies, and Master of Science in Nonprofit Management. In 2018, Gratz initiated
2680-563: The first online Master of Arts in Holocaust and Genocide Studies, as well as the only fully online doctoral program in Holocaust and Genocide Studies in the world. In 1856, Hyman Gratz signed a Deed of Trust to create a college after his death if various heirs died without children. The trust provided for "the establishment and support of a college for the education of Jews residing in the city and county of Philadelphia”. Hyman Gratz died on January 27, 1857, at age 81, and on October 15, 1893,
2747-410: The folktale types of English folklore. Dragons are giant winged reptiles that breathe fire, poison and acid. They are usually associated with treasure rooms, waterfalls, and hollowed out tree stumps. A Wyvern is a smaller relative of dragons with two legs rather than four. It also has smaller wings and cannot breathe fire. The black dog is a creature which foreshadows calamity or causes it. It
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2814-406: The harvest, or a way to mock nearby farms which had not yet collected their harvest. There has been a recent resurgence in their creation led by Minnie Lambeth in the 1950s and 1960s through her book A Golden Dolly: The Art, Mystery, and History of Corn Dollies . A superstition among children was that, if the first word uttered in the month was " Rabbit !", then that person would have good luck for
2881-702: The house if their gifts are called payments, or if the owners of the house misuse them. Brownies make their homes in an unused part of the house. A dwarf is a human-shaped entity that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. The term had only started to be used in the 19th century as a translation for the German, French, and Scandinavian words which describe dwarfs. Ogres are usually tall, strong, violent, greedy, and remarkably dull monsters and they originate from French culture. In folktales they are likely to be defeated by being outsmarted. The Will-o'-the-wisp
2948-543: The last heir named in the will died without any children. Thus the Gratz estate became available to create the college. On March 20, 1895, the trustees responsible for creating the college received slightly over $ 105,000 from the trust to create the college. The college was officially founded in February, 1895. Starting in October 1895, the college sponsored various lectures and other educational programs. In 1897, under
3015-519: The leadership of Board President Moses A. Dropsie, Gratz College hired the first three faculty members: Henry M. Speaker (Principal, Jewish Literature), Arthur A. Dembitz (Jewish History), Isaac Husik (Hebrew Language). Classes officially began in January, 1898. Henry M. Speaker was an 1894 graduate of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America where he studied Jewish Education. Isaac Husik , while teaching at Gratz, received his Ph.D. in philosophy from University of Pennsylvania in 1902. He remained on
3082-410: The leading English authorities" on folklore, and "the leading authority on fairy tales and the migration of fables". Writing in 1954, O. Somech Philips stated that, while Jacobs accomplished many things in his life, it was as a folklorist that "people remember him best". Writing Jacobs's obituary for The American Jewish Year Book , Mayer Sulzberger characterised him as "one of the important figures in
3149-521: The local community is offered 'Lunch and Learn', an educational speaker series held monthly. Gratz College is a not-for-profit educational institution governed by a 31-member Board of Governors. Historically, most members of the Board of Governors lived in greater Philadelphia, however the current board also has members in New Jersey, Maryland, and British Columbia. The current president of Gratz College
3216-693: The many reproductions of his character. The Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae reference many battles of an Arthur, Annales Cambriae also referencing Mordred , a rival, and Merlin , a wise mentor. Although these sources have been used as proof for Arthur's origins, their credibility has been disputed as mythology rather than history. As English folklore has progressed, King Arthur's retellings have been classified into romances such as Malory 's Morte Darthur , chronicles such as Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae , and fantasies such as Culhwch ac Olwen (whose author
3283-674: The people of England continued to be passed down through oral tradition . During the Renaissance , artists captured these customs in the written word; such as Shakespearean plays' reflections of English folklore through their witches, fairies, folk medicine, marriage and funeral customs, superstitions, and religious beliefs. The Grimm brothers' publications such as German Legends and Grimms' Fairy Tales were translated from their original German and distributed across Europe in 1816. Their stories inspired publishers such as William Thoms to compile legends from within English folklore and without to compose an English identity. The stories that
3350-401: The perception of the countryside as a wild and mystical place. On May Day , the first day of May, a tall, decorated pole is put up as a symbol of fertility called a maypole . The maypole may represents a phallic object impregnating the earth at the end of spring to ensure a bountiful summer, but this association is very late. The maypoles were decorated originally with flowers and carved from
3417-431: The region of their origin, these motifs are such that there is a national identity of folktales through which these regions have interacted. There are likely many characters and stories that have never been recorded and hence were forgotten, but these folktales and their evolutions were often a product of contemporary figures, places, or events local to specific regions. The below are only a small fraction of examples from
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#17327759283583484-485: The rest of the month. Variants include: "rabbit, rabbit, rabbit!", "rabbit, rabbit, white rabbit!", and "white rabbit!". After a person died, a poor person was hired to take on their sins by eating before or after the funeral over their body- a sin-eater . The sin-eater would hence ensure that the recently deceased would be taken to heaven. Sir Francis Drake's Drum is a legend about the drum of an English admiral who raided Spanish treasure fleets and Spanish ports. He
3551-667: The seminary to become editor of the American Hebrew . In 1920 Book I of his Jewish Contributions to Civilization , which was practically finished at the time of his death, was published in Philadelphia. In addition to the books already mentioned, Jacobs edited The Fables of Aesop as First Printed by Caxton (1889), Painter's Palace of Pleasure (1890), Baltaser Gracian's Art of Worldly Wisdom (1892), Howell's Letters (1892), Barlaam and Josaphat (1896), The Thousand and One Nights (6 vols, 1896), and others. Jacobs
3618-534: The significance of holly , and Christmas carolling were born from the desire to escape from the harshness of winter around Europe. These combine to form a folklore which teaches that, through an upright and virtuous character, a person can achieve a successful life. Lullabies , songs, dances, games, folktales, and superstitions all imparted a religious and moral education, and form a person's sense of justice and Christianity. Children's games would often contain counting songs or gamifications of manners to ensure that
3685-518: The supernatural, and often contain a moral imperative stemming from Christian values . They frequently explore the relationship between humans and the natural world, as seen in the legends of the Green Man or Herne the Hunter , or the consequences of human actions, as illustrated in tales like the Lambton Worm . Additionally, English folklore has been influenced by historical events, such as
3752-399: The times of monk's prayer which were sometimes marked by a chime. Crop circles are formations of flattened cereal. While they have been speculated to have mysterious and often extraterrestrial origins, most crop circles have been proven to be hoaxes. Those made by Doug Bower and Dave Chorley across England in 1991 have since started chains of copycats around the world. Cunning folk was
3819-581: Was "always ready to welcome a fellow-inquirer." After his death his stories were republished, including in the 1918 book English fairy tales by Flora Annie Steel with illustrations from Arthur Rackham . Sulzberger included a list of his books in his obituary: English folklore English folklore consists of the myths and legends of England , including the region's mythical creatures , traditional recipes , urban legends , proverbs , superstitions , dance , balladry , and folktales that have been passed down through generations, reflecting
3886-538: Was a custom in which, on the first Monday after Christmas , men visited people's doorsteps at night and asked for a token for the holiday. They carried whips and a makeshift plough and dug up the house's doorstep or scraper if the house refused to give them an item. Corn dollies are a form of straw work made as part of harvest customs of Europe before the First World War . Their use varied according to region: it may have been decorative, an image of pride for
3953-619: Was also a contributor to the Encyclopædia Britannica , and to James Hastings 's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . Jacobs edited the journal Folklore from 1899 to 1900 and from 1890 to 1916 he edited multiple collections of fairy tales that were published with illustrations by John Dickson Batten : English Fairy Tales , Celtic Fairy Tales , Indian Fairy Tales , More English Fairy Tales , More Celtic Fairy Tales (all 1890 to 1895) and Europa's Fairy Book (also issued as European Folk and Fairy Tales ) in 1916. He
4020-502: Was believed to have white magic which enabled him to turn into a dragon (as hinted by his name, Drake meaning dragon in Latin). When he died, the drum which he brought on his voyage around the world was sung about- that in England's peril, they could strike it and he would come to their aid. Eventually the legend evolved to be that the drum would strike itself in England's peril, and it has been heard struck since. A hagstone , also called
4087-467: Was born in Sydney, New South Wales, on 29 August 1854. He was the sixth surviving son of John Jacobs, a publican who had emigrated from London in around 1837, and his wife Sarah, née Myers. Jacobs was educated at Sydney Grammar School and at the University of Sydney , to which he won a scholarship for classics, mathematics and chemistry. He did not complete his studies in Sydney, but left for Britain at
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#17327759283584154-536: Was confined to her chambers until death and roamed the halls of Raynham , named after the brown brocade she wears. Differing versions of the story attest that she was locked in by her husband, Lord Townsend, or by the Countess of Wharton. The Legend of the Mistletoe Bough is a ghost story which has been associated with many mansions and stately homes in England. The tale describes how a new bride, playing
4221-679: Was founded in the year 927, Wessex and its surrounding areas' cultures were transformed by the invasion of the Danish King Guthrum between 865 and 878. The king of Wessex , King Alfred , prevailed against King Guthrum's troops in 878 and King Guthrum was baptised and became the ruler of East Anglia . This continued the process of the assimilation of Norse words into the English language. Eventually English folklore melded with Norse traditions such as in their iconography , which became more Greek, and in their clothing and folktales which adopted more Nordic elements. The folklore of
4288-694: Was inspired in this by the Brothers Grimm and the romantic nationalism common in folklorists of his age; he wished English children to have access to English fairy tales, whereas they were chiefly reading French and German tales; in his own words, "What Perrault began, the Grimms completed." Although he collected many tales under the name of fairy tales , many of them are unusual sorts of tales. Binnorie (in English Fairy Tales ) and Tamlane (in More English Fairy Tales ) are prose versions of ballads , The Old Woman and Her Pig (in English Fairy Tales )
4355-545: Was published first in London and then in the United States by the Jewish Publication Society of America . In 1896 Jacobs began publication of the annual Jewish Year Book , continuing the series until 1899, after which it was continued by others. He was also President of the Jewish Historical Society . In 1896 Jacobs visited the United States to deliver lectures on "The Philosophy of Jewish History" at Gratz College in Philadelphia, as well as to groups of
4422-404: Was that Beowulf was a Scandinavian epic translated to English, theorised due to the story's Scandinavian settings. However, Beowulf was cemented as an Old English epic through the study that heroes of folklore are not ordinarily natives of the country they save. The Brown Lady of Raynham is a story of the ghost of a woman of Norfolk , Lady Dorothy Walpole. After her adultery was discovered, she
4489-530: Was the belief that the boggart should never be named, for when the boggart was given a name, it could not be reasoned with nor persuaded, but would become uncontrollable and destructive. A brownie is a type of hob (household spirit), similar to a hobgoblin . Brownies are said to inhabit houses and aid in tasks around the house. However, they do not like to be seen and will only work at night, traditionally in exchange for small gifts or food. Among food, they especially enjoy porridge and honey. They usually abandon
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