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80-533: James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, dancer, and musician. The central progenitor of funk music and a major figure of 20th-century music , he is referred to by various nicknames , among them "Mr. Dynamite", "the Hardest-Working Man in Show Business", "Minister of New Super Heavy Funk", "Godfather of Soul", "King of Soul", and "Soul Brother No. 1". In

160-613: A cameo appearance in the 2002 Jackie Chan film The Tuxedo , in which Chan was required to finish Brown's act after having accidentally knocked out the singer. In 2002, Brown appeared in Undercover Brother , playing himself. In 2004, Brown opened for the Red Hot Chili Peppers at several Hyde Park concerts in London. The beginning of 2005 saw the publication of his second book, I Feel Good: A Memoir of

240-415: A time line (such as clave and tresillo ) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle." It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname "Soul Brother No. 1", after failing to win the title "King of Soul" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across

320-502: A Brand New Bag " in 1965, which became his first top ten pop hit and won him his first Grammy Award . Brown signed a production deal with Loma Records . Later in 1965, he issued " I Got You ", which became his second single in a row to reach number-one on the R&;B chart and top ten on the pop chart. Brown followed that up with the ballad " It's a Man's Man's Man's World ", a third Top 10 Pop hit (No. 1 R&B) which confirmed his stance as

400-402: A Brand New Bag ", " I Got You (I Feel Good) " and " It's a Man's Man's Man's World ". During the late 1960s, Brown moved from a continuum of blues and gospel -based forms and styles to a new approach to music-making, emphasizing stripped-down interlocking rhythms that influenced the development of funk music. By the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of

480-496: A Life of Soul , written with Marc Eliot. In February and March 2005, he participated in recording sessions for an intended studio album with Fred Wesley, Pee Wee Ellis, and other longtime collaborators. Though he lost interest in the album, which remains unreleased, a track from the sessions, " Gut Bucket ", appeared on a compilation CD included with the August 2006 issue of MOJO . He appeared at Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push ,

560-434: A Loose ", are examples of Brown's refinement of New Orleans funk; irresistibly danceable riffs, stripped down to their rhythmic essence. On both recordings, the tonal structure is bare bones. The pattern of attack points is the emphasis, not the pattern of pitches as if the guitar were an African drum or idiophone. Alexander Stewart states that this popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to

640-685: A boy. In November 1967, James Brown purchased radio station WGYW in Knoxville, Tennessee , for a reported $ 75,000, according to the January 20, 1968 Record World magazine. The call letters were changed to WJBE reflecting his initials. WJBE began on January 15, 1968, and broadcast a Rhythm & Blues format. The station slogan was "WJBE 1430 Raw Soul". Brown bought WEBB in Baltimore in 1970. Brown branched out to make several recordings with musicians outside his own band. In an attempt to appeal to

720-822: A car crash. Along with Brown and Byrd, the group consisted of Sylvester Keels, Doyle Oglesby, Fred Pulliam, Nash Knox and Nafloyd Scott. Influenced by R&B groups such as Hank Ballard and the Midnighters , the Orioles and Billy Ward and his Dominoes , the group changed its name, first to the Toccoa Band and then to the Flames. Nafloyd's brother Baroy later joined the group on bass guitar. Brown, Byrd and Keels switched lead positions and instruments, often playing drums and piano. Johnny Terry later joined, by which time Pulliam and Oglesby had long left. Berry Trimier became

800-457: A career as a boxer. At the age of 16, he was convicted of robbery and sent to a juvenile detention center in Toccoa . There, he formed a gospel quartet with four cellmates, including Johnny Terry. Brown met singer Bobby Byrd when the two played against each other in a baseball game outside the detention center. Byrd discovered that Brown could sing after hearing of "a guy called Music Box", which

880-451: A career that lasted more than 50 years, he influenced the development of several music genres. Brown was one of the first ten inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on January 23, 1986. His music has been heavily sampled by hip-hop musicians and other artists. Brown began his career as a gospel singer in Toccoa, Georgia . He rose to prominence in the mid-1950s as the lead singer of

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960-419: A duet with singer Annie Lennox on the song "Vengeance" for her new album Venus , which was released in 2007. Progenitor In genealogy , the progenitor (rarer: primogenitor ; German : Stammvater or Ahnherr ) is the – sometimes legendary – founder of a family , line of descent , clan or tribe , noble house , or ethnic group . Genealogy (commonly known as family history) understands

1040-522: A focal point for many performances. Other members of Brown's band included stalwart Famous Flames singer and sideman Bobby Byrd, trombonist Fred Wesley , drummers John "Jabo" Starks , Clyde Stubblefield and Melvin Parker , saxophonist St. Clair Pinckney , guitarist Alphonso "Country" Kellum and bassist Bernard Odum . In addition to a torrent of singles and studio albums, Brown's output during this period included two more successful live albums, Live at

1120-578: A grueling schedule throughout the remainder of his life, living up to his previous nickname, "The Hardest Working Man in Show Business", in spite of his advanced age. In 2003, Brown participated in the PBS American Masters television documentary James Brown: Soul Survivor , which was directed by Jeremy Marre . Brown performed in the Super Bowl XXXI halftime show in 1997. Brown celebrated his status as an icon by appearing in

1200-455: A house shared with another aunt. Brown's mother eventually left the family after a contentious and abusive marriage and moved to New York. He began singing in talent shows as a young child, first appearing at Augusta's Lenox Theater in 1944, winning the show after singing the ballad "So Long". While in Augusta, Brown performed buck dances for change to entertain troops from Camp Gordon at

1280-721: A large fee. However, the great success of these shows marked a turning point for Brown's career, and soon he was back on top in Hollywood. Movies followed, including appearances in Doctor Detroit (1983) and Rocky IV (1985). He guest-starred in the Miami Vice episode "Missing Hours" (1987). Previously, Brown appeared alongside a litany of other Black musical luminaries in The Blues Brothers (1980). In 1984, he teamed with rap musician Afrika Bambaataa on

1360-803: A live album due to the fact that Brown's singles had already been bought and that live albums were usually bad sellers. Live at the Apollo was released in June 1963 and became an immediate hit, eventually reaching number two on the Top LPs chart and selling over a million copies, staying on the charts for 14 months. In 1963, Brown scored his first top 20 pop hit with his rendition of the standard " Prisoner of Love ". He launched his first label, Try Me Records , which included recordings by Tammy Montgomery, later to be famous as Tammi Terrell , Johnny & Bill (Famous Flames associates Johnny Terry and Bill Hollings) and

1440-546: A progenitor (often a god) in their mythologies, for example, the Hellenistic Greeks look back to Hellen as their progenitor. In Indian Hinduism Manu is the progenitor of all mankind. In the Abrahamic religions , Adam , Noah , Abraham and others are described as progenitors (see also Biblical patriarchy ). In archaeogenetics (archaeological genetics), a human Y-chromosomal Adam has been named as

1520-506: A progenitor to be the earliest recorded ancestor of a consanguineous family group of descendants . Progenitors are sometimes used to describe the status of a genealogical research project, or in order to compare the availability of genealogical data in different times and places. Often, progenitors are implied to be patrilineal . If a patrilineal dynasty is considered, each such dynasty has exactly one progenitor. Aristocratic and dynastic families often look back to an ancestor who

1600-507: A re-recorded version of "Please, Please, Please" in March 1956. The song became the group's first R&B hit, selling over a million copies. None of their follow-ups gained similar success. In 1957, Brown replaced Clint Brantley as manager and hired Ben Bart, chief of Universal Attractions Agency . In 1957 the original Flames broke up, after Bart changed the name of the group to "James Brown and His Famous Flames". In October 1958, Brown released

1680-744: A record crowd of 80,000 people. He played a full concert as part of the BBC's Electric Proms on October 27, 2006, at The Roundhouse, supported by the Zutons, with special appearances from Max Beasley and the Sugababes. Brown's last televised appearance was at his induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2006, before his death in December. Before his death, Brown had been scheduled to perform

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1760-610: A result, Brown's record sales and concerts in the United States were in a lull in 1973, as he failed to land a number-one R&B single that year. In 1973 he also faced problems with the IRS for failure to pay back taxes , charging he hadn't paid upwards of $ 4.5 million; five years earlier, the IRS had claimed he owed nearly $ 2 million. In 1973, Brown provided the score for the blaxploitation film Black Caesar . In 1974 he returned to

1840-693: A separate entity from the Flames, sometimes named the James Brown Orchestra or the James Brown Band. In 1960, the band released the top ten R&B hit " (Do the) Mashed Potatoes " on Dade Records, owned by Henry Stone , billed under the pseudonym "Nat Kendrick & the Swans" due to label issues. As a result of its success, King president Syd Nathan shifted Brown's contract from Federal to the parent label, King, which according to Brown in his autobiography meant "you got more support from

1920-732: A show at Los Angeles' Wiltern Theatre , that was well received. On June 10, 1991, James Brown and a star-filled line up performed before a crowd at the Wiltern Theatre for a live pay-per-view at-home audience. James Brown: Living in America – Live! was the brainchild of Indiana producer Danny Hubbard. It featured M.C. Hammer as well as Bell Biv Devoe , Heavy D & the Boys, En Vogue , C+C Music Factory , Quincy Jones , Sherman Hemsley and Keenen Ivory Wayans . Ice-T , Tone Loc and Kool Moe Dee performed paying homage to Brown. This

2000-500: A single. Again, it failed to chart. Brown's final studio albums, I'm Back and The Next Step , were released in 1998 and 2002 respectively. I'm Back featured the song " Funk on Ah Roll ", which peaked at No. 40 in the UK but did not chart in his native US. The Next Step included Brown's final single, " Killing Is Out, School Is In ". Both albums were produced by Derrick Monk. Brown's concert success remained unabated and he kept up with

2080-456: A small wooden shack. Brown's name was supposed to have been Joseph James Brown, but his first and middle names were mistakenly reversed on his birth certificate. The Brown family lived in poverty in Elko, South Carolina , which was an impoverished town in 1933. They moved to Augusta, Georgia , when James was four or five. His family first settled at one of his aunts' brothels. They later moved into

2160-406: A top-ranking performer, especially with R&B audiences from that point on. By 1967, Brown's emerging sound began to be defined as funk music. That year he released what some critics cited as the first true funk song, " Cold Sweat ", which hit number-one on the R&B chart (Top 10 Pop) and became one of his first recordings to contain a drum break and also the first that featured a harmony that

2240-694: A variety of entertainment and sports events, including an appearance on the WCW pay-per-view event, SuperBrawl X , where he danced alongside wrestler Ernest "the Cat" Miller , who based his character on Brown, during his in-ring skit with the Maestro . Brown appeared in Tony Scott 's short film Beat the Devil in 2001. He was featured alongside Clive Owen , Gary Oldman , Danny Trejo and Marilyn Manson . Brown made

2320-496: A white Cincinnati band, including the hit " I Can't Stand Myself ". He also released three albums of Christmas music with his own band. In March 1970, most of Brown's mid-to-late 1960s road band walked out on him due to financial disputes, a development augured by the prior disbandment of the Famous Flames singing group for the same reason in 1968. Brown and erstwhile Famous Flames singer Bobby Byrd, who chose to remain in

2400-556: Is associated with the predecessor to bluegrass — "old-time" music , which is based on English, and Irish fiddle tunes as well as African American banjo tunes. Clogging primarily developed from Irish step dancing called Sean-nós dance ; there were also English, Scottish, German, and Cherokee step dances, as well as African rhythms and movement influences too. It was from clogging that tap dance eventually evolved. Now, many clogging teams compete against other teams for prizes such as money and trophies. The term "buck", as in buck dancing ,

2480-438: Is seen as the founder and progenitor of their house (i.e. family line). Even the old Roman legal concept of agnates ( Latin for "descendants") was based on the idea of the unbroken family line of a progenitor, but only includes male members of the family, whilst the women were referred to as " cognatic ". It is rarely possible to confirm biological parenthood in the case of ancient family lines (see bastardy ). In addition,

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2560-649: Is the official state dance of Kentucky and North Carolina . In the United States, team clogging originated from square dance teams in Asheville , North Carolina 's Mountain Dance and Folk Festival (1928), organized by Bascom Lamar Lunsford in the Appalachian region . The Soco Gap Dancers performed at the White House in 1939, which caused an uptick in the popularity of team clogging. American Clogging

2640-528: Is traceable to the West Indies and is derived from a Tupi Indian word denoting a frame or hurdle for drying and smoking meat; the original po bockarau or buccaneers were sailors who ate smoked meat and fish after the manner of the Indians. Another source states that the word bockorau can be traced to the "Angolan" word "buckra', and was used to refer to white people, which is disputed. Eventually

2720-577: Is very important to mention "I've Got Money" which features the first 'rhythmic' shift as one of the foundations of the Funk, played by Clayton Fillyau in recorded in 1961, released in 1962!) Changes in Brown's style that started with "Cold Sweat" established the musical foundation for Brown's later hits, such as " I Got the Feelin' " (1968) and " Mother Popcorn " (1969). By this time Brown's vocals frequently took

2800-606: The Billboard R&;B charts from 1942 to 2010, Brown is ranked No. 1 in the Top 500 Artists. He is ranked seventh on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, and at No. 44 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. James Joseph Brown was born on May 3, 1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina , to 16-year-old Susie ( née Behling; 1917–2004) and 21-year-old Joseph Gardner Brown (1912–1993) in

2880-578: The most recent common ancestor from whom all currently living people are descended patrilinearly. This Adam lived in Africa at a time variously estimated from 60,000 to 338,000 years ago. And Mitochondrial Eve , the most recent common ancestor in the matrilineal line, is estimated to have lived from 100,000 to 230,000 years ago. (There being no suggestion that these, “Eve” and “Adam”, lived at nearby times or places. And there were many other common ancestors in other lines of descent.) Clogging Clogging

2960-471: The "fifth Flame". Brown, the Flames, and his entire band debuted at the Apollo Theater on April 24, 1959, opening for Brown's idol, Little Willie John . Federal Records issued two albums credited to Brown and the Famous Flames. Both contained previously released singles. In 1960, Brown began multi-tasking in the recording studio involving himself, his singing group, the Famous Flames, and his band,

3040-567: The 1300 known indigenous peoples and ethnic groups worldwide, whilst around 600 have patrilineal rules of descent (from father to son). In the mythological beliefs of the Romans the god of war, Mars , was viewed as the progenitor of the Romans; which is why the Mars symbol ( ♂ , a shield and spear), is used to refer to the male sex . Besides cities and countries, ethnic groups may also have

3120-421: The Famous Flames , a rhythm and blues vocal group founded by Bobby Byrd . With the hit ballads " Please, Please, Please " and " Try Me ", Brown built a reputation as a dynamic live performer with the Famous Flames and his backing band, sometimes known as the James Brown Band or the James Brown Orchestra. His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album Live at the Apollo and hit singles such as " Papa's Got

3200-489: The Famous Flames grabbed more national attention after delivering an explosive show-stopping performance on the live concert film The T.A.M.I. Show . The Flames' dynamic gospel-tinged vocals, polished choreography and timing as well as Brown's energetic dance moves and high-octane singing upstaged the proposed closing act, the Rolling Stones . Having signed a new deal with King, Brown released his song " Papa's Got

3280-460: The Garden (1967) and Live at the Apollo, Volume II (1968), and a 1968 television special, James Brown: Man to Man . His music empire expanded along with his influence on the music scene. As Brown's music empire grew, his desire for financial and artistic independence grew as well. Brown bought radio stations during the late 1960s, including WRDW in his native Augusta, where he shined shoes as

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3360-408: The J.B.'s dissolved after a March 1971 European tour (documented on the 1991 archival release Love Power Peace ) due to additional money disputes and Bootsy Collins's use of LSD ; a new lineup of the J.B.'s coalesced around Wesley, St. Clair Pinckney and drummer John Starks. In 1971, Brown began recording for Polydor Records . Many of his sidemen and supporting players, including Fred Wesley &

3440-486: The J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, Lyn Collins , Vicki Anderson and former rival Hank Ballard , released records on the People label. During the 1972 presidential election , James Brown openly proclaimed his support of Richard Nixon for reelection to the presidency over Democratic candidate George McGovern . The decision led to a boycott of his performances and, according to Brown, cost him a big portion of his black audience. As

3520-470: The J.B.s with records such as " Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine " and " The Payback ". He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit " Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud ". Brown continued to perform and record until his death from pneumonia in 2006. Brown recorded and released 17 singles that reached No. 1 on the Billboard R&;B charts . He also holds

3600-553: The No. 1 spot on the R&B charts with " The Payback ", with the parent album reaching the same spot on the album charts. He reached No. 1 two more times in 1974, with " My Thang " and " Papa Don't Take No Mess ". "Papa Don't Take No Mess" was his final single to reach the No. 1 spot on the R&B charts. His other Top Ten R&B hits during this latter period included " Funky President " (R&B No. 4) and " Get Up Offa That Thing " (R&B No. 4). Although his records were mainstays of

3680-453: The Poets, which was another name used for Brown's backing band. During this time, Brown began an ill-fated two-year relationship with 17-year-old Tammi Terrell when she sang in his revue. Terrell ended their personal and professional relationship because of Brown's abusive behavior. In 1964, seeking bigger commercial success, Brown and Bobby Byrd formed the production company, Fair Deal, linking

3760-510: The R&B chart. His former record label Polydor released the four-CD box set Star Time , spanning Brown's career to date. Brown's release from prison prompted his former record labels to reissue his albums on CD, featuring additional tracks and commentary by music critics and historians. In 1991, Brown appeared on rapper MC Hammer 's video for " Too Legit to Quit ". Hammer had been noted, alongside Big Daddy Kane , for bringing Brown's unique stage shows and their own energetic dance moves to

3840-517: The US R&;B chart and reached No. 59 on the UK chart. Its brief charting in the UK was probably due to the success of a remixed version of "I Feel Good" featuring Dakeyne . Brown released the singles "How Long" and "Georgia-Lina", which failed to chart. In 1995, Brown returned to the Apollo and recorded Live at the Apollo 1995 . It included a studio track titled "Respect Me", which was released as

3920-399: The ballad " Try Me ", which hit number one on the R&B chart in the beginning of 1959, becoming the first of seventeen chart-topping R&B hits. Shortly afterwards, he recruited his first band, led by J. C. Davis, and reunited with Bobby Byrd who joined a revived Famous Flames lineup that included Eugene "Baby" Lloyd Stallworth and Bobby Bennett , with Johnny Terry sometimes coming in as

4000-513: The band during this tumultuous period as co-frontman, effectively serving as a proto- hype man in live performances, recruited several members of the Pacemakers , a Cincinnati-based ensemble that included bassist Bootsy Collins and his brother, guitarist Phelps "Catfish" Collins ; augmented by the remaining members of the 1960s road band, including Fred Wesley, who rejoined Brown's outfit in December 1970, and other newer musicians, they formed

4080-418: The company". While with King, Brown, under the Famous Flames lineup, released the hit-filled album Think! and in 1961 released two albums with the James Brown Band earning second billing. With the Famous Flames, Brown sang lead on several more hits, including " Bewildered ", " I'll Go Crazy " and " Think ", songs that hinted at his emerging style. In 1962, Brown and his band scored a hit with their cover of

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4160-631: The disco-oriented " It's Too Funky in Here " in 1979 reaching the R&B Top 15 and the ballad " Kiss in '77 " reaching the Top 20. After 1976's "Bodyheat", he failed to appear on the Billboard Hot 100. As a result, Brown's concert attendance began dropping and his reported disputes with the IRS caused his business empire to collapse. In addition, several longtime bandmates, including Wesley and Maceo Parker, had gradually pivoted to Parliament-Funkadelic, which reached its critical and commercial apogee in

4240-578: The early 1980s that hip hop pioneer Kurtis Blow called the song "the national anthem of hip hop". After his stint in prison during the late 1980s, Brown met Larry Fridie and Thomas Hart who produced the first James Brown biopic, entitled James Brown: The Man, the Message, the Music , released in 1992. He returned to music with the album Love Over-Due in 1991. It included the single " (So Tired of Standing Still We Got to) Move On ", which peaked at No. 48 on

4320-617: The family from time to time throughout his career. Shortly after being paroled he joined the gospel group the Ever-Ready Gospel Singers, featuring Byrd's sister Sarah. Brown joined Bobby Byrd's group in 1954. The group had evolved from the Gospel Starlighters, an a cappella gospel group, to an R&B group with the name the Avons. He reputedly joined the band after one of its members, Troy Collins, died in

4400-631: The final Live 8 concert on July 6, 2005, where he performed a duet with British pop star Will Young on "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag". In the Black Eyed Peas album "Monkey Business", Brown was featured on a track called "They Don't Want Music". The previous week he had performed a duet with another British pop star, Joss Stone , on the United Kingdom chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . In 2006, Brown continued his Seven Decades of Funk World Tour. His final major U.S. performance

4480-540: The form of a kind of rhythmic declamation, not quite sung but not quite spoken, that only intermittently featured traces of pitch or melody . This became a major influence on the techniques of rapping , which would come to maturity along with hip hop music in the coming decades. Brown's style of funk in the late 1960s was based on interlocking syncopated parts: strutting bass lines, syncopated drum patterns, and iconic percussive guitar riffs. The main guitar ostinatos for 1969's " Ain't It Funky " and " Give It Up or Turnit

4560-462: The group audition. He then sent them to a local radio station to record a demo session, where they performed their own composition " Please, Please, Please ", which was inspired when Little Richard wrote the words of the title on a napkin and Brown was determined to make a song out of it. The Famous Flames eventually signed with King Records ' Federal subsidiary in Cincinnati, Ohio, and issued

4640-547: The group's first manager, booking them at parties near college campuses in Georgia and South Carolina. The group had already gained a reputation as a good live act when they renamed themselves the Famous Flames. In 1955, the group contacted Little Richard while performing in Macon . Richard convinced the group to get in contact with his manager at the time, Clint Brantley, at his nightclub. Brantley agreed to manage them after seeing

4720-484: The hip-hop generation. Both listed Brown as their idol. Both musicians sampled his work, with Hammer having sampled the rhythms from " Super Bad " for his song "Here Comes the Hammer", from his best-selling album Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em . Big Daddy Kane sampled many times. Before the year was over, Brown–who had immediately returned to work with his band following his release–organized a pay-per-view concert following

4800-675: The industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone , Funkadelic , Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band , Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin Starr , David Ruffin and Dennis Edwards from the Temptations , and Michael Jackson , who, throughout his career, cited Brown as his ultimate idol. Brown's band during this period employed musicians and arrangers who had come up through

4880-431: The instrumental " Night Train ", becoming a top five R&B single. That same year, the ballads " Lost Someone " and " Baby You're Right ", the latter a Joe Tex composition, added to his repertoire and increased his reputation with R&B audiences. On October 24, 1962, Brown financed a live recording of a performance at the Apollo and convinced Syd Nathan to release the album, despite Nathan's belief that no one would buy

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4960-460: The jazz tradition. He was noted for his ability as a bandleader and songwriter to blend the simplicity and drive of R&B with the rhythmic complexity and precision of jazz . Trumpeter Lewis Hamlin and saxophonist/keyboardist Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis , the successor to previous bandleader Nat Jones, led the band. Guitarist Jimmy Nolen provided percussive, deceptively simple riffs for each song, and Maceo Parker 's prominent saxophone solos provided

5040-540: The mid-to-late 1970s. The emergence of disco forestalled Brown's success on the R&B charts, because its slicker, more commercial style had superseded his rawer, one-chord funk productions. By the release of 1979's The Original Disco Man , Brown seldom contributed to the songwriting and production processes, leaving most of it to producer Brad Shapiro . This resulted in the song "It's Too Funky in Here" becoming Brown's most successful single in this period. After two more albums failed to chart, Brown left Polydor in 1981. It

5120-467: The nucleus of the J.B.'s , Brown's new backing ensemble. Shortly following their first performance together, the band entered the studio to record the Brown-Byrd composition, " Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine ". The song —with its off the beat play Brown called "The One"— and other contemporaneous singles further cemented Brown's influence in the nascent genre of funk music. This iteration of

5200-593: The older, more affluent, and predominantly white adult contemporary audience, Brown recorded Gettin' Down To It (1969) and Soul on Top (1970)—two albums consisting mostly of romantic ballads, jazz standards, and homologous reinterpretations of his earlier hits—with the Dee Felice Trio and the Louie Bellson Orchestra. In 1968, he recorded a number of funk-oriented tracks with the Dapps ,

5280-405: The operation to the Mercury imprint, Smash Records . King Records fought against this and was granted an injunction preventing Brown from releasing any recordings for the label. Prior to the injunction, Brown had released three vocal singles, including the blues-oriented hit " Out of Sight ", which further indicated the direction his music was going to take. Touring throughout the year, Brown and

5360-584: The popular music of the 1970s". Those same tracks were later resurrected by countless hip-hop musicians from the 1970s onward. As a result, James Brown remains to this day the world's most sampled recording artist. Two tracks that he wrote, are synonymous with modern dance, especially with house music , jungle music , and drum and bass music , which were sped up exponentially, in the latter two genres. "Bring it Up" has an Afro-Cuban guajeo -like structure. All three of these guitar riffs are based on an onbeat/offbeat structure. Stewart says that it "is different from

5440-466: The production team Full Force on the new jack swing -influenced I'm Real . It spawned his final two Top 10 R&B hits, " I'm Real " and " Static ", which peaked at No. 2 and No. 5, respectively. Meanwhile, the drum break from the second version of the original 1969 hit "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose", the recording included on the compilation album In the Jungle Groove , became so popular at hip hop dance parties, especially for breakdance , during

5520-443: The progenitor is often a distant ancestor, only known as a result of oral tradition . Where people groups and communities rely solely on a patrilinear family line, their common ancestor often became the subject of a legend surrounding the origin of the family. By contrast, families and peoples with a matrilinear history trace themselves back to an original female progenitrix . Matrilinear rules of descent are found in about 200 of

5600-452: The record for the most singles listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart that did not reach No. 1. Brown was posthumously inducted into the first class of the Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame in 2013 as an artist and then in 2017 as a songwriter. He received honors from several other institutions, including inductions into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame . In Joel Whitburn 's analysis of

5680-447: The song " Unity ". A year later he signed with Scotti Brothers Records and issued the moderately successful album Gravity in 1986 with a popular song " How Do You Stop ". It included Brown's final Top Ten pop hit, " Living in America ", marking his first Top 40 entry since 1974 and his first Top Ten pop entry since 1968. Produced and written by Dan Hartman , it featured prominently on the Rocky IV film and soundtrack. Brown performed

5760-696: The song in the film at Apollo Creed's final fight, shot in the Ziegfeld Room at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , and was credited in the film as the Godfather of Soul. 1986 also saw the publication of his autobiography, James Brown: The Godfather of Soul , co-written with Bruce Tucker. In 1987, Brown won the Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Living in America". In 1988, Brown worked with

5840-401: The start of World War II as their convoys traveled over a canal bridge near his aunt's home. This is where he first heard the legendary blues musician Howlin' Wolf play guitar. He learned to play the piano, guitar, and harmonica during this period. He became inspired to become an entertainer after hearing " Caldonia " by Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five . In his teen years, Brown briefly had

5920-407: The term came to describe Irish immigrant sailors whose jig dance was known as 'the buck'." One source states that buck dancing was the earliest combination of the basic shuffle and tap steps performed to syncopated rhythms in which accents are placed not on the straight beat, as with the jigs, clogs, and other dances of European origin, but on the downbeat or offbeat, a style derived primarily from

6000-438: The vanguard New York underground disco scene, exemplified by DJs such as David Mancuso and Francis Grasso , from 1969 onwards, Brown did not consciously yield to the trend until 1975's Sex Machine Today . By 1977, he was no longer a dominant force in R&B. After "Get Up Offa That Thing", thirteen of Brown's late 1970s recordings for Polydor failed to reach the Top 10 of the R&B chart, with only " Bodyheat " in 1976 and

6080-529: Was Brown's first public performance since his parole from the South Carolina prison system in February. He had served two-and-a-half years of two concurrent six-year sentences for aggravated assault and other felonies. Brown continued making recordings. In 1993 his album Universal James was released. It included his final Billboard charting single, " Can't Get Any Harder ", which peaked at No. 76 on

6160-541: Was Brown's nickname at the prison. Byrd has since said he and his family helped to secure an early release, which led to Brown promising the court he would "sing for the Lord". Brown was released on a work sponsorship with Toccoa business owner S. C. Lawson. Lawson was impressed with Brown's work ethic and secured his release with a promise to keep him employed for two years. Brown was paroled on June 14, 1952. Brown went on to work with both of Lawson's sons, and came back to visit

6240-610: Was around this time that Brown changed the name of his band from the J.B.'s to the Soul Generals, or Soul G's. The band retained that name until his death. Despite Brown's declining record sales, promoters Gary LoConti and Jim Rissmiller helped Brown sell out a string of residency shows at the Reseda Country Club in Los Angeles in early 1982. Brown's compromised commercial standing prevented him from charging

6320-817: Was in San Francisco on August 20, 2006, as headliner at the Festival of the Golden Gate (Foggfest) on the Great Meadow at Fort Mason . The next day, he performed at an 800-seat campus theatre at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California . His last shows were greeted with positive reviews, and one of his final concert appearances at the Irish Oxegen festival in Punchestown in 2006 included

6400-422: Was reduced to a single chord . The instrumental arrangements on tracks such as " Give It Up or Turnit a Loose " and " Licking Stick-Licking Stick ", both recorded in 1968, and " Funky Drummer ", recorded in 1969, featured a more developed version of Brown's mid-1960s style, with the horn section , guitars, bass and drums meshed together in intricate rhythmic patterns based on multiple interlocking riffs . (Note: It

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