Captain James MacMurdo was the first political resident of British East India Company to Cutch State . He played important role in bringing kutchh under British suzerainty .
76-749: MacMurdo was born on 30 November 1785 in Dumfriesshire in Scotland . Lieutenant MacMurdo entered the military service in 1801 ; commanded the Resident's Guard at Baroda State and served as Aide-de-Camp to Lieutenant- General Oliver Nicolls , Commander-in-Chief of Bombay . He entered Cutch in the guise of Ramanandi monk. He resided at Madhavrai's Temple in Anjar and his religious activities earned him nickname, Bhuriya Bava . He spoke local language and had understanding of local customs. In 1816, he
152-620: A continuation of the new rail link from Edinburgh to Tweedbank opened in 2015. Until 1967 the North British Railway sent a short line to Langholm (via Canonbie and Gilnockie) from Riddings Junction in Cumberland, giving access to Carlisle. The last passenger train ran on the Langholm branch on 26 March 1967, the last freight service on 17 September in the same year, and the track was lifted shortly thereafter. There
228-506: A minor was made the ruler of Cutch State. In 1819, MacMurdo was posted as British Political Resident stationed at Bhuj . During Deshalji's minority, the affairs of the State were managed by Council of Regency, which was composed of Jadeja chiefs and was headed by MacMurdo. During his stay in Anjar , he built MacMurdo's Bungalow with wall paintings which has the themes from Ramayana . It is now State Protected Monument. In 1819, he experienced
304-621: A more natural state such as Loch Dee, Loch Enoch , Loch Grannoch and Loch Trool . To the east of Moffat is the largest natural body of water in the Borders Region of the Southern Uplands, St. Mary's Loch together with the adjacent Loch of the Lowes and nearby Loch Skeen . There are several other reservoirs in the vicinity including Megget Reservoir , Talla Reservoir and Fruid Reservoir whilst Daer Reservoir lies among
380-568: A similar area to the historic county. In terms of historic counties it borders Kirkcudbrightshire to the west, Ayrshire to the north-west, Lanarkshire , Peeblesshire and Selkirkshire to the north, and Roxburghshire to the east. To the south is the coast of the Solway Firth , and on the other side of the border between Scotland and England the English county of Cumberland . Dumfriesshire has three traditional subdivisions, based on
456-539: A thin zone of volcanic rocks which point to contemporaneous volcanic action in this region at the beginning of the Carboniferous period. Some of the vents from which these igneous materials may have been discharged are found along the watershed between Liddesdale and Teviotdale in Roxburghshire. The strata of Carboniferous age are found in three areas: In the first two instances (Sanquhar and Thornhill)
532-468: A total of 270 people. It remains the worst single terrorist attack in British history. The origins of Dumfriesshire as a county or shire are obscure. There was certainly a shire of Dumfries by 1305, with some suggestion that it had existed from the twelfth century. Annandale and Eskdale retained a degree of independence from the sheriff of Dumfries, leaving the sheriff's practical control focussed on
608-571: Is 65 mi., and its chief affluents are, on the right, the Kello Water , Euchan Water , Scaur Water , Cluden Water and River Cargen, Cargen , and — on the left — the River Crawick , Carron Water and River Campie . The Annan rises near the Devil's Beef Tub , a remarkable chasm in the far north, and after flowing about 40 miles (64 km), mainly in a southerly course, it enters
684-514: Is also an extensive local bus and coach network throughout the county, centred on Dumfries . There are no commercial airports in the county. Archaeological remains from the neolithic and Bronze Age include stone circles (as in Dunscore and Eskdalemuir ), tumuli and cairns (Closeburn), and sculptured stones (Dornock). A number of bank barrows and cursus have recently been discovered. The Brittonic tribe which inhabited this part of Scotland
760-668: Is famous for its tweeds ; breweries and distilleries are found at Annan, Sanquhar and elsewhere; some shipping is carried on at Annan and Dumfries; and the salmon fisheries of the Nith and Annan and the Solway Firth are of value. As built, the Glasgow and South Western Railway from Glasgow to Carlisle runs through Nithsdale to Dumfries, practically following the course of the River Nith, then on to Annan and lower Annandale to
836-540: Is inseparably connected with the name of Robert Burns , who farmed at Ellisland Farm on the Nith for three years, and spent the last five years of his life in Dumfries. Thomas Carlyle was born at Ecclefechan, in a house still standing, and was buried beside his parents in the kirkyard of the old Secession church (now the United Free). His farm of Craigenputtock was left to Edinburgh University in order to found
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#1732791717846912-606: The Central Lowlands and the Highlands ). The term is used both to describe the geographical region and to collectively denote the various ranges of hills and mountains within this region. An overwhelmingly rural and agricultural region, the Southern Uplands are partly forested and contain many areas of open moorland - the hill names in the area are congruent with these characteristics. The Southern Uplands consist mainly of Silurian sedimentary deposits deposited in
988-538: The Galloway hydro-electric power scheme was built between 1930 and 1936. More recently a number of wind farms have been developed on upland sites. Tourism and recreation are of increasing importance: walking, fishing and grouse shooting are traditional pursuits and mountain biking has become popular in recent years. The textile industry employed large numbers in many of the towns of the Scottish Borders in
1064-589: The Iapetus Ocean 420 million years ago. These rocks were pushed up from the sea bed into an accretionary wedge during the Caledonian orogeny , roughly 400 million years ago ( Ma ), when the continents and terranes of Laurentia , Baltica and Avalonia collided. The Caledonian orogeny is named for Caledonia , a Latin name for Scotland . The majority of the rocks are weakly metamorphosed coarse greywacke . The tectonic processes involved in
1140-588: The John Welsh bursaries in classics and mathematics. Folk history suggests that at Holywood, near Dumfries, there stand the relic of the grove of sacred oaks from which the place derived its name, and a stone circle known locally as the Twelve Apostles . In 1988 Dumfriesshire was the site of the Lockerbie bombing , in which a bomb exploded on an aircraft flying over the town of Lockerbie, killing
1216-467: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 . Two lower-tier district councils were created from parts of Dumfriesshire, being Annandale and Eskdale covering the east of the county and Nithsdale covering the west of the county and a small part of neighbouring Kirkcudbrightshire . For lieutenancy purposes, the last lord-lieutenant of the county of Dumfriesshire was made lord-lieutenant for
1292-582: The Nithsdale area until 1747 when the separate jurisdictions of Annandale and Eskdale were ended under the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 . Commissioners of Supply were created in 1667 for each shire, and formed the main administrative body for the area until county councils were created in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 . The 1889 act also led to a review of boundaries of many of Scotland's counties; in
1368-635: The River Annan and the River Esk , the basins of which form the great dales by which the county is cloven from north to south — Nithsdale , Annandale and Eskdale . From the point where it enters Dumfriesshire, 16 mi (26 km) from its source near Enoch Hill in Ayrshire, the course of the Nith is mainly south-easterly until it enters the Solway, a few miles below Dumfries. Its total length
1444-530: The Solway Firth into the Moffat hills near the Devil's Beef Tub . There is also sailing on Castle Loch at Lochmaben . Notable people from Dumfriesshire include: 55°10′N 3°30′W / 55.167°N 3.500°W / 55.167; -3.500 Southern Uplands The Southern Uplands ( Scottish Gaelic : Na Monaidhean a Deas ) are the southernmost and least populous of mainland Scotland 's three major geographic areas (the others being
1520-743: The Southern Uplands Fault line that runs from Ballantrae on the Ayrshire coast northeastwards to Dunbar in East Lothian on the North Sea coast, a distance of some 220 km (140 mi). There are several ranges of hills and mountains within the Southern Uplands. From east to west these are: Although the summits are not as high as many in the Scottish Highlands nor other famous mountain regions, parts of
1596-493: The first Asiatic cholera pandemic . His tomb reads, IN MEMORIAM CAPTAIN JAMES MAC MURDO FIRST BRITISH POLITICAL RESIDENT IN CUTCH DIED OF CHOLERA AT WARNU ON 28 APRIL 1820 Dumfriesshire Dumfriesshire or the County of Dumfries or Shire of Dumfries ( Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Dhùn Phris ) is a historic county and registration county in southern Scotland . The Dumfries lieutenancy area covers
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#17327917178461672-533: The 19th and 20th centuries. Stocking frames were introduced in Hawick in 1771 and Galashiels ' first woollen mill was built in 1800, but textile manufacture had a long history in the area: linen production had been a major industry since the Middle Ages. The textile industry declined in the late 20th century, with 7,800 people employed in 1981 and only 4,400 by 1998. However, it continues to be significant both to
1748-526: The Anglo-Scottish border have a troubled and bloody history. They were the scene of many raids, campaigns and battles, including the Battle of Ancrum Moor , the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Philiphaugh . The Common Riding festivals of many Southern Upland towns such as Jedburgh , Kelso , Hawick , Peebles , Selkirk and Langholm recall this history, re-enacting the practice of riding
1824-637: The Border, whence it sweeps to the southwest through the extreme north-western territory of Cumberland and falls into the Solway. Of its total course of 42 miles (68 km), 12 miles (19 km) belong to the White Esk, 20 miles (32 km) are of the Esk proper on Scottish soil and 10 miles (16 km) are of the stream in its English course. On the right the Wauchope Water is the chief affluent, and on
1900-683: The Carboniferous sediments lie in hollows worn out of the old Silurian tableland. In the Sanquhar basin the strata belong to the Coal Measures, and include several valuable coal-seams which are probably the southern prolongations of the members of this division in Ayrshire. At the S.E. limit of the Sanquhar Coalfield there are patches of the Carboniferous Limestone series, but towards the N. these are overlapped by
1976-576: The Carlisle area. Several primary roads run through the Southern Uplands, most of which run north–south, with the most notable exception being the A75. The most significant of these roads is the M74 motorway connecting Scotland and England. These roads include: Five railway lines pass through, or into, the Southern Uplands; all in a roughly north–south direction. These are the: There are no major airports within
2052-588: The Coal Measures which thus rest directly on the Silurian platform. At Closeburn and Barjarg there are beds of marine limestone, associated with sandstones and shales which probably represent marine bands in the Carboniferous Limestone series. The most important development of Carboniferous strata occurs between Liddesdale and Ruthwell. In the valleys of the Liddel and the Esk the following zones are represented, which are given in ascending order: The coal seams of
2128-535: The English border at Gretna . A branch was built from Dumfries to Moniaive , the Cairn Valley Light Railway , but this closed in 1949. The Caledonian Railway from Carlisle to Glasgow runs through Annandale, which threw off at Beattock a small branch to Moffat, now closed. At Lockerbie a cross-country line to Dumfries (now closed), and at Kirtlebridge a line that ultimately crossed
2204-497: The English markets. The Galloways , which were the breed in vogue at first, have been to a large extent replaced by shorthorns and Ayrshire dairy cattle. Sheep breeding, of later origin, has attained to remarkable dimensions, the walks in the higher hilly country being given over to Cheviots , and the richer pasture of the low-lying farms being reserved for half-bred lambs, a cross of Cheviots and Leicesters or other long-woolled rams. Pig-feeding, once important, has declined before
2280-600: The Esk, and for 7 mi (11 km) of its course the River Sark , form the boundaries between Dumfriesshire and Cumberland. Between the Esk and Sark lies Scots' Dyke , a man-made berm that forms the Anglo-Scottish border , cutting through the area formerly known as the Debatable Lands . Loch Skeen in the north (1,750 feet (530 m) above the sea) and the group of lochs around Lochmaben , are
2356-500: The Lead Hills south-east by Moffat, across Eskdalemuir to the English border. The climate is mild, with a mean annual temperature of around 9 °C (48 °F) (January, 3.6 °C (38.5 °F); July, 15.3 °C (59.5 °F)), and the average annual rainfall is 53 in. Towards the middle of the 18th century farmers began to raise stock for the south, and a hundred years later 20,000 head of heavy cattle were sent yearly to
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2432-524: The Lowther Hills. The area has a wide diversity of species and habitats. The uplands support black and red grouse , mountain hares , golden eagles , hen harriers and some unusual plant species. The western hills are home to red deer , roe deer , feral goats and wild boar . The western forests have one fifth of the Scottish population of red squirrels . Ospreys are present at some of
2508-602: The Rowanburn field have been chiefly wrought, and in view of their exhaustion bores have been sunk to prove the coals beneath the red sandstone of upper Carboniferous age. From a palaeontological point of view the Glencartholm volcanic zone is of special interest, as the calcareous shale associated with the tuffs has yielded a large number of new species of fishes, decapod crustaceans, phyllopods and scorpions. The Triassic rocks rest uncomfortably on all older formations within
2584-658: The Silurian tableland, the Lower Old Red Sandstone occurs, where it consists of sandstones and conglomerates associated with contemporaneous volcanic rocks. The Upper Old Red Sandstone forms a narrow strip on the south side of the Silurian tableland, resting uncomfortably on the Silurian rocks and passing upwards into the Carboniferous formation. It stretches from the county boundary east of the Ewes Water, southwest by Langholm to Birrenswark . Along this line these Upper Red sandstones and shales are overlaid by
2660-769: The Solway at Barnkirk Headlands and bays. It receives, on the right, the Kinnel Water (reinforced by the Water of Ae ), and — on the left — the Moffat Water , the Dryfe Water and the Water of Milk . From the confluence of the White Esk (rising near Ettrick Pen) and the Black Esk (rising near Jocks Shoulder , 1,754 ft or 535 m) the Esk flows in a gradually south-easterly direction until it crosses
2736-428: The Solway to Bowness which is also closed. From Dumfries westwards there were rail communications on the ' Port Road ' to Castle Douglas , Newton Stewart , Stranraer and Portpatrick , with branches to Kirkcudbright and Wigtown all closed and lifted. The North British Railway 's Waverley route, to Edinburgh from Carlisle was closed in the 1960s. There are vague plans to reopen this line to Carlisle as
2812-471: The Southern Uplands are covered with forests such as: The amount of forested land cover in the western Southern Uplands increased greatly between the 1940s and the 1980s, from 1% to 23%. The Southern Uplands have always formed a major obstacle to travel between the more heavily populated and industrialised Central Belt of Scotland and England to the south. Major roads and railways follow the east coast route and various valley routes radiating northwards from
2888-526: The Southern Uplands are remote and mountainous, containing about 120 Marilyns , the majority of the Donalds and a substantial number of Corbetts and Grahams . Some of the more notable peaks in the Southern Uplands are: The Southern Uplands are home to the UK's second highest, and Scotland's highest, village, Wanlockhead , 430 m (1,410 ft) above sea level. The region is drained by numerous rivers,
2964-676: The Southern Uplands, particularly in the west. The largest is Loch Ken the water lever of the loch was increased in 1936 when the Glenlochar Barrage was installed on the River Dee as well the Water of Ken was dammed to create manmade lochs as part of the Galloway Hydro Scheme. Several other lochs in Galloway are dammed such as Loch Doon , Loch Bradan and Clatteringshaws Loch though many smaller ones remain in
3040-590: The Thornhill basin there is a thin zone of volcanic rocks at the base of this series which are evidently on-the horizon of the lavas beneath the Mauchline sandstones in Ayrshire. In the Sanquhar basin there are small outliers of lavas probably of this age and several vents filled with agglomerate from which these igneous materials in the Thornhill basin may have been derived. There are several striking examples of basalt dikes of Tertiary age, one having been traced from
3116-651: The area. The nearest international passenger airports are Glasgow Prestwick International Airport , Glasgow International Airport and Edinburgh Airport . Vehicle ferries operate between Stranraer and Cairnryan in Scotland and Belfast and Larne in Northern Ireland respectively. There are numerous walks through the Southern Uplands. These include the Southern Upland Way , a 212-mile (341 km) coast to coast walk between Portpatrick in
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3192-416: The axial planes being usually inclined to the southeast. The Silurian tableland in the northwest of the county is pierced by intrusive igneous rocks in the form of dikes and bosses, which are regarded as of Lower Old Red Sandstone age. Of these, the granite mass of Spango Water , northeast of Kirkconnel, is an excellent example. Along the northwest margin of the county, on the north side of the fault bounding
3268-548: The boundaries of the town to enable warning to be given of raids from the south. This violent history is also commemorated in many Border ballads , another common theme of which is the supernatural, as in the ballads of Thomas the Rhymer and Tam Lin . Many Border ballads were collected by Sir Walter Scott in his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border . Scott also portrayed the social history, folklore and traditions of
3344-529: The case of Dumfriesshire the two parishes of Moffat and Kirkpatrick-Juxta which had previously both straddled Dumfriesshire and Lanarkshire were brought entirely within Dumfriesshire. Dumfriesshire County Council was based at County Buildings in English Street. In May 1975 the county council was abolished and its functions were transferred to Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council under
3420-482: The chief towns: There are three of the world class 7Stanes mountain biking centres in Dumfriesshire at Dalbeattie , Mabie and Ae. The Sustrans Route 7 long-distance cycle route also runs through the Dumfriesshire. There is excellent hill walking in the Moffat Hills . The Southern Upland Way coast to coast walk passes through Dumfriesshire and the 53 mi (85 km) long Annandale Way travels from
3496-470: The combined area of the Nithsdale and Annandale and Eskdale districts when the reforms came into effect in 1975. The districts were abolished in 1996, with their functions passing to Dumfries and Galloway Council . The Dumfries lieutenancy area continues to cover the combined area of the pre-1996 Nithsdale and Annandale and Eskdale districts. The population in 1891 was 74,245, and in 1901, 72,371, when there were 176 persons who spoke Gaelic and English. Of
3572-490: The councils of South Ayrshire , East Ayrshire , South Lanarkshire and East Lothian extend into the region. After local government reorganisation in 1974 and prior to further reorganisation in 1996, the Southern Uplands were administered by the two 'regions' of Dumfries & Galloway and Borders along with the southern margins of the regions of Strathclyde and Lothian. Within each of these regions were districts with their own district councils. Historically, i.e. prior to 1974,
3648-409: The county of Dumfries belongs to the Silurian tableland of the south of Scotland which contains representatives of all the divisions of that system from the Arenig to the Ludlow rocks . By far the largest area is occupied by strata of Tarannon and Llandovery age which cover a belt of country from 20 to 25 mi (32 to 40 km) across from Drumlanrig Castle in the north to Torthorwald in
3724-453: The county. In the tract along the Solway Firth they repose on the folded and eroded edges of the Carboniferous strata, and when traced westwards to the Dumfries basin they rest directly on the Silurian platform. They occur in five areas: The strata consist of breccia , false-bedded sandstones and mans, the sandstones being extensively quarried for building purposes. In the sandstones of Corncockle Moor reptilian footprints have been obtained. In
3800-413: The dalesmen until the 18th century. The uplands of the shire afforded retreat to the persecuted Covenanters , who, at Sanquhar, published in 1680 their declaration against the king, anticipating the principles of the glorious Revolution by several years. Prince Charles Edward ’s ambition left the shire comparatively untouched, for the Jacobite sentiment made little appeal to the people. Dumfriesshire
3876-423: The days of Robert Bruce . Edward I besieged Caerlaverock Castle , and the factions of Bruce (who was lord of Annandale), John Comyn and John Baliol were at constant feud. The Border clans were always at strife. There is record of a bloody fight in Dryfesdale in 1593, when the Johnstones slew 700 Maxwells, and, overtaking the fugitives at Lockerbie, there massacred most of the remnant. These factions embroiled
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#17327917178463952-436: The earthquake in Anjar and sent detailed reports regarding it to Bombay. He wrote several books and reports regarding Sindh and Kutch regions. He died on 28 April 1820 at Varnu near Rann of Kutch and was buried near the temple of Venudada located in the village. The people of village believe that he slept in the Venudada temple which resulted in his death though his tomb is marked that he died of Cholera , probably during
4028-623: The formation of the accretionary wedge, where sediment is scraped off the seafloor as a tectonic plate is subducted , has led to the formation of multiple, major, east–west faults that are now exploited by rivers and define valleys across the Southern Uplands. Levels of deformation associated with these faults is highly variable but is pervasive in the finer-grained sediments. Secondary mineralisation has further altered these Lower Palaeozoic rocks which are hosts for some distinctive springs , some of which have been exploited for tourism, such as those around Moffat . The Southern Uplands lie south of
4104-449: The ground, has rarely been investigated, and place names, used as an indication of influence, are still argued over by academics. In the parish church of Ruthwell (pron. Rivvel: the rood, or cross, well) is preserved an ancient Anglo-Saxon cross which tells in Runic characters the story of the Crucifixion . The conquest of Dumfriesshire by Angles does not seem to have been thorough in the West, where gaelic speaking invaders held sway,
4180-414: The imports of bacon from foreign countries. Horse breeding is pursued on a considerable scale. Grain crops, of which oats are the principal, show a downward tendency. Arable farms range from 100–300 acres (0.40–1.21 km ), and pastoral from 300–3,000 acres (1.2–12.1 km ). In general the industries are only of local importance and mostly confined to Dumfries and a few of the larger towns. Langholm
4256-449: The left it receives the Meggat Water , Ewes Water , Tarras Water , Liddel Water and River Lyne — the last being an English tributary, and the previous forming the border between Roxburghshire and Cumberland . Other rivers are the Lochar Water (18 mi or 29 km), the Kirtle Water (17 mi or 27 km) and the River Sark (12 mi or 19 km), all flowing into the Solway. For 1 mile (1.6 km) of its course
4332-488: The local economy and to that of Scotland in general. Generally, sheep and arable farming are more predominant in the Scottish Borders to the east, while dairy farming is traditionally more important in Dumfries and Galloway , although recent years here have seen a move away from cattle grazing towards sheep farming. Several breeds of livestock have originated in the Southern Uplands, including Galloway cattle , Ayrshire dairy cattle and Cheviot sheep . Large areas of
4408-408: The lochs of the Galloway Forest Park, St Mary's Loch and along the River Tweed . Brown trout are common in many burns and a number of the rivers in the area have populations of sea trout , salmon and Eurasian otters . The two unitary authorities of Dumfries and Galloway in the west and the Scottish Borders in the east cover almost all of the Southern Uplands. Along its northern margins,
4484-415: The most important of which are Scotland's third and fourth longest, the River Clyde at 106 mi (171 km) and the River Tweed at 97 mi (156 km) respectively. Several significant rivers drain southwards into the Solway Firth and Irish Sea including (from west to east) the River Cree , River Dee , River Urr , River Nith , River Annan and the River Esk . There are numerous lochs in
4560-439: The mountainous districts of the Southern Uplands in the north, down to the sea; lofty hills alternating in parts with stretches of tableland or rich fertile holms . At various points within a few miles of the Solway are tracts of moss land, like Craigs Moss , Lochar Moss and Longbridge Moor in the west, and Nutberry Moss in the east, all once under water, but since largely reclaimed. The principal mountains occur near
4636-432: The north, there is a broad development of Arenig, Liandeilo and Caradoc strata, represented by Radiolarian cherts, black shales, grits, conglomerates, greywackes and shales which rise from underneath the central Tarannon belt and are repeated by innumerable folds, in the cores of the arches of Arenig cherts there are diabase lavas, tuffs and agglomerates which are typically represented on Bail Hill east of Kirkconnel . Along
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#17327917178464712-409: The northern boundaries, the highest being White Coomb (2,695 ft or 821 m), Hart Fell (2,651 ft or 808 m), Saddle Yoke (2,412 ft or 735 m), Swatte Fell (2,389 ft or 728 m), Lowther Hills (2,377 ft or 725 m), Queensbury (2,285 ft or 696 m) and Ettrick Pen (2,269 ft or 692 m). The three longest rivers are the River Nith ,
4788-447: The people of Nithsdale and elsewhere maintaining some Celtic institutions up to the time of David I , although this is not certain. Around 50 fragments of gilt bronze mounts found in Dumfriesshire and now at the national museum were probably originally attached to a portable wooden cross , c. 750 – c. 800 AD . As a Border county Dumfriesshire was the scene of stirring deeds at various epochs, especially in
4864-419: The principal lakes. There are few glens so named in the shire, but the passes of Dalveen, Enterkin and Menock, leading up from Nithsdale to the Lowther and other hills, yield to few glens in Scotland in the wild grandeur of their scenery. For part of the way Enterkin Pass runs between mountains rising sheer from the burn to a height of nearly 2,000 ft (610 m) Loch Skene finds an outlet in Tail Burn ,
4940-433: The region comprised the counties of Wigtown , Kirkcudbright , Dumfries , Roxburgh , Peebles , Selkirk and Berwick together with parts of Ayrshire , Lanarkshire, Midlothian and East Lothian . The geography of the region has caused it to be sparsely populated, a characteristic shared with the Highlands but in contrast to the Central Lowlands. Although the political and geographical borders do not precisely coincide,
5016-449: The south of Scotland, from the heart of the Scottish Borders to Dumfries and Galloway. They are on Forestry Commission land and along with schemes in Wales are regarded as the benchmark by which further trails in the UK should be developed. They are known as the 7stanes because each venue features a 'stane' ( Scots for stone) somewhere along the forest trails. The Seven Stanes: The Southern Uplands and especially those areas adjacent to
5092-461: The south. Consisting of massive grits, sometimes conglomeratic, greywackes , flags and shales, these beds are repeated by innumerable folds frequently inverted, striking northeast and southwest and usually dipping towards the northwest. In the midst of this belt there are lenticular bands of older strata of Arenig, Llandeilo, Caradoc and Llandovery age composed of fine sediments such as cherts, black and grey shales, white clays and flags, which come to
5168-420: The southern margin of the Tarannon belt, the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks follow in normal order, the boundary between the two being defined by a line extending from the head of the Ewes Water in Eskdale, southwest by Lockerbie to Mouswald . These consist of greywackes, flags and shales with bands of dark graptolite shales, the finer sediments being often well ground. They are likewise repeated by inverted folds,
5244-399: The surface along anticlinal folds and yield abundant graptolites characteristic of these divisions. These black shale bands are typically developed in Moffatdale; indeed the three typical sections chosen by Charles Lapworth to illustrate his three great groups: In the extreme northwest of the county between Drumlanrig Castle and Dalveen Pass in the south and the Spango and Kello Waters on
5320-545: The three main valleys in the county: Annandale , Eskdale and Nithsdale . These had been independent provinces in medieval times but were gradually superseded as administrative areas by the area controlled by the sheriff of Dumfries, or Dumfriesshire. A Dumfriesshire County Council existed from 1890 until 1975. Since 1975, the area of the historic county has formed part of the Dumfries and Galloway council area for local government purposes. The coastline measures 21 miles (34 km). The county slopes very gradually from
5396-434: The two southern local authority areas have a combined population of around 265,000 across 4,314 square miles (11,170 km ), fewer inhabitants than five of the areas within the Central Lowlands, for example North Lanarkshire is home to 340,000 across 184 square miles (480 km ). Agriculture and forestry are the main forms of land use in the Southern Uplands. Sustainable power has been in production for several decades:
5472-547: The water of which at a short distance from the lake leaps from a height of 200 ft (61 m) in a fine waterfall, known as the Grey Mare's Tail . A much smaller but picturesque fall of the same name, also known as Crichope Linn , occurs on the Crichope near Thornhill . Mineral waters are found at Moffat , Hartfell Spa , some 3 miles (4.8 km) farther north, Closeburn and Brow on the Solway. The greater portion of
5548-500: The west and Cockburnspath in the east. There is some good rock climbing in the Southern Uplands, particularly in the western portion, the Galloway Hills. The majority of the climbing is on good quality granite, often slabby and sometimes a bit broken in nature. In cold winters there is good ice climbing on the hills of Craignaw , Merrick and Cairnsmore of Fleet . The 7stanes are seven mountain biking centres spanning
5624-418: The withdrawal of Roman power from Britain, the situation in Dumfries is not clear. The Selgovae lands were incorporated into the larger Brittonic speaking kingdom of Strathclyde but over time came under pressure, by Gaels from Ireland, Angles from Northumbria and Vikings from Scandinavia. There is little writing preserved from this time, and that which did is ecclesiastical in nature. Archaeology, although rich on
5700-631: Was called by the Romans Selgovae . They have left many signs of their presence, such as hill forts and camps ( Dryfesdale ). The country around Moffat especially is rich in remains. There are traces of the Roman roads which ran by Dalveen Pass into Clydesdale and up the Annan to Tweeddale, and the ruins of Blatobulgium at Birrens is one of the best-preserved examples of a Roman camp. Roman altars, urns, and coins are found in many places. After
5776-646: Was sent to Rao of Cutch state for issues regarding piracy in Arabian Sea and bandits from Vagad region entering into North Gujarat. In 1816, the Rao Bharmalji II agreed to the suzerainty of the British and he was appointed as the British Resident at Bhuj and Collector of Anjar. With support of some Jadeja chiefs, the British troops led by Colonel East attacked Bhuj on 25 March 1819, and disposed Rao Bharmalji II and his son Deshalji II ,
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