Misplaced Pages

#328671

52-708: Gateway Arch National Park is a national park of the United States located in St. Louis, Missouri , near the starting point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . In its initial form as a national memorial , it was established in 1935 to commemorate: The national park consists of the Gateway Arch , a steel catenary arch that has become the definitive icon of St. Louis; a park along the Mississippi River on

104-742: A courthouse. Underneath the arch is a visitor center, entered from a circular entryway facing the Old Courthouse. Within the center, a project to rebuild the Museum at the Gateway Arch was completed in July 2018. The new museum features exhibits on a variety of topics including westward expansion and the construction of the Arch, all told through a St. Louis lens. Tucker Theater, finished in 1968 and renovated 30 years later, has about 285 seats and shows

156-453: A design contest to "re-envision the visitor experience" of the grounds. The project, originally planned for completion in 2015 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the opening of the arch, was completed in 2018. It includes: In 2016, many ash trees on the grounds were removed to preempt damage from emerald ash borers . Prior to the work of CityArchRiver, there were 1,800 trees on the grounds. There are now 4,200. The $ 380 million project

208-475: A destination, and hunting and extractive activities are prohibited. National monuments , on the other hand, are also frequently protected for their historical or archaeological significance. Eight national parks (including six in Alaska ) are paired with a national preserve , areas with different levels of protection that are administered together but considered separate units and whose areas are not included in

260-518: A documentary ( Monument to the Dream ) on the arch's construction. A second theater was added in 1993 but removed in 2018 as part of the CityArchRiver renovation project. Also located in the visitor center are a gift shop and cafe. The memorial was developed largely through the efforts of St. Louis civic booster Luther Ely Smith who first pitched the idea in 1933, was the long-term chairman of

312-457: A shaft, a building, an arch, or something which would symbolize American culture and civilization." In 1946 Smith worked to raise $ 225,000 for an architecture design contest for the Memorial, to attract the best talents in the international field. He personally donated $ 40,000 of the amount. In 1948 he wrote to contest winner Eero Saarinen , an architect from Finland: Smith died in 1951;

364-540: Is Gateway Arch National Park , Missouri , at 192.83 acres (0.7804 km ). The total area protected by national parks is approximately 52.4 million acres (212,000 km ), for an average of 833 thousand acres (3,370 km ) but a median of only 220 thousand acres (890 km ). The national parks set a visitation record in 2021, with more than 92 million visitors. Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina and Tennessee has been

416-678: Is a public-private partnership that aims to connect Forest Park and the Washington University in St. Louis Danforth Campus to Gateway Arch National Park. Among the partners leading this project are the Arch to Park Collaborative, St. Louis City , and Washington University in St. Louis . List of national parks of the United States The United States has 63 national parks , which are congressionally designated protected areas operated by

468-677: Is built on land originally deeded by St. Louis founder Auguste Chouteau . It marks the location over which the arch reaches. Its dome was built during the American Civil War and is similar to the dome on the United States Capitol which was also built during the Civil War. It was the site of the local trials in the Dred Scott case. The courthouse is the only portion of the memorial west of Interstate 44 . To

520-407: The American Civil War at the same time as that on the U.S. Capitol. Saarinen developed the shape with the help of architectural engineer Hannskarl Bandel . It is not a pure inverted catenary . Saarinen preferred a shape that was slightly elongated and thinner towards the top, a shape that produces a subtle soaring effect, and transfers more of the structure's weight downward rather than outward at

572-805: The Civil Courts Building and Kiel Auditorium . In the 1920s his Amherst school-mate Calvin Coolidge , then President of the United States , appointed him to a federal commission to supervise design and construction of the George Rogers Clark Memorial in Vincennes, Indiana . In the 1930s during the Great Depression , the United States was considering construction of a memorial to Thomas Jefferson , as part of recognizing inspirational leaders. (Eventually

SECTION 10

#1732772388329

624-916: The Gateway Arch were initially designated the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial by secretarial order on December 21, 1935. The Gateway Arch was completed on October 28, 1965. The park is maintained by the National Park Service (NPS). The area surrounding the arch was redesignated as the Gateway Arch National Park in 2018. This change has been controversial due to the nature of the site ( national parks typically include conserved natural landscapes and significant opportunities for nature recreation, whereas sites that have primarily historical and architectural significance are usually given other NPS designations). Several publications noted that

676-477: The German-American structural engineer Hannskarl Bandel in 1947 and built between 1963 and October 1965. It stands 630 feet (192 m) tall and 630 feet (192 m) wide at its base. The legs are 54 feet (16.5 m) wide at the base, narrowing to 17 feet (5.2 m) at the arch. There is a unique tram system to carry passengers to the observation room at the top of the arch. The Old Courthouse

728-713: The Jefferson Memorial was built at the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. ) Smith said that while riding a train back to St. Louis from a meeting on the Clark memorial, he was inspired by thinking that the Jefferson memorial should be placed on historic property in St. Louis where the expansion to the west had occurred. Building a memorial would provide an excuse to improve what had become a dowdy waterfront since

780-628: The National Park Service , an agency of the Department of the Interior . National parks are designated for their natural beauty, unique geological features, diverse ecosystems, and recreational opportunities, typically "because of some outstanding scenic feature or natural phenomena." While legislatively all units of the National Park System are considered equal with the same mission, national parks are generally larger and more of

832-602: The territories of American Samoa and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The state with the most national parks is California with nine, followed by Alaska with eight, Utah with five, and Colorado with four. The largest national park is Wrangell–St. Elias in Alaska: at over 8 million acres (32,375 km ), it is larger than each of the nine smallest states . The next three largest parks are also in Alaska. The smallest park

884-603: The 21st century, with expansion becoming less likely because of the construction of a riverboat gambling facility and related amenities. During the Great Flood of 1993 , Mississippi flood waters reached halfway up the Grand Staircase on the east. In 1999, the arch tram queue areas were renovated at a cost of about $ 2.2 million. As well, the Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site in St. Louis County, Missouri ,

936-606: The Association's selection of the design for the Gateway Arch by Eero Saarinen following a design competition. The original plan called for the Arch project to be jointly financed by the federal government and city of St. Louis, with the intention of revitalizing the historic heart of the city. The proposed project required clearing 40 blocks in the heart of St. Louis, which were mostly outdated old buildings, which had not yet been designated as of historic interest. The total costs were expected to be $ 30 million, an amount that

988-645: The City Plan Commission in 1916. The Commission hired Harland Bartholomew as city planner that year, making St. Louis the first city to have such a full-time position. During the Great War ( World War I ), he volunteered and served as a captain in the field artillery . After the war Smith turned his attention again to the development of center city St. Louis. He worked on establishing the Memorial Plaza—a collection of landmark buildings including

1040-530: The Interior Stewart Udall dedicated the arch on May 25, 1968. In 1984, Congress authorized the enlargement of the Memorial to include up to 100 acres (40 ha) on the east bank of the Mississippi River in East St. Louis, Illinois . Funds were authorized to begin land acquisition, but Congress placed a moratorium upon NPS land acquisitions in fiscal year 1998. The moratorium continued into

1092-608: The National Park Service "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." Many current national parks had been previously protected as national monuments by the president under the Antiquities Act or as other designations created by Congress before being redesignated by Congress;

SECTION 20

#1732772388329

1144-573: The Third U.S Volunteer Engineers during the Spanish–American War (1898). After the war Smith started a law practice in St. Louis. He also became active in various civic functions; in 1914 he started the pageant - Masques on Art Hill in Forest Park . The outdoor pageants gradually were developed as The MUNY theatre, an open-air forum. Smith was appointed by the mayor as the chairman of

1196-572: The addition of Gateway Arch as a national park eroded the significance associated with the "national park" designation, and some suggested that the change was made in order to promote tourism rather than to conserve a nature area. The Gateway Arch , known as the "Gateway to the West," is the tallest structure in Missouri. It was designed by the Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen and

1248-537: The banks of the Mississippi River . However, these plans were modified over the next 15 years, placing the arch on higher ground and adding 40 feet (12 m) in height and width. The central architectural feature at the base of the arch is the Old Courthouse , which was once the tallest building in Missouri and has a dome similar to the United States Capitol and was placed on the building during

1300-449: The base. When Saarinen won the competition, the official notification was sent to "E. Saarinen", thinking it to be the architect's father Eliel Saarinen , who had also submitted an entry. The family celebrated with a bottle of champagne, and two hours later an embarrassed official called to say the winner was, in fact, the younger Saarinen. The elder Saarinen then broke out a second bottle of champagne to celebrate his son's success. Among

1352-452: The center of St. Louis was bitterly fought by some sources—particularly the St. Louis Post-Dispatch . On September 10, 1935, the voters of St. Louis supposedly approved a $ 7.5 million bond issue to buy the property. Local architect Louis LaBeaume provided a preliminary design proposal for the site that included multiple museums, fountains and obelisks. Soon after, it was revealed that the election

1404-556: The committee that selected the area and persuaded Franklin Roosevelt in 1935 to make it a National Park Service unit after St. Louis passed a bond issue to begin building it and who partially financed the 1947 architectural contest that selected the arch. In the early 1930s the United States began looking for a suitable memorial for Thomas Jefferson (the Washington Monument and the newly built Lincoln Memorial were

1456-626: The decline in passenger riverboats and some freight river traffic. Smith pitched the idea to Mayor Bernard Dickmann . The two pitched the idea again to civic leaders. Smith was appointed by the mayor as the chairman of the committee to investigate further. The committee was developed as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association and was formally chartered in April 1934. Smith served as its chairman for every year except one until 1949, after

1508-552: The figures below. The 431 units of the National Park System can be broadly referred to as national parks, but most have other formal designations. A bill creating the first national park, Yellowstone , was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, followed by Mackinac National Park in 1875 (decommissioned in 1895), and then Rock Creek Park (later merged into National Capital Parks ), Sequoia and Yosemite in 1890. The Organic Act of 1916 created

1560-542: The first stainless steel triangle that formed the first section of the arch was set in place on the south leg. On October 28, 1965, it was completed, costing approximately $ 15 million to build. The adjacent park was designed by landscape architect Dan Kiley . Along with all other historical areas of the National Park Service, the memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Secretary of

1612-478: The five finalists was local St. Louis architect Harris Armstrong . Land for the memorial was formally dedicated on June 10, 1950, by Harry S. Truman . However, the Korean War began and the project was put on hold. On June 23, 1959, work begins on covering railroad tracks that cut across the memorial grounds. On February 11, 1961, excavation began, and that September 1, Saarinen died. On February 12, 1963,

Gateway Arch National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-507: The highway, creating the foundation for a park connecting downtown with the Memorial grounds. In November 2015, Saarinen's original master plan was brought to fruition. Building of the Gateway Arch Connector linking the Old Courthouse with the grounds of the arch was completed. This design, and other design components were imagined by Michael Van Valkenburg Associates. In September 2010 Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates won

1716-473: The idea to Bernard Dickmann who quickly assembled a meeting of St. Louis civic leaders on December 15, 1933, at the Jefferson Hotel and they endorsed the plan and Smith became chairman of what would become the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association (a position he would hold until 1949 with a one-year exception). The Commission then defined the area, got cost estimates of $ 30 million to buy

1768-660: The land, clear the buildings and erect a park and monument. With promises from the federal government (via the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission) to join if the City of St. Louis could raise money. The area to be included in the park was bounded by the Eads Bridge /Washington Avenue on the north and Poplar Street on the south, the Mississippi River on the east and Third Street (now Interstate 44 ) on

1820-432: The monument was fed after the war as it was to be the first big monument in the post-World War II era. The estimated cost of the competition was $ 225,000 and Smith personally donated $ 40,000. Civic leaders held the nationwide competition in 1947 to select a design for the main portion of the Memorial space. Architect Eero Saarinen won this competition with plans for a 590-foot (180 m) catenary arch to be placed on

1872-600: The most-visited park since 1944, and had almost 13 million visitors in 2022. In contrast, only about 9,500 people visited the remote Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve in Alaska in 2022. Download coordinates as: The following table includes the 30 states and two territories that have national parks. Exclusive parks refer to parks entirely within one state or territory. Shared parks refer to parks in multiple states. Territories are set in italics . Luther Ely Smith Luther Ely Smith

1924-472: The newest national park is New River Gorge , previously a National River, and the most recent entirely new park is National Park of American Samoa . A few former national parks are no longer designated as such , or have been disbanded. Fourteen national parks are designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS), and 21 national parks are named UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BR), with eight national parks in both programs. Thirty states have national parks, as do

1976-627: The only large Presidential memorials at the time). Shortly after Thanksgiving in 1933 Smith who had been on the commission to build the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park in Indiana, was returning via train when he noticed the poor condition of the original platted location of St. Louis along the Mississippi. He thought that the memorial to Jefferson should be on the actual location that

2028-434: The party was then Senator Harry S. Truman . The land was to be cleared by 1942. Among the buildings razed was the "Old Rock House" 1818 home of fur trader Manuel Lisa (now occupied by the stairs on the north side of the arch) and the 1819 home of original St. Louis pioneer Jean Pierre Chouteau at First (Main) and Washington streets. The architectural competition for a monument was delayed by World War II . Interest in

2080-520: The process. But the entire 90-acre (360,000 m ) site was cleared by May 1942. Further work was delayed due to priority needs of World War II . In 1941 Smith chaired a state organizational committee to develop the Missouri Plan , which promoted non-partisan selection of judges. During the war, Smith was asked about his vision for the Gateway site. He said there should be "a central figure,

2132-417: The site of the earliest buildings of the city; the Old Courthouse , a former state and federal courthouse where the Dred Scott case originated; and the 140,000 sq ft (13,000 m) museum at the Gateway Arch . It is the smallest national park in the United States at 192.83 acres (78.04 ha), less than 2% the size of the next-smallest, Hot Springs National Park . The immediate surroundings of

Gateway Arch National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-560: The site to the Statue of Liberty National Monument , noting that existing national parks encompassed thousands of acres at minimum. The United States Congress approved the bill in early 2018. U.S. President Donald Trump signed the act into law on February 22, 2018, officially renaming the site Gateway Arch National Park. The new designation has been seen as an attempt to increase tourism in St. Louis. The name has been criticized as inappropriate by some visitors. The Chouteau Greenway Project

2236-820: The west of the Old Courthouse is the Gateway Mall between Market and Chestnut Streets which is only interrupted by the Civil Courts Building which features a pyramid model of the Mausoleum of Mausolus (which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ) on its roof. When the Civil Courts building was built in the 1920s, the Chouteau family sued to regain the property belonging to the Old Courthouse because it had been deeded in perpetuity to be

2288-487: The west. The Old Courthouse , just west of Third Street, was added in 1940. The only building in this area not included was the Old Cathedral , which is on the site of St. Louis first church and was opposite the home of St. Louis founder Auguste Chouteau . The founders of the city were buried in its graveyard (but were moved in 1849 to Bellefontaine Cemetery during a cholera outbreak). Taking away 40 blocks in

2340-562: Was born in Downers Grove, Illinois . He attended prep school at Williston Northampton School in Easthampton, Massachusetts graduating in 1890; Amherst College , where he was a classmate of Harlan F. Stone , future Chief Justice of the United States ; and a year ahead of Calvin Coolidge and Dwight W. Morrow . He graduated in 1894 and earned a law degree at Washington University School of Law in 1897. He volunteered with

2392-594: Was cosponsored by Senator Claire McCaskill (D-Missouri). In July 2017, Acting Deputy Director of the National Park Service Robert Vogel testified before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks . Vogel stated that the Department of the Interior supported changing the name to Gateway Arch National Monument, rather than National Park, to maintain consistency with existing naming conventions. He likened

2444-571: Was funded both privately and publicly. The public funding, provided largely by Proposition P, totaled $ 159 million. The remaining $ 221 million were secured via fundraising efforts of Gateway Arch Park foundation. On June 26, 2017, Senator Roy Blunt (R-Missouri) introduced the Gateway Arch National Park Designation Act ( Pub. L.   115–128 (text) (PDF) ) to redesignate Jefferson National Expansion Memorial as Gateway Arch National Park. The legislation

2496-443: Was greeted by considerable opposition. However, voters on September 10, 1935, approved a $ 7.5 million bond issue for the project. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order on December 21, 1935, authorizing the Department of Interior to acquire and develop the memorial. The federal government acquired the property via condemnation rather than negotiated sales. Court cases as owners challenged condemnation delayed

2548-559: Was not in favor of the plan noting that the only other overt development pressure on national park property has been at the Jackson Hole Airport in Grand Teton National Park For most of its existence, the Memorial was largely separated from the rest of Downtown St. Louis by a sunken section of I-70 (now I-44 with the rerouting of I-70 over a new bridge), but in 2014, a lid was installed over

2600-599: Was put under the jurisdiction of the Superintendent of the Memorial. The arch was featured on the Missouri state quarter in 2003. In 2007 St. Louis Mayor Francis Slay and former Missouri Senator John Danforth asked the National Park Service to create a more "active" use of the grounds of the memorial and model it on Millennium Park in Chicago including the possibility of restaurants, fountains, ice skating, swimming, and other activities. The National Park Service

2652-428: Was rigged, and the true number of voters in favor of the demolition of the riverfront is unknown. The buildings were bought for $ 7 million by the federal government via Eminent domain and was subject to considerable litigation but were ultimately bought at 131.99 percent of assessed valuation. Roosevelt inspected the memorial area on October 14, 1936, during the dedication of the St. Louis Soldiers Memorial. Included in

SECTION 50

#1732772388329

2704-562: Was symbolic of one of Jefferson's greatest triumphs—the Louisiana Purchase . The originally platted area of St. Louis was the site of: Almost all of the historic buildings associated with this period had been replaced by newer buildings. His idea was to raze all of the buildings in the original St. Louis platted area and replace it with a park with "a central feature, a shaft, a building, an arch, or something which would symbolize American culture and civilization." Smith pitched

#328671