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38-528: The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his temple name Emperor Renzong of Qing , personal name Yongyan , was the seventh emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper . He was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor . During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen , the corrupt favorite of his father and attempted to restore order within

76-576: A millenarian Buddhist sect that launched a failed attack on the Forbidden City , with the intention of assassinating the Emperor upon his return from a hunting trip. The Jiaqing Emperor was intrigued by the leader of the rising, Lin Qing, and summoned him to a private interrogation. Lin was later executed by slicing. In 1816, William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst was sent as ambassador extraordinary to

114-552: A monarch should be honored as "祖" ( zǔ ; "progenitor") or "宗" ( zōng ; "ancestor"), a principle was strictly adhered to: "祖" was to be given to accomplished rulers while "宗" was to be assigned to virtuous rulers. However, this principle was effectively abandoned during the Sixteen Kingdoms era with the ubiquitous usage of "祖" by various non- Han regimes. Temple names became widespread from the Tang dynasty onwards. Apart from

152-522: Is either "祖" or "宗": Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 The Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 ( Chinese : 癸酉之變 ) broke out in China under the Qing dynasty . The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect (天理教) or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect . Led by Lin Qing (林清; 1770–1813) and Li Wencheng , the revolt occurred in

190-593: The Daoguang Emperor . The Jiaqing Emperor was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs , 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing , in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex. Empress Imperial Noble Consort Consort Concubine Noble Lady First Class Attendant Enthroned in 1626 as Khan , Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed

228-475: The Forbidden City . On 15 September 1813, the group attacked the imperial palace in Beijing . The rebels made it into the city, and may have been successful in overthrowing the Qing had not Prince Mianning —the future emperor—used his forbidden musket to repel the invaders. The rebellion is seen as being similar to the previous White Lotus Rebellion , with the former being of religious intent and

266-565: The Hồ and Later Trần dynasties as exceptions). Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to the position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example, Cao Cao was posthumously honored as an emperor and given the temple name Taizu by Cao Pi of the Cao Wei dynasty . Meanwhile, several individuals who were initially assigned temple names had their titles revoked, as

304-695: The Zhili , Shandong , and Henan provinces of China. In 1812, the leaders of the Eight Trigram Sect ( Bagua jiao ) also known as the Sect of Heavenly Order ( Tianli jiao ) announced that leader Li Wencheng was a 'true lord of the Ming' and declared 1813 as the year for rebellion, while Lin Qing declared himself the reincarnation of Maitreya , the prophesied future Buddha in Buddhism, using banners with

342-763: The Zhou dynasty were given posthumous names but not temple names. During the Qin dynasty , the practices both of assigning temple names and posthumous names was abandoned. The Han dynasty reintroduced both titles, although temple names were assigned sporadically and remained more exclusive than posthumous names. It was also during the Han era that other adjectives aside from the four listed above began appearing in temple names. Numerous Han emperors had their temple names removed by Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Xie, in AD 190. Initially, in deciding whether

380-657: The Forbidden City at noon, when the guards would be eating their meals. In addition, the Jiaqing Emperor was less than fifty miles from the city walls. This plan met with mixed success and about eighty rebels made it through the gates before they were closed. Fighting soon erupted as the Manchus realized that the rebels were inside the gates. It was at this time that Prince Mianning joined the battle and used his musket to wound one rebel and to kill another. With

418-502: The Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing , where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke , as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as

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456-507: The Jiaqing Emperor promoted ministers on the basis of their commitment to a 'purist' approach to Confucian rule. The impact of the Jiaqing Emperor's reforms are questionable, with the Emperor described by Jonathan Spence as having 'relied on rhetoric more than specific policies to cleanse his empire', with Heshen's clique soon replaced by other bureaucratic factions. At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly

494-440: The Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen , a favourite official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates. The Jiaqing Emperor commuted

532-609: The Qianlong Emperor instated Yongyan as "Prince Jia of the First Rank " (嘉親王; or simply "Prince Jia"). In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor , who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended

570-551: The Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Ling , the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an ethnic Han Chinese official whose family had been long integrated into the Manchu Eight Banners as part of a Han Banner . The Qianlong Emperor originally had two other sons in mind for succeeding him, but both of them died early from diseases, hence in December 1773 he secretly chose Yongyan as his successor. In 1789,

608-789: The advantage of surprise lost, the rebels turned and fled. Under the leadership of the Ti Prince the princes Cheng, Mianzhi, Mianning, as well as officers of the Imperial Guards Brigade and loyal eunuchs, the surviving rebels were hunted down. Several thousand supporters continued besieging several cities from their headquarters in Huaxian , Henan province for several months until suppressed by Qing forces on 1 January 1814. Li Wencheng, along with 4000 supporters, withdrew to Huixian . He self-immolated and died while besieged by Qing troops. His wife Li Zhangshi kept Huaxian until

646-441: The border region between Shandong , Henan and Zhili , and thus access to a large pool of recruits for rebellion, although he was significantly less interested in religious affairs. The name "Eight Trigrams" comes from the ancient Chinese divination text I Ching . Lin Qing and Li Wencheng were partially inspired by the appearance in 1811 of a bright comet . Although the imperial government took this comet to predict glory for

684-577: The court, intending to establish more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. The Amherst Embassy proved a failure as a result of Amherst's refusal to perform a kowtow to the Emperor, but would prove to have a significant impact on British views of China and the Qing dynasty. The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler Gia Long 's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, but agreed that it could be changed to Việt Nam instead. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains

722-634: The death sentence of the scholar Hong Liangji who had criticised the policies of the Qianlong Emperor and Heshen, instead exiling him to a remote part of northern China and pardoning him altogether in 1800. Heshen was described as the 'primary evil' effecting the Empire, and after his removal the Emperor pursued a series of reforms of the court, civil service and treasury. He was a traditionalist in terms of his role as an ethnic Manchu leader, taking parts in imperial hunts, inspection tours, and upholding strict court protocol. As part of this traditionalist approach,

760-765: The diplomatic correspondence over the naming. The Great Qing Legal Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811, a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor , and repealed in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor . It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang , to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys . The Jiaqing Emperor granted

798-516: The dynasty, Lin and Li saw it as an "auspicious blessing for their enterprise". Dividing their followers into eight "trigrams", they told them that "when Li Wencheng has risen up, everyone who had given money or grain" to their enterprise "would be given land or official rank." During July 1813, the main leaders of the Eight Trigrams met to set a date for the rebellion. They were prompted by droughts and floods, as well as by sharp increases in

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836-410: The emperor. The Chinese character for yong in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo in the imperial family during ancient China period. Yongyan was the 15th son of

874-508: The empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into China. Assessments of his reign are mixed, either seen as the "beginning of the end" of the Qing dynasty, or as a period of moderate reform that presaged the intellectual movements of the 1860s. Yongyan was born in the Old Summer Palace , 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing . His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became

912-737: The final ruler of a dynasty, monarchs who died prematurely, or monarchs who were deposed, most Chinese monarchs were given temple names by their descendants. The practice of honoring rulers with temple names had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes within the East Asian cultural sphere|Sinosphere, including those based on the Korean Peninsula and in Vietnam. Japan, while having adopted both posthumous names and era names from China, did not assign temple names to its monarchs. Most temple names consist of two Chinese characters, unlike

950-441: The following year when she hanged herself as the city fell. During the battle at the Forbidden City, a total of thirty-one rebels were killed and forty-four captured alive, but before it was over the rebels had either murdered or injured over a hundred people in the palace. By the time the government suppressed the revolt, more than 20,000 Eight Trigrams members had been killed. It is estimated that 70,000 were killed in total during

988-667: The inscription "Entrusted by Heaven to Prepare the Way", a reference to the popular novel Water Margin . They considered him sent by the Eternal Unborn Mother of esoteric Chinese religions, to remove the Qing dynasty whom they regarded as having lost the Mandate of Heaven to rule. The third leader was Feng Keshan, who was called the "King of Earth", Li titled the "King of Men", and Lin referred to as "King of Heaven". The group won support from several powerful Eunuchs in

1026-486: The large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, although this came at a steep fiscal cost. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. In 1813, the Jiaqing Emperor also faced the threat of the Eight Trigrams uprising , led by

1064-478: The latter leaders of the Eight Trigram appearing more interested in personal power by overthrowing the Qing dynasty. Leader Lin Qing (林清; 1770–1813) was a hustler who drifted between odd jobs before taking over a local White Lotus sect. He met Li Wencheng in 1811, who at the time was acquiring control over a network of similar sects. Feng Keshan was a martial artist with strong ties to martial arts groups in

1102-458: The more elaborate posthumous names. In extremely rare cases, temple names could consist of three characters. The first character is an adjective, chosen to reflect the circumstances of the monarch's reign. The vocabulary may overlap with that of the posthumous names' adjectives; however, for one sovereign, the temple name's adjective character usually does not repeat as one of the many adjective characters in his posthumous name. The last character

1140-441: The planned rebellion and arrested Li Wencheng on 2 September. Officials tortured Li, but before they hurt him too seriously, Li's followers broke in and released him. This event pushed forward the date of the rebellion, and by 6 September, the members were busy collecting weapons. Followers of the Eight Trigrams quickly took control of the towns of Huaxian , Caoxian , and Dingtao in southern Zhili and Shandong provinces. Lin Qing

1178-641: The price of wheat, and set 15 September as an appropriate time for the rebellion to begin. In addition to being right after the harvest, the Jiaqing Emperor was scheduled to be out of Beijing on a hunting trip, so the Forbidden City would be lightly guarded. The plan was that when Jiaqing returned to Beijing, they would attack him outside the city and assassinate him. Li Wencheng was to rise in Huaxian and march northward to gather more followers and converge with Lin Qing in Beijing. Beijing officials heard rumors of

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1216-474: The purpose of ancestor worship. The temple name of each monarch was recorded on their respective ancestral tablet placed within the grand temple. Temple names trace their origins to the Shang dynasty of China. In earlier times, temple names were exclusively assigned to competent rulers after their death. The temple name system established during the Shang period utilized only four adjectives: Chinese monarchs of

1254-465: The throne and adopted the era name "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a Taishang Huang (emperor emeritus) after his abdication. After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799,

1292-544: The title Wujing Boshi ( 五經博士 ; Wǔjīng Bóshì ) to the descendants of Tang essayist Han Yu . The Jiaqing Emperor commissioned printed compendia of courtly collections, which are an important source for our present understanding of Qing court art. He was a keen scholar of the Confucian classics (to which he devoted much of his time in the early years of his reign when the Qianlong Emperor remained de facto ruler), with 15,267 poems attributed to him. On 2 September 1820,

1330-743: The title of emperor. In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper , replacing the Ming dynasty . Temple name Modern academia usually refers to the following rulers by their temple names: Chinese monarchs from the Tang to the Yuan dynasties, Korean rulers of the Goryeo (until AD 1274) and Joseon dynasties, and Vietnamese rulers of the Lý , Trần , and Later Lê dynasties (with

1368-470: Was in charge of the attack on the Forbidden City, although he personally did not participate in the attack. The rebels hid in shops outside the Eastern and Western palace gates. Lin enlisted several palace eunuchs to lead his approximately 250 followers through the gates. To distinguish themselves, the rebels tied white cloth around their heads and waists. Armed with knives and iron bars, they planned to enter

1406-547: Was later amended to Chengzu by the Jiajing Emperor . There were also instances of individuals ruling as the sovereign of a particular realm but being accorded a temple name by another realm, as was the case for Möngke of the Mongol Empire , who was later honored as Xianzong by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan dynasty . The "temple" in "temple name" (廟號) refers to the grand temples (太廟) built by each dynasty for

1444-612: Was the case for Emperor Huan , whose temple name, Weizong , was abolished by Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han dynasty . In other cases, numerous individuals were honored with more than one temple name by intentional changes or being accorded different titles by different individuals. For instance, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty was originally honored as Taizong by the Hongxi Emperor , but his temple name

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