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69-680: The Jinggouzi culture was a culture of Inner Mongolia and Greater Chifeng area, from 1300 BCE to 1000 BCE. It succeeded the Upper Xiajiadian culture , and preceded the establishment of the Yan territory by the Han dynasty . Ancient samples of the Jinggouzi site situated to the northwest of the Liao civilization were assigned to Haplogroup C-M217 . Northern nomads from Jinggouzi might have entered

138-522: A boom in construction, including new commercial development and large apartment complexes. The GDP of Inner Mongolia in 2022 was CN¥2.3 trillion (US$ 344 billion in nominal), with an average annual increase of 10% from the period 2010–2015. Its per capita GDP was CN¥96,474 ( US$ 14,343 in nominal), ranking 8th among all the 31 provincial divisions of China. The primary, secondary and tertiary industries contributed ¥265 billion ($ 39.45 billion), ¥1.12 trillion ($ 167.1 billion) and ¥926 billion ($ 137.7 billion) to

207-594: A descendant of Genghis Khan, opposed and fought against the Qing until he died of smallpox in 1634. Thereafter, the Inner Mongols under his son Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing. Ejei Khan was given the title of Prince ( 親王 ; qīn wáng ), and Inner Mongolian nobility became closely tied to the Qing royal family and intermarried with them extensively. Ejei Khan died in 1661 and was succeeded by his brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with Manchu Qing rule, he

276-510: Is also a source of crude oil , with sites such as the Xifeng oil field producing tens of thousands of barrels per day. However, in the past, the exploitation and utilisation of resources were rather inefficient, which resulted in poor returns from rich resources. Inner Mongolia is also an important coal production base, with more than a quarter of the world's coal reserves located in the province. It plans to double annual coal output by 2010 (from

345-400: Is an autonomous region of China . Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia . Inner Mongolia also accounts for a small section of China's border with Russia ( Zabaykalsky Krai ). Its capital is Hohhot ; other major cities include Baotou , Chifeng , Tongliao , and Ordos . The autonomous region was established in 1947, incorporating

414-419: Is classified as either a cold arid or steppe regime ( Köppen BWk, BSk , respectively). The small portion besides these are classified as humid continental (Köppen Dwa/Dwb ) in the northeast, or subarctic (Köppen Dwc ) in the far north near Hulunbuir . The region has increasing desertification and frequency of sandstorms, which damages agriculture and forces down household income. Inner Mongolia

483-657: Is distinct from Outer Mongolia , which was a term used by the Republic of China and previous governments to refer to what is now the independent state of Mongolia and the Republic of Tuva in Russia . The term Inner 内 (Nei) referred to the Nei Fan 内藩 (Inner Tributary), i.e., those descendants of Genghis Khan who were granted the title khan (king) in the Ming and Qing dynasties and lived in part of southern Mongolia. Due to

552-500: Is divided into twelve prefecture-level divisions . Until the late 1990s, most of Inner Mongolia's prefectural regions were known as leagues ( Chinese : 盟 ), a usage retained from Mongol divisions of the Qing dynasty . Similarly, county-level divisions are often known as banners ( Chinese : 旗 ). Since the 1990s, numerous leagues have been converted into prefecture-level cities , although banners remain. The restructuring led to

621-573: Is geographically divided into eastern and western divisions. The eastern division is often included in Northeastern China (Dongbei), with major cities including Tongliao , Chifeng , Hailar , and Ulanhot . The western division is included in North China , with major cities including Baotou and Hohhot. It recorded a population of 24,706,321 in the 2010 census , accounting for 1.84% of Mainland China 's total population. Inner Mongolia

690-564: Is no indication that the Alxa, Hinggan, and Xilingol Leagues will convert to prefecture-level cities in the near future. These prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 102 county-level divisions , including 22 districts , 11 county-level cities , 17 counties , 49 banners , and 3 autonomous banners . Those are in turn divided into 1425 township-level divisions , including 532 towns , 407 townships , 277 sums , eighteen ethnic townships , one ethnic sum , and 190 subdistricts . At

759-422: Is owing to the cooler climate more forested, chiefly with Manchurian elm , ash , birch , Mongolian oak and a number of pine and spruce species. Where discontinuous permafrost is present north of Hailar District , forests are almost exclusively coniferous. In the south, the natural vegetation is grassland in the east and very sparse in the arid west, and grazing is the dominant economic activity. Owing to

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828-501: Is so light that Inner Mongolia has no modern glaciers even on the highest Helan peaks. The spring is short, mild and arid, with large, dangerous sandstorms , whilst the summer is very warm to hot and relatively humid except in the west where it remains dry. Autumn is brief and sees a steady cooling, with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) reached in October in the north and November in the south. Officially, most of Inner Mongolia

897-496: Is the country's 23rd most populous province-level division . Han Chinese make up the majority of the population in the region; Mongols constitute a significant minority with over 4 million people, making it the largest Mongol population in the world (larger than that of the country Mongolia ). Inner Mongolia is one of the more economically developed provinces in China with annual GDP per capita at US$ 14,343 (2022), ranked 8th in

966-639: The Communist Party Regional Committee Secretary, who is usually from a different part of China (to reduce corruption) and Han Chinese. As of May 2023 , the current party secretary is Sun Shaocheng . The Inner Mongolian government and its subsidiaries follow roughly the same structure as that of a Chinese province. With regards to economic policy, as a part of increased federalism characteristics in China, Inner Mongolia has become more independent in implementing its own economic roadmap. Outer Mongolia While

1035-577: The Constitution of the People's Republic of China , articles 112–122, autonomous regions have limited autonomy in both the political and economic arena. Autonomous regions have more discretion in administering economic policy in the region in accordance with national guidelines. Structurally, the Chairman—who legally must be an ethnic minority and is usually ethnic Mongolian—is always kept in check by

1104-469: The Desert Mongolia';), roughly referring to the region now known as South Mongolia. Today, "Outer Mongolia" is sometimes still informally used to refer to the independent state of Mongolia . To avoid confusion between Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia, Chinese sources generally refer to the former as the "State of Mongolia" ( Chinese : 蒙古国 ; pinyin : Měnggǔ Guó ); that is,

1173-552: The Han Zhao kingdom in the region, thereby beginning the Sixteen Kingdoms period that saw the disintegration of northern China under a variety of Han and non-Han (including Xiongnu and Xianbei) regimes. The Sui dynasty (581–618) and Tang dynasty (618–907) re-established a unified Chinese empire and like their predecessors, they conquered and settled people into Hetao, though once again these efforts were aborted when

1242-857: The Jurchens , precursors to the modern Manchus , who established the Jin dynasty over Manchuria and Northern China. After Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes in 1206 and founded the Mongol Empire , the Tangut Western Xia empire was ultimately conquered in 1227, and the Jurchen Jin dynasty fell in 1234. In 1271, Kublai Khan , the grandson of Genghis Khan established the Yuan dynasty . Kublai Khan's summer capital Shangdu (aka Xanadu)

1311-668: The Loufan , Linhu and Dí , while Eastern Inner Mongolia was inhabited by the Donghu . During the Warring States period , King Wuling (340–295 BC) of the state of Zhao based in what is now Hebei and Shanxi Provinces pursued an expansionist policy towards the region. After destroying the Dí state of Zhongshan in what is now Hebei province, he defeated the Linhu and Loufan and created

1380-1070: The People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF) to train missile crews for mobile missile launchers, their support vehicles, and silo-based ballistic missiles. Hohhot Export Processing Zone was established 21 June 2002 by the State Council, which is located in the west of the Hohhot, with a planning area of 2.2 km (0.85 sq mi). Industries encouraged in the export processing zone include Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Telecommunications Equipment, Garment and Textiles Production, Trading and Distribution, Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Food/Beverage Processing, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Medical Equipment and Supplies, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics, Heavy Industry. Lines wholly or partly in Inner Mongolia include: Railway stations in Inner Mongolia include: Under

1449-727: The Republic of China , which had acquired the legal right to inherit all Qing territories through the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor , as an integral part of the state. This is referred to as "Mongolia Area" to distinguish it from Outer Mongolia. Most of Outer Mongolia, however, was under the de facto control of the Bogd Khanate , which was largely unrecognized internationally. The Republic of China briefly established de facto rule over most of

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1518-742: The Wolf Economy to the north has helped development. However, growth has come at a cost with huge amounts of pollution and degradation to the grasslands. Attempts to attract ethnic Chinese to migrate from other regions, as well as urbanise those rural nomads and peasants has led to huge amounts of corruption and waste in public spending, such as Ordos City . Acute uneven wealth distribution has further exacerbated ethnic tensions, many indigenous Mongolians feeling they are increasingly marginalised in their own homeland, leading to riots in 2011 and 2013. On 31 August 2020, large protests broke out in ethnic Mongol communities due to unannounced plans by

1587-752: The Yunzhong Commandery near modern Hohhot . King Wuling of Zhao also built a long wall stretching through the Hetao region. After Qin Shi Huang created the first unified Chinese empire in 221 BC, he sent the general Meng Tian to drive the Xiongnu from the region and incorporated the old Zhao wall into the Qin dynasty Great Wall of China. He also maintained two commanderies in the region: Jiuyuan and Yunzhong and moved 30,000 households there to solidify

1656-469: The 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially the Hetao region, alternated in control between Chinese farming communities in the south, and Xiongnu , Xianbei , Khitan , Jurchen , Tujue , and nomadic Mongol of the north. The historical narrative of what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia mostly consists of alternations between different Tungusic and Mongol tribes, rather than

1725-538: The 2005 volume of 260 million tons) to 500 million tons of coal a year. Industry in Inner Mongolia has grown up mainly around coal, power generation , forestry-related industries, and related industries. Inner Mongolia now encourages six competitive industries: energy, chemicals, metallurgy, equipment manufacturing, processing of farm (including dairy ) produce, and high technology. Well-known Inner Mongolian enterprises include companies such as ERDOS , Yili , and Mengniu . As with much of China, economic growth has led to

1794-496: The Chinese government to phase out Mongolian-medium teaching. Inner Mongolia is a provincial-level subdivision of North China , but its great stretch means that parts of it belong to Northeast China and Northwest China as well. It borders eight provincial-level divisions in all three of the aforementioned regions ( Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning , Hebei , Shanxi , Shaanxi , Ningxia , and Gansu ), tying with Shaanxi for

1863-588: The Evenk Autonomous Banner. More recently, growing grapes and winemaking have become an economic factor in the Wuhai area. Mining-related industries are a major part of Inner Mongolia's economy. Inner Mongolia has an abundance of resources especially coal, cashmere , natural gas, rare-earth elements , and has more deposits of naturally occurring niobium , zirconium and beryllium than any other province -level region in China. The region

1932-478: The GDP respectively. In addition to its large reserves of natural resources, Inner Mongolia also has the largest usable wind power capacity in China thanks to strong winds which develop in the province's grasslands. Some private companies have set up wind parks in parts of Inner Mongolia such as Bailingmiao , Hutengliang and Zhouzi. East of Jilantai, Inner Mongolia, there is a ballistic missile training area used by

2001-661: The Inner Mongolian tribes in 1635, when Ligden Khan 's son surrendered the Chakhar Mongol tribes to the Manchus . The Manchus subsequently invaded Ming China in 1644, bringing it under the control of their newly established Qing dynasty . Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Mongolian Plateau was administered in a different way for each region: The Inner Mongolian Chahar leader Ligdan Khan ,

2070-769: The Japanese during the war in the late 30s and early 40s. These Mongol militias were created by the Ejine and Alashaa based commissioner's offices created by the Kuomintang. Prince Demchugdongrub's Mongols were targeted by Kuomintang Mongols to defect to the Republic of China. The Nationalists recruited 1,700 ethnic minority fighters in Inner Mongolia and created war zones in the Tumet Banner, Ulanchab League, and Ordos Yekejuu League. The Inner Mongolian People's Republic

2139-593: The Japanese puppet government's control extending as far west as the Hohhot region. The Japanese advance was defeated by Hui Muslim General Ma Hongbin at the Battle of West Suiyuan and Battle of Wuyuan . Since 1945, Inner Mongolia has remained part of China. The Mongol Ulanhu fought against the Japanese. Ethnic Mongolian guerrilla units were created by the Kuomintang Nationalists to fight against

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2208-597: The Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. As a result, the Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. Ordinary Mongols were not allowed to travel outside their own leagues. Mongols were forbidden by

2277-494: The Mongolian People's Republic since 1949, and has established full diplomatic relations with Mongolia. The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with Inner Mongolia , which corresponds to the region of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital Beijing ) had a greater degree of autonomy within

2346-640: The Mongols during the Northern Yuan dynasty . The eastern Mongol tribes near and in Manchuria, particularly the Khorchin and Southern Khalkha in today's Inner Mongolia intermarried, formed alliances with, and fought against the Jurchen tribes until Nurhaci , the founder of the new Jin dynasty, consolidated his control over all groups in the area in 1593. The Manchus gained far-reaching control of

2415-497: The Qing dynasty called "Mongol followers" immigrated to Inner Mongolia who worked as servants for Mongols and Mongol princes and married Mongol women. Their descendants continued to marry Mongol women and changed their ethnicity to Mongol as they assimilated into the Mongol people, an example of this were the ancestors of Li Shouxin . They distinguished themselves apart from "true Mongols" 真蒙古. Outer Mongolia gained independence from

2484-687: The Qing dynasty in 1911, when the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu of the Khalkha was declared the Bogd Khan of Mongolia. Although almost all banners of Inner Mongolia recognised the Bogd Khan as the supreme ruler of Mongols, the internal strife within the region prevented a full reunification. The Mongol rebellions in Inner Mongolia were counterbalanced by princes who hoped to see a restored Qing dynasty in Manchuria and Mongolia, as they considered

2553-401: The Qing empire. There are three alternate terms, including Ar Mongol, Mobei Mongol, and Outer Mongolia. The term Ar mongol or Mobei Mongol ( Chinese : 漠北蒙古 ; pinyin : Mòběi Měnggǔ ; lit. 'North-of-the- Desert Mongolia') is sometimes used in Chinese and Mongolian languages to refer to North Mongolia when making a distinction with South Mongolia, so as to elide

2622-427: The Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into neidi (the Han Chinese 18 provinces) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing. Mongol pilgrims wanting to leave their banner's borders for religious reasons such as pilgrimage had to apply for passports to give them permission. During

2691-494: The Russian threat, they began to encourage Han Chinese farmers to settle in both Mongolia and Manchuria. This policy was followed by subsequent governments. The railroads that were being built in these regions were especially useful to the Han Chinese settlers. Land was either sold by Mongol Princes, or leased to Han Chinese farmers, or simply taken away from the nomads and given to Han Chinese farmers. A group of Han Chinese during

2760-555: The Second World War is complicated, with Japanese invasion and different kinds of resistance movements. In 1931, Manchuria came under the control of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo , taking some Mongol areas in the Manchurian provinces (i.e., Hulunbuir and Jirim leagues) along. Rehe was also incorporated into Manchukuo in 1933, taking Juu Uda and Josutu leagues along with it. These areas were occupied by Manchukuo until

2829-675: The Tang empire began to collapse. Hetao (along with the rest of what now consists Inner Mongolia) was then taken over by the Liao dynasty founded by the Khitans , a nomadic people originally from what is now the southern part of Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia. They were followed by the Western Xia of the Tanguts , who took control of what is now the western part of Inner Mongolia (including Western Hetao). The Khitans were later replaced by

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2898-649: The Tibetan Plateau where the autonomous region's highest peak, Main Peak in the Helan Mountains reaches 3,556 metres (11,670 ft), and is still being pushed up today in short bursts. Most of Inner Mongolia is a plateau averaging around 1,200 metres (3,940 ft) in altitude and covered by extensive loess and sand deposits. The northern part consists of the Mesozoic era Khingan Mountains , and

2967-569: The West Liao River valley, but these Jinggouzi people (closely related to Xianbei and Oroqen ) were culturally and genetically distinct from the original people of the West Liao River valley, who carried the characteristic Haplogroup N-M231 lineage. The Jinggouzi people may have been associated with the Donghu . Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia , officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ,

3036-481: The administrative region of Outer Mongolia during the Qing dynasty only consisted of the four Khalkha aimags ( Setsen Khan Aimag, Tüsheet Khan Aimag, Sain Noyon Khan Aimag, and Zasagt Khan Aimag), in the late Qing period, "Outer Mongolia" was also used to refer to the combined Khalkha and Oirat regions, as well as the directly-ruled Tannu Uriankhai . Much of the region was subsequently claimed by

3105-446: The ancient, weathered rocks lying under its deep sedimentary cover, Inner Mongolia is a major mining district, possessing large reserves of coal , iron ore and rare-earth minerals, which have made it a major industrial region today. Due to its elongated shape, Inner Mongolia has a four-season monsoon climate with regional variations. The winters in Inner Mongolia are very long, cold, and dry with frequent blizzards, though snowfall

3174-406: The areas of the former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan , Chahar , Rehe , Liaobei , and Xing'an , along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia . Its area makes it the third largest Chinese administrative subdivision , constituting approximately 1,200,000 km (463,000 sq mi) and 12% of China's total land area. Due to its long span from east to west, Inner Mongolia

3243-713: The communists established the People's Republic of China and consolidated control over mainland China, Inner Mongolia was expanded westwards to include five of the six original leagues (except Josutu League, which remains in Liaoning province), the northern part of the Chahar region, by then a league as well (southern Chahar remains in Hebei province), the Hetao region, and the Alashan and Ejine banners. Eventually, nearly all areas with sizeable Mongol populations were incorporated into

3312-458: The conversion of primate cities in most leagues to convert to districts administratively (i.e.: Hailar , Jining and Dongsheng ). Some newly founded prefecture-level cities have chosen to retain the original name of league (i.e.: Hulunbuir, Bayannur and Ulanqab), some have adopted the Chinese name of their primate city ( Chifeng , Tongliao ), and one league (Yekejuu) simply renamed itself Ordos . Despite these recent administrative changes, there

3381-551: The eighteenth century, growing numbers of Han Chinese settlers had illegally begun to move into the Inner Mongolian steppe. By 1791, there had been so many Han Chinese settlers in the Front Gorlos Banner that the jasak had petitioned the Qing government to legalise the status of the peasants who had already settled there. During the nineteenth century, the Manchus were becoming increasingly sinicised and faced with

3450-440: The end of World War II in 1945. In 1937, the Empire of Japan openly and fully invaded the Republic of China . On 8 December 1937, Mongolian Prince Demchugdongrub (also known as "De Wang") declared independence for the remaining parts of Inner Mongolia (i.e., the Suiyuan and Chahar provinces) as Mengjiang , and signed agreements with Manchukuo and Japan. Its capital was established at Zhangbei (now in Hebei province), with

3519-400: The end of 2017, the total population of Inner-Mongolia is 25.29 million. Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats , sheep and so on is a traditional method of subsistence. Forestry and hunting are somewhat important in the Greater Khingan ranges in the east. Reindeer herding is carried out by Evenks in

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3588-399: The greatest number of bordering provincial-level divisions. Most of its international border is with Mongolia, which, in Chinese, is sometimes called " Outer Mongolia ", while a small portion is with Russia's Zabaykalsky Krai . Inner Mongolia largely consists of the northern side of the North China Craton , a tilted and sedimented Precambrian block. In the extreme southwest is the edge of

3657-418: The grounds of fighting feudalism. Following the end of World War II , the Chinese Communists gained control of Manchuria as well as the Inner Mongolian Communists with decisive Soviet support and established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947. The Comintern army was absorbed into the People's Liberation Army. Initially, the autonomous region included just the Hulunbuir region. Over the next decade, as

3726-402: The history of Qing rule and rather imply a geographic unity or distinction of regions inhabited by Mongols in the Mongolian Plateau . There also exists an English term: Northern Mongolia . Ar Mongol can also be used to refer to Mongolia synchronically, during that time period. In the Mongolian language , the word ar refers to the back side of something, which has been extended to mean

3795-435: The modern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (though it deviates significantly at the Hebei-Inner Mongolia border). The Ming established the Three Guards composed of the Mongols there. Soon after the Tumu incident in 1449, when the Oirat ruler Esen taishi captured the Chinese emperor, Mongols flooded south from Outer Mongolia to Inner Mongolia. Thus from then on until 1635, Inner Mongolia was the political and cultural center of

3864-470: The nation. The official languages are Mandarin and Mongolian , the latter of which is written in the traditional Mongolian script , as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet , which is used in the country of Mongolia , formerly described as Outer Mongolia . In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner and "Outer" are derived from Manchu dorgi and tulergi (cf. Mongolian dotugadu and gadagadu ). Inner Mongolia

3933-473: The northern side of any spatial entity, e.g. a mountain or a yurt. The word öbür refers to the front/south (and thus protected) side of a mountain. So the difference between South Mongolia and the Mongolian state is conceived as the metaphor of the backward northern side and the south side of a mountain. In contrast to Mobei Mongol ( Chinese : 漠北蒙古 ), there is also Monan Mongol ( Chinese : 漠南蒙古 ; pinyin : Mònán Měnggǔ ; lit. 'South of

4002-407: The perceived Sinocentric nature of the name "Inner Mongolia", some Mongols outside of China, particularly those in the state of Mongolia, prefer the name "Southern Mongolia". However, this name has not been adopted officially by any government bodies. Much of what is known about the history of the Mongolian Plateau is taken from Chinese chronicles and historians. Before the rise of the Mongols in

4071-555: The population. In 1969, much of Inner Mongolia was distributed among surrounding provinces, with Hulunbuir divided between Heilongjiang and Jilin , Jirim going to Jilin , Juu Uda to Liaoning , and the Alashan and Ejine region divided among Gansu and Ningxia . This decision was reversed in 1979. Inner Mongolia was underdeveloped until the early 2000s, when huge mineral deposits including coal (such as Dongsheng Coalfield) and rare earth metals were discovered. GDP growth has continually been over 10%, even 15% and connections with

4140-441: The region from 1919 to 1921. After the Mongolian People's Republic was founded in 1924, the Nationalist government of China de jure recognized Mongolian independence in 1946 under Soviet pressure, though this recognition was later rescinded by the Kuomintang government in 1953, which had retreated to Taiwan because of continued Soviet support to the Chinese communists. The People's Republic of China continued recognition of

4209-477: The region, giving present-day Inner Mongolia its elongated shape. The leader of Inner Mongolia during that time, as both regional CPC secretary and head of regional government, was Ulanhu . During the Cultural Revolution , the administration of Ulanhu was purged, and a wave of repressions was initiated against the Mongol population of the autonomous region. Among the victims in Inner Mongolia, 75 per cent were Mongols, even though they only constituted 10 per cent of

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4278-430: The region. After the Qin dynasty collapsed in 206 BC, these efforts were abandoned. During the Western Han dynasty , Emperor Wu sent the general Wei Qing to reconquer the Hetao region from the Xiongnu in 127 BC. After the conquest, Emperor Wu continued the policy of building settlements in Hetao to defend against the Xiong-Nu. In that same year, he established the commanderies of Shuofang and Wuyuan in Hetao. At

4347-428: The same time, what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia was controlled by the Xianbei , who would, later on, eclipse the Xiongnu in power and influence. During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD), Xiongnu who surrendered to the Han dynasty began to be settled in Hetao and intermingled with the Han immigrants in the area. Later on, during the Western Jin dynasty , it was a Xiongnu noble from Hetao, Liu Yuan , who established

4416-458: The struggle between nomads and Chinese farmers. Slab Grave cultural monuments are found in Northern, Central and Eastern Mongolia , Inner Mongolia, North-Western China, Southern, Central-Eastern and Southern Baikal territory. Mongolian scholars prove that this culture related to the Proto-Mongols . During the Zhou dynasty , Central and Western Inner Mongolia (the Hetao region and surrounding areas) were inhabited by nomadic peoples such as

4485-453: The theocratic rule of the Bogd Khan would be against their modernising objectives for Mongolia. Eventually, the newly formed Republic of China promised a new nation of five races ( Han , Manchu , Mongol , Tibetan and Uyghur ). and suppressed the Mongol rebellions in the area. The Republic of China reorganised Inner Mongolia into provinces: Some Republic of China maps still show this structure. The history of Inner Mongolia during

4554-411: Was abolished, all Chahar Mongol royal males were executed even if they were born to Manchu Qing princesses, and all Chahar Mongol royal females were sold into slavery except the Manchu Qing princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the direct control of the Qing Emperor, unlike the other Inner Mongol leagues which maintained their autonomy. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on

4623-420: Was founded shortly after the Second World War. It existed from 9 September 1945 until 6 November 1945. The Communist movement gradually gained momentum as part of the Third Communist International in Inner Mongolia during the Japanese period. By the end of WWII, the Inner Mongolian faction of the ComIntern had a functional militia and actively opposed the attempts at independence by De Wang's Chinggisid princes on

4692-407: Was located near present-day Dolonnor . During that time Ongud and Khunggirad peoples dominated the area of what is now Inner Mongolia. After the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Han-led Ming dynasty in 1368, the Ming captured parts of Inner Mongolia including Shangdu and Yingchang . The Ming rebuilt the Great Wall of China at its present location, which roughly follows the southern border of

4761-466: Was placed under house arrest in 1669 in Shenyang and the Kangxi Emperor gave his title to his son Borni. Abunai then bid his time and then he and his brother Lubuzung revolted against the Qing in 1675 during the Revolt of the Three Feudatories , with 3,000 Chahar Mongol followers joining in on the revolt. The revolt was put down within two months, the Qing then crushed the rebels in a battle on 20 April 1675, killing Abunai and all his followers. Their title

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