125-685: Junnar (Marathi pronunciation: [d͡ʒunːəɾ] ) is a city in the Pune district of the Indian state of Maharashtra . The city has history dating back to the first millennium. The nearby fort of Shivneri was the birthplace of Maratha king Shivaji , the founder of the Maratha Empire . Junnar was declared the first tourism taluka in Pune district by the government of Maharashtra on 9 January 2018. Junnar has been an important trading and political centre for
250-455: A literacy rate of 87.19 percent. By age, 685,022 were age four or younger; 1,491,352 were between ages five and 15; 4,466,901 were 15 to 59, and 589,280 were 60 years of age or older. For every 1,000 males age 6 and older, there were 919 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 12.52% and 3.70% of the population respectively. Hindus are the largest religious community, with a significant Muslim minority. In rural areas, Hindus are
375-403: A bench along its right wall. The front of the veranda has 2 benches, flanked by a plain eight-sided pillar and pilaster; some remnants of these survive. On the right pilaster is a double crescent ornament. A grooved door leads to a middle room, which has a bench along the right wall and seat recess to the left. A window is to the left of door. In the back wall of the middle room a cell (left) - with
500-405: A bench along the right wall and to the left, has a square window connecting it to cave 2. A door with grooves for fitting a wooden frame, leads into the cell which has a bench along its right wall. Cave 2 is similar to cave 1 in design. The veranda has two pillars and two pilasters, a bench between each pillar and pilaster with curtains in the back, which have a rail pattern. Over the pillars rests
625-401: A bench runs along the left wall. The ceiling shows signs of a dressed stone or wooden screen from the right wall to the end of the bench. To the right is a small cell in the same roof, probably connected with cave 19. The small cell has a bench along its right wall and the grooved doorway. The cave has two cisterns. Cave 20 is a small dwelling, hard to reach as the front is broken. To the right
750-559: A bracket" with tigers, elephants and bulls. In a later period, the two central cells of the rear wall have been combined by breaking the partition in between to house the Ganesha image. The old entrance was also widened during the conversion to the Ganesha temple. There are two other smaller entrances to the hall. All entrances bear marks of sockets for fixing wooden doors, added during the conversion, and still have doors. The hall also has traces of plaster and paintings, both added during
875-454: A cell and a half cell in its back wall, both entered through the veranda. The cell has a broken door, a small window, benched recess and a peg hole. The half cell has an open front and a bench at the back. Cave 9 located to the right of Cave 8, can be entered via the latter's veranda. Cave 9 has its own veranda and a hall. The veranda has four Satakarni-period, broken pillars. The hall has a larger central door - with windows on either side - and
1000-412: A cell. The veranda has a bench along the back wall. A door leads to a cell, which has a seat in a left recess. In front of the recess, below the seat, are vertical bands. Between caves 2 and 3 there is a seat in the front, in a recess. Cave 4 has an open veranda and a cell. The veranda has a bench, along the back wall. A grooved door leads to a cell, which has a bench along the right wall. A broken window
1125-458: A cistern by Lachhinika (wife) of Torika the Na daka [and] Nadabalika, wife of Isimulasami." Cave 18 is a dining hall with a front wall and a grooved doorway, on either side of which are windows. A bench runs along the back and side walls. The passage to the hall has 3 broken steps and an open court in the front. A cistern is located to the left of the court. Cave 19 is a cell without a front wall and
1250-536: A complex of ancient Indian Buddhist rock-cut shrines which were developed from the second century BCE to the fifth century CE; the oldest of the shrines is believed to date to 160 BCE. Traders and Satvahana rulers financed construction of the caves. Buddhists, identified with commerce and manufacturing through their early association with traders, tended to locate their monasteries in natural formations near major trade routes to provide lodging for travelling traders. Inscriptions at Karla and Junnar suggest that in
1375-445: A corbelled abacus. Inscription on the back wall of the veranda dates the cave to the 2nd century A.D. The inscription translates as: "A meritorious gift of a chapel cave given by Ananda, a son of Tapasa and grandson of Upasaka." Cave 1 is divided into four parts: a veranda, a middle room, a cell, and a half cell. The veranda has a bench along the right wall. Its front possibly had two quadrangular pillars, traces of one are seen around
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#17327721642591500-400: A grooved bench and a bench - and a half cell (right) are seen. The ceiling has traces of painting. Cave 15 is a small dwelling consisting of a cell with an unproved doorway and a veranda. Though the side walls of the cave are still preserved, the ceiling is half broken. Cave 16 is a small dwelling, on a slightly higher level above cave 15. It has a cell with a bench along its right wall and
1625-595: A mother and where Ganesha was born. The current name "Lenyadri" literally means "mountain cave". It is derived from 'Lena' in Marathi meaning "cave" and 'adri' in Sanskrit meaning "mountain" or "stone". The name "Lenyadri" appears in the Hindu scripture Ganesha Purana as well as in a Sthala Purana , in association to the Ganesha legend. It is also called Jeernapur and Lekhan parvat ("Lekhan mountain"). The hill
1750-487: A peacock. Gunesha mounted the peacock and assumed the name Mayuresvara. Mayuresvara later killed Sindhu and his army-generals at Morgaon , the most important Ashtavinayaka temple. Lenyadri is one of the eight revered Ganesha temples collectively called Ashtavinayaka . The caves including the temple lie under the control of the Archaeological Survey of India . Sardar Deshpande is the priest in charge of
1875-463: A railing at the base." The stupa has Buddhist tridents carved on it. A hole is carved for fixing garlands in the front and 5 holes on the top probably to fix a central wooden umbrella and side flags. A 2nd century, swastika-flanked inscription on the back wall of the veranda translates: "A meritorious gift of a chapel cave by the distinguished Sulasadata, son of Heranika of Kalyana [modern Kalyan near Mumbai ]." Between caves 5 and 6, on higher level,
2000-592: A relay station was built in Khadki to relay telegraph signals for the Imperial Wireless Chain . In 1885, Pune was a post-distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city, which also offered money-order and savings-bank services. Areas east of Pune receive less rainfall than areas west of the city adjacent to the Western Ghats . To minimize drought risk, a masonry dam
2125-528: A route of NH 222 while from Pune and Nashik will take a route of NH 50 . Junnar area is dotted with historic places including Shivneri , the birthplace of the Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the cave temple at Lenyadri , Kulswami khandoba temple wadaj, One of the famous temple of Lord Ganesha Ozar , and the walled town of Junnar itself. Also Junnar has historical underground water chain which it exists at Sayyed Wada (Nehr e Hussaini hauz) Junnar in
2250-409: A seat at the back. Outside the hall is a view seat. The cave bears traces of paint. Cave 12 is a small dwelling entered by a door from the veranda of cave 11. It has its own open veranda, which has a partly broken floor and ceiling and recessed benches on the left and right of the door to the middle room. The middle room has a small window to the left of the door and a seat recess in its right wall. In
2375-401: A seat. A cell to the left of the room has a seat in a recess. A door from the cell leads to a half-cell which has a recess and seat. Traces of painting are seen on the ceiling. Outside the veranda to the left is a cistern. Cave 11 is difficult to reach with a broken front and a hall. To the left of a hall is a cell, lower in height than the hall. The hall has a grooved doorway and a recess with
2500-611: A series of about 30 rock-cut Buddhist "caves", located about 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) north of Junnar in Pune district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . They are cut into a natural cliff or steep slope. Other caves surrounding the city of Junnar are: Manmodi Caves , Shivneri Caves and Tulja Caves . The Lenyadri caves date between the 1st and 3rd century AD and belong to the Hinayana Buddhism tradition. Some have later been adapted to Hindu use. Twenty-six of
2625-410: A side door, both having grooves for wooden frames. The purpose of this hall is unknown and speculated to be a school or study. Cave 10 is located at a higher level than cave 9 and is difficult to reach as its front is broken. An open veranda with a broken ceiling and floor leads to a middle room through a grooved broken door, which has windows on either side. The right wall of the hall has a recess with
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#17327721642592750-614: A specific group of varkaris.). Company rule came to an end when, under the terms of a proclamation issued by Queen Victoria , the Bombay Presidency , Pune and the rest of British India came under the British crown in 1858. Villages in the district saw rioting in 1875 by peasants protesting Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders. The disturbances involved peasants getting the moneylenders to burn their documents and, in some cases, torching their houses. The riots were responsible for
2875-426: A veranda, pillars and pilasters with animal-capitals, and a shrine with 5 steps at the entrance. The shrine hall is entered by a plain and a socketed-door measuring 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) in width and 2.79 metres (9.2 ft) in height. The hall measures 13.3 metres (44 ft) in length; 6.7 metres (22 ft) in width and 7 metres (23 ft) in height. It has a row of five pillars and one pilaster on each side of
3000-408: A veranda, which leads to the cell through a door. The side walls as well as a part of the ceiling are broken. Cave 17 comprises a series of three small dwellings located along a row with a shared veranda. The first dwelling has a doorway flanked by broken windows on either side, leading to a middle room. The back room of the middle dwelling has a cell to the right and a half cell to the left. A window
3125-633: A white complexion. His mount was a peacock. He was born to Shiva and Parvati in the Treta Yuga , for the purpose of killing the demon Sindhu. Once Parvati (Girija) asked her husband Shiva who he was meditating on. He said he was meditating on "the supporter of the entire universe" - Ganesha, and initiated Parvati with the Ganesha Mantra "Gam". Desiring to have a son, Parvati underwent austerities meditating on Ganesha, for twelve years at Lenyadri. Pleased by her penance, Ganesha blessed her with
3250-892: Is a district in Western Maharashtra with Administrative Headquarters in Pune city. Pune district is the most populous district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is one of the most industrialised districts in India. According to archaeological discoveries of the Jorwe culture in Chandoli and Inamgaon , portions of the district have been occupied by humans since the Chalcolithic (the Copper Age, 5th–4th millennium BCE). Many ancient trade routes linking ports in western India (particularly those of coastal Konkan ) with
3375-403: Is a passage and to the left a cell with a bench along the entire left wall. Cave 21 is approached through a small crevice from cave 20, in the absence of any direct approach. Its living space has a veranda of fairly large size. There is also an inner cell with a grooved door frame. Seating benches have been cut into shallow spaces both in the cell and in the veranda. Cave 22 adjoins cave 21 on
3500-436: Is among the earlier excavations about Junnar. Next to it, but higher up and almost inaccessible, are two cells; then a well; and, thirdly, a small vihara , with three cells, two of them with stone-beds. Some rough cutting on the back wall between the cell-doors resembles a dagoba in low relief, but it is quite unfinished. Outside are two more cells and a chamber or chapel at the end of a veranda that runs along in front both of
3625-459: Is an excavation originally intended either for a dwelling or for a seat, but converted into a cistern following discovery of a rock-fault. On its left side is a bench. This cave, also a chaitya-griha, has a flat roof. However, it has no pillars in the hall that measures 6.75 metres (22.1 ft) in length; 3.93 metres (12.9 ft) in width and 4.16 metres (13.6 ft) in height. It has a pillared veranda; pillars are in octagonal shape. The stupa
3750-461: Is called Girijatmaja ( Sanskrit : गिरिजात्मज ). The name is either interpreted as "mountain-born" or as "Atmaja of Girija", the son of Parvati, who herself is daughter of the mountain Himavan , a personification of the mountains of Himalayas . The features of the Ganesha icon, seen on the back wall of the cave, are the least distinct vis-a-vis the other Ashtavinayak temples. Though the temple faces
3875-573: Is considered the finest building from the islamic era of the town. The tombs has a double-storied facade with a single large space.It is an example of an early post- Bahmani type architecture. It is on the List of Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra . Several inscriptions related to donations by Yavanas ( Indo-Greeks ) have been found at the Junnar caves. These inscriptions are located in
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4000-446: Is considered vulnerable until 20 September. Pune district had a population of 9,429,408 in the 2011 census , roughly equal to the nation of Benin . The fourth most populous of India's 640 districts, it has a population density of 603 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,560/sq mi). The district's population-growth rate between 2001 and 2011 was 30.34 percent. Pune has a sex ratio of 910 females to every 1,000 males, and
4125-530: Is dated to the 1st century AD, though the date of conversion to a Hindu shrine is unknown. All of the caves arise from Hinayana Buddhism. The caves of Junnar are grouped according to the following classification: About 20 km to the northwest of Junnar, the Naneghat caves can also be seen. The monument is located in Hapusbaug village, 10 km away from Junnar. It was built in the 17th century, and
4250-412: Is in three steps with a base of 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) diameter. The rim has a railing design surrounded by a cylindrical drum with "a square harmika with railing pattern and an inverted stepped pyramidal abacus." A carved chhatri covers the ceiling. The pillars of the veranda consist of octagonal shafts resting on ghata base over a stepped pedestal. An inverted kalasha adorns the top, which also has
4375-547: Is located at about 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) from Junnar , the headquarters of Junnar taluka . It is situated on the north-west banks of river Kukadi, which flows between Golegaon and Junnar. It is also approached through Nanaghat, which was originally on the trade route between Aparantaka or the northern Konkan and the Deccan and descending to the plains of the Junnar town. The circular hill, where Lenyadri caves have been emboweled, raises about 30 metres (98 ft) above
4500-404: Is located to left of door to the cell. The cell also has traces of painting. The half cell has a bench. The second dwelling has a middle room, a half cell to the left, and a cell, reached from the right of the half cell. The middle room has a bench. The half cell has a recess in its back wall, along with a bench. A grooved door leads from the half-cell to the cell, which also has a bench. A window in
4625-588: Is situated in village Rajuri of Junnar Taluka, and other Rashmigreenland Agri Tourism Center, located at the foothills of Leynadri temple, Golegaon, Junnar. An emerging group of youth from junnar are trying new trends into the business of agrotourism. Arranging Treks, tours, leaving in countryside, tents under the sky are features you can try out here with them. Easy accessible from Pune, Mumbai and Nashik. There have been numerous cases of leopards attacking people and livestock in Junnar in recent years with many fatalities. According to field studies, carried out in Junnar,
4750-454: Is to the left of door and to its right, a small hole, which could have been used to wash feet before entering the cell. Cave 5 is located 12 feet (3.7 m) lower to left of cave 4. It is divided into 3 parts: veranda, a middle hall and seven cells of varying size, three in the back wall and two in each side wall. Thus it is known as a saptagarbha layana (seven cell dwelling). The veranda had two pillars and two pilasters with pot capitals of
4875-412: Is unpredictable, in tune with the Indian monsoon. Summers, from early March to July, are dry and hot. Temperatures range from 20 to 38 °C (68 to 100 °F), and may reach 40 °C (104 °F). Winter runs from November to February. Temperatures usually hover around 7 to 12 °C (45 to 54 °F), sometimes dipping to 3 °C (37 °F). June is the driest month, and the agricultural sector
5000-666: The Deccan Plateau pass through the district. The town of Junnar has been an important trading and political center for the last two thousand years, and it was first mentioned by Greco-Roman travellers in the early first millennium CE. The Karla Caves in Karli , near Lonavala , are near the Western Ghats and a major ancient trade route running eastward from the Arabian Sea to the Deccan Plateau. The caves are
5125-829: The Krishna River 's main tributary, rises in the Western Ghats and flows east. All the district's rivers (the Pushpavati, Krushnavati, Kukadi , Meena, Ghod , Bhama, Andhra, Indrayani , Pavna , Mula , Mutha , Ambi, Mose, Shivganga, Kanandi, Gunjavni, Velvandi, Nira , Karha and Velu) flow into the Bhima or its tributaries. Major dams are on the Kukadi , Pushpavati, Ghod , Bhima , Pavna, Bhama , Mula , Mutha (the Temghar and Khadakwasla Dams ) and Mose . Nine of
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5250-579: The Maval region, winning over (or subduing) most of the local Maval leaders. He rebuilt the settlement of Pune, and prominent families who had left the town during its 1631 destruction by the Adilshahi general Murar Jaggdeo returned. Among Kondadeo's reported reforms was a tax of one-fourth the cash equivalent of a land's yield, and the Fasli calendar was introduced at this time. He is said to have focused on
5375-704: The Ramoshi caste). The best-known kotwal in Pune during Peshwa rule was Ghashiram Kotwal , and the city's police force was admired by European visitors. The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in Pune's expansion, with the construction of about 250 temples and bridges (including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on Parvati Hill ). Many temples like Maruti , Vithoba , Vishnu , Mahadeo , Rama , Krishna and Ganesha temples were built during this era. Their patronage extended to 164 schools ( pathshalas ) in
5500-603: The Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I. The plates call the region "Puny Vishaya " and "Punaka Vishaya", respectively. The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this time, and the area included Theur , Uruli , Chorachi Alandi, and Bhosari . The region became part of the Yadava Empire of Deogiri from the ninth to the 13th centuries. The Muslim Khalji rulers of the Delhi Sultanate overthrew
5625-464: The Satakarni period (B.C. 90-A.D. 300), of which only the right broken pilaster and a trace of the base of the right pillar remain. In front of the veranda, an open court with two steps lead to the veranda. To the right of the court is a cistern. In the back wall of the veranda, to the left of the door to the middle hall, close under the broken verandah ceiling, is a single line inscription, flanked by
5750-658: The Treaty of Purandar (1665) , signed by the Mughal general Mirza Jaisingh and Shivaji, Shivaji ceded control of a number of forts in the district to the Mughals. Shivaji recaptured many of these forts when the truce ended. He was succeeded on the Marathi throne by his eldest son, Sambhaji , in 1680. Shortly afterwards, the Mughal army under Aurangzeb moved into the Deccan Plateau and remained there for nearly three decades. Sambhaji
5875-603: The Yadavas of Devagiri . The Pune Jagir which was restored to Shahaji after he joined the Adilshahi service in 1637.Since he was required to be based in Bengaluru as the Adilshah commander, Shahaji selected Pune as the residence for [Jijabai and son Shivaji, and appointed Dadoji Konddeo as administrator of the Pune jagir.Konddeo oversaw the construction of their Lal Mahal palace. Konddeo established complete control over
6000-414: The chaitya or Dagoba or stupa (central relic-shrine), located at the rear of the hall. A start was made on a typical large arched window above the entrance, but this was never completed, and remains a blind recess. The Satakarni period pillars begin with a four-plated pyramid structure, then a waterpot base, followed by an eight-sided shaft, above a reversed pot, then a capital in five plates, and on
6125-465: The 1790s, the city had a population of 600,000. In 1781, after a city census, a household tax ( gharpatti ) was levied on the more affluent: one-fifth to one-sixth of the property value. Order in Peshwa Pune was maintained by the kotwal , who was a police chief, magistrate and municipal commissioner and whose duties included investigating, levying and collecting fines for offences. The kotwal
6250-517: The 2nd century CE at Lenyadri and Manmodi Caves . According to Damodar Kosambi , the real name of Junnar may have been Tagara. In his opinion, the name Junnar may be the contracted form of Jirnanagar (Old city). In the 1400s, the Russian traveler, Afanasy Nikitin spent many months in Junnar during the monsoon season. He describes vividly the life in the Bahamani -ruled area around Junnar. After
6375-686: The Bhosale family. In 1632, Shahaji forsook the Mughals and accepted the friendship of the Adilshahi rulers of Bijapur (the traditional rivals of Ahmadnagar Sultanate ). After the fall of the Ahmadnagar (Nizamshahi) Sultanate, its territory was divided between the Adilshahi and the Mughals with Pune region going to the former. Shahaji refused to surrender Junnar (the seat of the Nizamshahi dynasty) before he finally capitulated. However, Shahaji
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#17327721642596500-629: The Bombay presidency government enacting the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act to protect peasants from land grabbing by money lenders. During the first and second Anglo-Maratha wars, it took four or five weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune. An 1804 military road constructed by the British East India Company reduced the journey to four or five days. The company built a macadam road between
6625-462: The Buddhist trident in the beginning and swastika at the end. It is translated as: "A meritorious gift of a seven-celled cave and cistern by a guild of corn-dealers." The door also has windows on both its sides. Throughout the middle hall in the front of the cells is a bench. A bench is also built in the back wall of the cells. Cave 8 is a difficult-to-reach dwelling. It consists of a veranda with
6750-433: The Mughal invaders, and stabilise the territories ruled by Ahmednagar, local Maratha chieftains were given increased power. Amongst the chieftains was Maloji , who was made a raja in 1595; the districts of Pune and Supa were given to him as a jagir ( fief ). Maloji was also given charge of the forts at Shivneri and Chakan , which played an important role in the district's early political history. In 1600, Ahmednagar
6875-610: The Mughal siege. Before the Mughals captured Gingee, Rajaram returned to Maharashtra and died in Sinhagad in 1700. Ambikabai, one of his widows, committed sati at Rajaram's death. The Bhimthadi (or Deccani) horse was developed in the region under Maratha rule by crossing Arabian and Turkic breeds with local ponies. rightShivaji's grandson, Shahu I , appointed the Chitpavan Brahmin Balaji Vishwanath as his Peshwa in 1714. Vishwanath received
7000-421: The Nizamshahi capital was moved to Junnar at the beginning of the 16th century. The Bhosale family received a jagir (land grant), and control of the region shifted among the Bhosale rulers, the sultanates and the Mughals during the century. The district was central to the founding of the Maratha Empire by Shivaji . With the establishment of Nizamshahi rule, with Ahmednagar its headquarters, nearly all of
7125-474: The Pune region, taking possession of the key Torna Fort and controlling the Chakan and Purandar forts and raiding Junnar. He moved his administration to the renovated Rajgad fort in 1648, aand kept it there until his coronation in 1674. During the 1660s, the Mughals under Aurangzeb began paying attention to Shivaji. Pune and the region's forts frequently changed hands between the Mughals and Shivaji. In
7250-777: The Shivneri Caves: At Manmodi Caves , another Yavana donor named Chanda dedicated a hall front to the Samgha . Similar donations by Yavanas can be found at the Nasik Caves and the Great Chaitya of the Karla Caves . Agritourism or agrotourism, as it is defined most broadly, involves any agriculturally based operation or activity that brings visitors to a farm or ranch. Few popular such venture, "Parashar Agri & Village Tourism centre",
7375-600: The Silver Bus Company, and Tanga (horse-drawn carriage) drivers went on strike in protest. Tangas were a common mode of public transport well into the 1950s, and bicycles were a private vehicle choice in the 1930s. The British installed a telegraph system in Pune in 1858. According to the 1885 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona , the city and the GIPR had telegraph offices. In 1928,
7500-748: The Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. The Poona electric-supply company, a Tata company, received power from the Khopoli (on the Mumbai side of the Ghats) and Bhivpuri plants near the Mulshi dam. Power was used to electrify trains running between Mumbai and Pune and for industrial and residential use, and a dam was built on the Velvandi River in Bhor . The district is surrounded by Thane district on
7625-596: The Yadavas in 1317, beginning three hundred years of Islamic control. The Khalji were followed by another sultanate dynasty, the Tughlaqs . A Tughlaq governor on the Deccan Plateau rebelled and created the Bahamani Sultanate , which later dissolved into the Deccan sultanates . During the 1400s, Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin spent many months in Junnar during the monsoon season and vividly describes life in
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#17327721642597750-467: The ancient commercial trade route from Mawal region to Kalyan via Naneghat. There is a marvelous sculpture design of the bastion and the fort entrance, which is not seen elsewhere. They are all carved from a single rock. Surroundings of Junnar are very rich with ancient cave temples. In total there are more than 220 individual rock-cut caves located in four hills around Junnar. Junnar has the largest and longest cave excavations in India. The most famous among
7875-563: The area around Pune from the grateful mother of one of Shahu's ministers for saving her son's life. In 1718, Shahu sent him to Delhi to assist the Sayyads; in return for this help, Muhammad Shah (the Mughal emperor in Delhi) granted Shahu sardeshmukhi rights for Pune, Supa, Baramati, Indapur and Junnar. Shahu appointed Baji Rao I Peshwa in 1720, succeeding his father. Baji Rao moved his administration from Saswad to nearby Pune in 1728, laying
8000-420: The back wall of the middle room to the left is a half cell - which has a seat recess - and a cell with a grooved door. The floor of the cave has a coating of cement, while the ceiling of the middle room bears painted concentric circles. Cave 13 on a slightly higher level than cave 12, is a small dwelling with an open court and from 2 steps lead to a veranda. To the right of the court is a cistern. The veranda has
8125-558: The boon that he will be born as her son. Accordingly, on the fourth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month Bhadrapada ( Ganesh chaturthi day), Parvati worshipped a clay image of Ganesha, which came alive. Thus, Ganesha was born to Parvati at Lenyadri. Later, he was named Gunesha by Shiva. Shiva gave him a boon that whosoever remembers him before starting a job, will successfully complete that task. For 15 years Gunesha grew up at Lenyadri. Sindhu, who knew that his death would be at
8250-518: The building of temples and temple rituals led to religion being responsible for about 15 percent of the city's economy during this period. Peshwas and knights residing in the city had individual hobbies and interests; Madhavrao II had a private collection of exotic animals, such as lions and rhinoceros, near the Peshwe Park zoo. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II , was a strength and wrestling enthusiast. The sport of pole gymnastics ( mallakhamba )
8375-507: The caves are individually numbered. The caves face to the south and are numbered serially from east to west. Caves 6 and 14 are chaitya-grihas (chapels), while the rest are viharas (dwellings for monks). The latter are in the form of dwellings and cells. There are also several rock-cut water cisterns; two of them have inscriptions. The layout of the caves, in general, are similar in pattern and shape. They generally have one or two sides with two long benches for occupants' use. Two of
8500-568: The caves is the Lenyadri complex. It represents a series of about 30 rock-cut mostly Buddhist caves. Cave 7 is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to the god Ganesha . It is one of the Ashtavinayak shrines, a set of the eight prominent Ganesha shrines in Maharashtra. Twenty-six of the caves are individually numbered. The caves face to the south and are numbered serially from east to west. Caves 6 and 14 are chaitya-grihas (chapels), while
8625-402: The ceiling. A rock beam was present over the pillars, above the beam ribs and a rail pattern could have existed. In a recess below the veranda is an earth-filled cistern . A door with a small window to the left leads into the middle room. The middle room has a bench along the right wall. Towards the back of the middle room, to the left, is the half cell and to the right the cell. The half-cell has
8750-507: The central cells of Cave 7 – originally a Buddhist vihara – were at an unknown later date appropriated for the worship of the Hindu god Ganesha . The rest of the cells and the hall of Cave 7 remain in their original form. This Ganesha Lena vihara is one of the Ashtavinayak shrines, a set of the eight prominent Ganesha shrines in Western Maharashtra. In regional mythology, this is the Girijatmaja cave where goddess Parvati desired to be
8875-1250: The city of Pune namely Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) and Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC). PCMC, Pune is north western city limits of Pune and its corporation covers Nigdi , Akurdi, Pimpri , Chinchwad and Bhosari . The region was zoned for industrial development by the state of Maharashtra in the early 1960s & later acceded to the city limits. Pune District is divided into fifteen talukas – Pune City taluka , Pimpri-Chinchwad taluka , Haveli taluka , Mulshi taluka , Velhe taluka , Bhor taluka , Purandar taluka , Baramati taluka , Daund taluka , Indapur taluka , Maval taluka , Khed taluka , Shirur taluka , Ambegaon taluka and Junnar taluka . There are thirteen panchayat samitis . The district has 1,866 villages and 21 Vidhan Sabha constituencies: Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed-Alandi, Maval, Mulshi, Haveli, Bopodi, Shivajinagar, Parvati (SC), Kasba Peth, Bhvani Peth, Camp Cantonment , Shirur, Daund, Indapur, Baramati, Purandhar and Bhor. Its four Lok Sabha constituencies are Pune, Baramati, Shirur and Maval (shared with Raigad district). The district has three cantonments , in Camp , Khadki and Dehu Road . Smaller towns in
9000-562: The city which taught Hindu holy texts ( shastras ) to Brahmin men. Pune also had many public festivals. Major festivals were Ganeshotsav , the Deccan New Year ( Gudi Padwa ), Holi , and Dasara . Holi at the Peshwa court was celebrated over a five-day period. The Dakshina festival, celebrated in the Hindu month of Shravan (when millions of rupees were distributed), attracted Brahmins from throughout India to Pune. The festivals,
9125-564: The collapse of the Bahamanis, the breakaway state of Nizam Shahi had Junnar as their first capital in the 1490s. Later in early 1600s, Malik Ambar the Nizam Shahi general again moved his capital there. The father of Shivaji , Shahaji Raje Bhonsale worked for Malik Ambar early in his career. Shivaji was born at the nearby Shivneri fort. Junnar has an average elevation of 689 metres (2,260 feet). The Kukadi River flows to
9250-407: The conversion and renewed in later times - possibly as late as the 19th century. The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1882) records that the hall was plastered and white-washed. The paintings depicted Ganesha's childhood, marriage preparations, battle with demons and so forth, along with scenes of other Hindu deities like Devi , Krishna , Vishnu and Shiva . The Ganesha form worshipped here
9375-566: The defeat of Maratha forces in the 1761 Battle of Panipat , but Pune remained the seat of power. However, the city's fortunes declined rapidly after the 1795 accession of Baji Rao II . Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the 1802 Battle of Pune , precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805. Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Baji Rao II by the British East India Company , under
9500-540: The disastrous 1761 Battle of Panipat , and the Nizam of Hyderabad looted the city. It (and the empire) recovered during the brief reign of Peshwa Madhavrao. The rest of the Peshwa era was rife with family intrigue and political machinations. The leading role was played by the ambitious Raghunathrao , the younger brother of Nanasaheb, who wanted power at the expense of his nephews Madhavrao I and Narayanrao . After Narayanrao's 1775 murder by order of Raghunathrao's wife, power
9625-408: The district have Nagar Palikas (municipal councils). Most are these are the headquarters of their respective taluka or its main town: The growth of the Pune metropolitan area has led to the development of township schemes in the city such as Magarpatta , Amanora and Nanded City and development further from the city in the mountains, such as Lavasa . Pune District Court administers justice at
9750-560: The district level, and is the principal court of original jurisdiction in civil matters. The district court is also a Sessions Court for criminal matters. It is presided over by a Principal District and Sessions Judge appointed by the state government . Court decisions are subject to the appellate jurisdiction of Bombay High Court . Pune District Court is under the High Court's administrative control. Lenyadri Lenyadri , sometimes called Ganesa Lena , Ganesh Pahar Caves, are
9875-421: The district's fifteen talukas are identified as drought-prone, covering a total area of 1,562,000 hectares (6,030 sq mi) and a cropped area of 1,095,000 hectares (4,230 sq mi). Of the cropped area, only 116,000 hectares (450 sq mi) are irrigated—nearly half by wells and tanks, and 40 percent by government canals. The district had a population of 4.2 million in 1991, of which 52 percent
10000-401: The door to the dagoba , which is 147 centimetres (4 feet 10 inches) in diameter and 284 centimetres (9 feet 4 inches) high. The walls are not straight, nor the floor level. The side aisles have not been begun, and altogether no part of the interior is quite finished, except the upper part of the dagoba. To the top of the architrave or triforium is 487 centimetres (16 feet), and to the centre of
10125-623: The early part of the Common Era , the area was controlled by the Shaka ruler Nahapana . Coins found further east in the district, near Indapur , suggest that the region may have been controlled by the Traikutaka king Dahragana in 465 CE; silver coins found at Junnar suggest that the region may also have been ruled by Andhra kings . The first reference to the Pune region is found on two copper plates, dated to 758 and 768 CE and issued by
10250-475: The entrance. The steps are believed to represent sensual pleasures, which Ganesha has overcome. The veranda has six pillars and two pilasters (half-pillars), that support "an architrave from which projects eaves relieved with a railing resting on beams and rafters". The pillars have octagonal shafts and "over benches and back rest and topped by an inverted ghata , compressed amalaka in between two square plates, inverted stepped pyramid and finally crowned by
10375-482: The foundation for turning a kasbah into a large city. Pune grew in size and influence as Maratha rule extended through the subcontinent in subsequent decades. A well-known saying in the era before the third battle of Panipat was that the "ponies of Bhimthadi drank the water of the Indus river ". Pune gained more influence under the rule of Baji Rao I's son, Balaji Baji Rao (Nanasaheb). Maratha influence waned after
10500-449: The hall door is a bench. In front of the broken veranda are holes for fixing wooden pillars. To the left of the veranda are two cisterns. Between cave 17 and cave 18, there are three other cisterns. In the recess of the first cistern, an inscription reads translated: "A meritorious gift of a cistern by Saghaka a goldsmith, son of Kudira of Kalyana." Another inscription in the recess of the second cistern reads translated: "A meritorious gift of
10625-403: The hands of Gunesha, sent demons like Krur, Balasur, Vyomasur, Kshemma, Kushal, and many more, to kill Gunesha, but all of them were instead killed by him. At the age of six, the architect-god Vishwakarma worshipped Gunesha and endowed him with the weapons Pasha (noose), Parashu (axe), Ankusha (hook) and Padma (Lotus). Once, little Gunesha knocked an egg from a mango tree, from which emerged
10750-485: The hills and forests of the Sahyadri range with his Maval friends, acquiring skills and familiarity with the land which would be useful in his military career. Around 1645, the teenaged Shivaji first expressed his concept of Hindavi Swarajya (Indian self-rule) in a letter. According to legend, he took an oath to that effect at the temple of Raireshwar near Bhor in the district. Shivaji began his rule in 1648 of
10875-404: The important for of Sinhagad overlooking the city of Pune. The governor of the new territories, Mountstuart Elphinstone , appointed a commissioner and left the district's boundaries almost intact. Elphinstone and other British officers enjoyed Saswad and the fertile valley around it. The annual Pandharpur Wari starts in two places in the district, namely Alandi and Dehu. In its present form
11000-457: The inauspicious south, - according to a local tradition - the deity faces north, with his back to his worshipper and his face visible on the other side of the mountain. The Peshwa rulers even tried in vain to locate the face of Ganesha on the other side. The central icon was covered with brass-plated wooden armour, given as a gift by Junnar. The armour is not present currently. After it was removed, Ganesha could be seen with his trunk turned to
11125-594: The lake to Shaniwar Wada. The city received an underground sewage system in 1782 which discharged into the river. Pune prospered during Nanasaheb's reign. On the southern fringe of the city, he built a palace on the Parvati Hill , developed a garden known as Heera Baug, and dug a lake near the hill with a Ganesha temple on an island in its centre which is called Sarasbaug . Nanasaheb also developed new commercial, trading, and residential localities: Sadashiv Peth , Narayan Peth , Rasta Peth and Nana Peth . During
11250-511: The last two millennia. The town is on the trade route that links the ports of western India or more specifically of Konkan with Deccan interiors. The first mention of Junnar comes the Greco-Roman travellers from the first millennium, The Indo-Scythian Western Satraps ruled at Junnar during the 2nd century CE as shown by their cave inscriptions in the area of Junnar, at Manmodi Caves . " Yavana " Greeks also left donative inscriptions in
11375-489: The leadership of Mountstuart Elphinstone , in 1818. In 1818, the Pune region and the rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the British East India Company .One of the first tasks that the company did was to destroy Hill forts previously under Maratha control.This was to stop Maratha forces regrouping in the hills. The forts destroyed in Pune district included those in the Junnar region such Shivaji's birthplace of Shivneri, Hadsar , Narayangad , Chavand , and
11500-423: The left and it was also a dwelling unit with a bench for the entire length of the back wall. A window from this hall overlooks another smaller room. An entry through a grooved door gives access to a long corridor and in the back wall of which is an inscription that discloses the name of the donor and the monastic order. Cave 23 has two dwelling units with a long passage with shallow niches with seating provisions on
11625-537: The left side, facing east, with one of his eyes visible. The icon is covered with sindoor and is directly formed/sculpted on the stone wall of the cave. Like all Ashtavinayaka temples, the central Ganesha image is believed to be svayambhu (self-existent), a naturally occurring stone formation resembling an elephant-face. According to the Ganapatya scripture Ganesha Purana , Ganesha incarnated as Mayuresvara or Mayureshwar ( Mayūreśvara ), who had six arms and
11750-522: The left wall. A door provides links to the rooms. A 2 feet (0.61 m) niche in the back wall between the two rooms gives no clue of its purpose. Cave 24 is a long cave with difficult access that leads into a cistern with seating arrangements in the niches. There is a door access to the passage, which also has benches for seating. Cave 25 is longer than cave 24 with several small and big rooms. These rooms also have seating arrangements in niches which display irregular excavations denoting poor condition of
11875-441: The level of Junnar , and facing S.S.W. They are usually represented as inaccessible, from the precipice in front of them being almost perpendicular; they are very difficult of access, and dangerous to attempt for any one not accustomed to climbing. The most easterly of them is a small Chaitya-cave only 249 centimetres (8 feet 3 inches) wide, and 680 centimetres (22 feet 4 inches) in length, or 467 centimetres (15 feet 4 inches) from
12000-463: The man-leopard crisis has been brought about not only by development but by the recent translocations of the leopards. The problem is most acute in areas bordering Junnar Forest Division where sugarcane plantations provide a good hiding place for leopards. There is a leopard rescue centre located at Manikdoh for this cause also Manikdoh dam one of bigger dam is situated Near Junnar. Pune district Pune district (Marathi pronunciation: [puɳeː] )
12125-440: The national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 72%. In Junnar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. State Transport buses run between Pune and Junnar from Shivajinagar ST stand from 06:30 AM every hour. Also bus facility available from Mumbai (kalyan) for every 10–30 minutes from 05:20 AM till 12:30 AM. Same is the case from Ahmednagar and Nashik. Transportation from Ahmednagar and Mumbai takes
12250-512: The north. The Junnar area has been historically famed for its teak forest. The Shaniwar Wada , the de facto seat of government of the Maratha Empire in Pune was completed in 1732 by Peshwa Bajirao I . Teak from Junnar was used extensively in its construction. As of 2001 India census , Junnar had a population of 24,740. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Junnar has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than
12375-436: The northwest, Raigad district on the west, Satara district on the south, Solapur district on the southeast, and Ahmednagar district on the north and northeast. On the leeward side of the Western Ghats , it extends to the Deccan Plateau on the east. Pune is at an altitude of 559 metres (1,863 feet). The district is located between 17.5° and 19.2° north latitude and 73.2° and 75.1° east longitude. The Bhima River ,
12500-581: The plains in the Hatkeshwar and Suleiman ranges. Lenyadri is the only Ashtavinayaka temple on a mountain and within the precincts of Buddhist caves. The Ganesha temple is located in Cave 7, the largest excavation around Junnar , about 30 metres (98 ft) above the plains. It is essentially a Buddhist Vihara (a dwelling for monks, mostly with meditation cells) in design, an unpillared hall with 20 cells with varying dimensions; 7 on either side and 6 on
12625-553: The predominant community. Buddhists are also significant, with smaller numbers of Christians and Jains concentrated in Pune city. Languages in Pune district (2011) Marathi is the only official language of the district. At the time of the 2011 Census of India , 78.17% of the population in the district spoke Marathi , 10.00% Hindi , 1.89% Urdu , 1.40% Kannada , 1.34% Marwadi , 1.30% Telugu , 1.15% Gujarati , 0.58% Tamil , 0.53% Malayalam and 0.46% Sindhi as their first language. The district has two municipal corporations in
12750-404: The rail-patterned rock beam, above which is the ceiling. Parts of the pillars and pilasters are broken. In front over the beam project rock imitations of rafters . A doorway with grooves for a wooden frame, leads into a middle room, with a bench along the left wall. The position of the hall-cell and cell are exchanged with respect to cave 1 design. Each has a bench. Cave 3 has an open veranda and
12875-425: The rear wall. The hall is large, can be entered by a central door, under a pillared veranda . The hall is 17.37 metres (57.0 ft) long; 15.54 metres (51.0 ft) wide and 3.38 metres (11.1 ft) high. There are 2 windows on either side of the entrance. The hall is treated now as a sabha- mandapa ("assembly hall") of the Ganesha temple. 283 steps built (by devotees) in stone masonry over eight flights lead to
13000-532: The region under Bahamani rule. The fort at Chakan played an important role in the history of the Deccan sultanates. The Bahamani Sultanate broke up in the early 16th century; the Nizamshahi kingdom controlled the region for most of the century, with Junnar its first capital. During the early 1600s, the Nizam Shahi general Malik Ambar moved his capital there. The district became politically important when
13125-464: The region was controlled by the Nizamshahi. It was formed into a district (or sarkar ), with sub-divisions ( paragana ) and smaller ranges ( prant or desh ). Revenue collection was delegated to important chieftains of the Nizamshahi. At Ahmednagar, the Sultan bore the brunt of a heavy attack from Mughal armies who converged on the capital in 1595. To rally the strongest possible local support against
13250-463: The remembrance of Karbala. This water reservoir exist today. Shivneri , the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jivdhan , Jivdhan (or Jeevdhan) is a hill fortress situated 1 km near the modern day town of Ghatghar in Junnar Taluka of Pune district in Maharashtra, India. Hadsar , fort is among the many forts in Junnar region of Pune district which were meant for protection of
13375-421: The rest are viharas (dwellings for monks). The latter are in the form of dwellings and cells. There are also several rock-cut water cisterns; two of them have inscriptions. The layout of the caves, in general, are similar in pattern and shape. They generally have one or two sides with two long benches for occupants' use. The caves date from between the 1st and 3rd century AD; the Ganesha shrine situated in Cave 7
13500-427: The right cell overlooks in to the middle room. In front of the doorway is a bench. The third and largest of the three dwellings consists of a middle hall. At the back wall of the hall there are two cells and two seat recesses. Along the right and rear walls runs a bench. The right cell as well as the left cell have grooved doorways, a window to the left of the doorway and a bench along each of their rear walls. In front of
13625-468: The rock, which probably stopped further work on this cave. This is plain cave located below cave 6, which is a chaitya (chapel) cave. Passing round the east end of the hill, after a walk of fully a 1.61 kilometres (1.00 mi), or about 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) from the town, in another spur of the Sulaiman Pahar, is a group of caves in the face of the hill, 120 metres (390 ft) above
13750-422: The roof 553 centimetres (18 feet 2 inches). Outside, the façade is carved with Chaitya window ornaments, some enclosing a dagoba, and others a lotus flower; while the rail ornament is abundantly interspersed in the usual way. The fronton round the window is also carved with a geometrical pattern. The details of this cave seem to indicate that it is perhaps as early as those at Bedsa and Karle , and consequently it
13875-561: The temple's activities. He does not stay in Lenyadri. The priests are Yajurvedi Brahmins . The festivals of Ganesh Jayanti and Ganesh Chaturthi are celebrated in the temple, when pilgrims crowd all Ashtavinayak temples. Cave 6 is the main chaitya-griha of the Lenyadri caves and one of the earliest examples of a Hinayana chaitya-griha. Its plan is similar to the Ajanta Caves chaitya-griha, though smaller in size. It has
14000-420: The top the amalaka or cogwheel pattern. The capital has animal figures like lions, elephants, a sphinx and tigers. Parts of the pillar are broken. Behind the relic-shrine, are six eight-sided pillars, arranged in a curve. "The stupa consists of a drum with a moulding below and railing above, a globular dome and a corbelled (with "a projection jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it") dome with
14125-551: The two cities in 1830 which permitted mail-cart service. A rail line from Bombay, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), reached Pune in 1858. In the following decades, the line was extended east and south of the city. The GIPR extended its line east to Raichur in 1871, where it met the Madras Railway and connected the city to Madras . The metre-gauge Pune- Miraj line
14250-457: The wari dates back to 1820s. At that time, Sant Tukaram's descendants, and a devotee of Sant Dnyaneshwar named Haibatravbaba Arphalkar, who was a courtier of Scindias , the Maratha rulers of Gwalior made changes to wari. Haibatravbaba's changes involved carrying the paduka in a palkhi, having horses involved in the procession, and organizing the devotees or varkaris in Dindis (Dindi stands for
14375-418: The western Pune region, and has been credited with overseeing Shivaji's education and training. Kondadeo died in 1647, and Shivaji became his father's deputy. Many of Shivaji's comrades (and, later, a number of his soldiers) came from the Maval region in the district's western mountains, including Yesaji Kank , Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, Baji Prabhu Deshpande and Tanaji Malusare . Shivaji traveled
14500-585: Was apparently considered important enough by the Adilshah to play a key role in the new regime's administration. His jagir was confirmed, continuing the region's connection with the Bhosale family. Shahaji second son, Shivaji (founder of the Maratha Empire), was born on the hill fort of Shivneri near Junnar on 19 February 1630. His mother was Jijabai , the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindhkhed (a Mughal-allied sardar claiming descent from
14625-443: Was assisted by police officers who manned the chavdi (police station), and clerks collected fines and paid informants who provided intelligence. Crimes included illicit affairs, violence and murder; in the case of murder, sometimes only a fine was imposed. Inter-caste or inter-religious affairs were also resolved with fines. Although the kotwal's salary was as high as 9,000 rupees per month, it included officer salaries (mainly from
14750-466: Was built on the Mutha River at Khadakwasla in 1878. At the time, the dam was considered one of the world's largest. Two canals were dug on each riverbank to irrigate land east of the city and supply drinking water to the city and its cantonment . In 1890 Poona Municipality spent Rs. 200,000 to install water filtration works. In the early part 20th century, hydroelectric plants were installed in
14875-600: Was captured and executed, at Aurangzeb's order, in the village of Tulapur at the confluence of the Bhima river and the Indrayani Rivers . The period following his 1689 death was one of political ferment in the Deccan Plateau, and the Pune region experienced major fluctuations in administrative authority. Shivaji's younger son, Rajaram I , ruled after his brother's death. He spent most of his time in Gingee , fighting
15000-538: Was captured by the Mughals. Nizamshahi minister Malik Ambar raised Murtaza Nizam Shah II to the throne, with its temporary headquarters at Junnar. For nearly a generation, Ambar guided the Nizamshahi kingdom and the Pune region benefited from his leadership. By his death in 1626, the region's revenue system was sound and fair. The Pune region was administered as a jagir during much of the 17th century by Maloji Bhosale, his son Shahaji and his grandson Shivaji . Its nominal sovereignty changed with shifting allegiances of
15125-451: Was completed in 1886, making the city a rail junction . The Bombay-Poona line was electrified in the 1920s; this cut travel time between the cities to three hours, enabling day trips for events such as the Poona races . Many villages in the west, east and south of the district, such as Lonavla , Uruli Kanchan and Daund , were connected by rail. Pune's first bus service began in 1941 with
15250-511: Was developed in Pune under his patronage by Balambhat Deodhar. Many Peshwas and their courtiers were patrons of lavani and Maharashtrian dance, and a number of composers (such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar and Honaji Bala ) flourished during this period. The dancers primarily came from the Mang and Mahar castes. Lavani used to be essential part of Holi celebrations in the region's Peshwa courts. Peshwa influence in India declined after
15375-558: Was exercised in the name of his son Madhavrao II by a regency council led by Nana Fadnavis for most of the century. Under Peshwa rule, the urban elite came from the Chitpavan Brahmin community; they were the military commanders, the bureaucrats and the bankers, and had ties to each other by marriage. Nanasaheb built a lake in Katraj , on the city's outskirts, and a still-operational underground aqueduct to bring water from
15500-441: Was once known as Ganesh Pahar ("Ganesha hill"). An ancient inscription calls the place Kapichita (Kapichitta) . The caves are also known as Ganesh Lena or Ganesh Caves. Lenyadri is located at 19°14′34″N 73°53′8″E / 19.24278°N 73.88556°E / 19.24278; 73.88556 , in the Indian state of Maharashtra in Pune district . Lenyadri is a deserted location, with no human settlement nearby. It
15625-416: Was rural. There were 1,530 villages in the district. Its average rainfall is 600 to 700 millimetres (24 to 28 in), most of which falls during the monsoon months (July to October). The area adjacent to the Western Ghats gets more rain than areas further east. The Daund and Indapur talukas experience more-frequent droughts than Maval, on the district's western edge. Temperatures are moderate and rainfall
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