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57-545: The autograph manuscript of the symphony is preserved in the Berlin State Library . The symphony is scored for flute , 2 oboes , 2 bassoons , 2 horns in C and F, 2 trumpets in C, timpani in C and G, and strings. Symphony No. 41 is the last of a set of three that Mozart composed in rapid succession during the summer of 1788. No. 39 was completed on 26 June and No. 40 on 25 July. Nikolaus Harnoncourt argues that Mozart composed

114-587: A gamut from A to A". As summarized below, the symphony garnered approbation from critics, theorists, composers, and biographers and came to be viewed as a canonized masterwork known for its fugue and its overall structure that exuded clarity. The first known recording of the Jupiter Symphony is from around the beginning of World War I , issued by the Victor Talking Machine Company in its black label series, making it one of

171-487: A starring role in Wim Wenders ' Wings of Desire . Two angels, the stars of the film, read the thoughts of the library's patrons. Sarabande The sarabande (from Spanish : zarabanda ) is a dance in triple metre , or the music written for such a dance. The Sarabande evolved from a Spanish dance with Arab influences, danced by a lively double line of couples with castanets . A dance called zarabanda

228-413: A threefold tutti outburst on the fundamental tone (respectively, by an ascending motion leading in a triplet from the dominant tone underneath to the fundamental one), followed by a more lyrical response. This exchange is heard twice and then followed by an extended series of fanfares . What follows is a transitional passage where the two contrasting motifs are expanded and developed. From there,

285-555: A violin sonatina ( K. 547 ). It is not known of a certainty whether Symphony No. 41 was ever performed in the composer's lifetime. According to Otto Erich Deutsch , Mozart was preparing to hold a series of "Concerts in the Casino" around this time in a new casino in the Spiegelgasse owned by Philipp Otto. Mozart even sent a pair of tickets for this series to his friend Michael Puchberg . Historians have not determined whether

342-492: A whole, he wrote that "It is the greatest orchestral work of the world which preceded the French Revolution ". The four-note theme is a common plainchant motif which can be traced back at least as far as Thomas Aquinas 's " Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium " from the 13th century. It was very popular with Mozart. It makes a brief appearance as early as his Symphony No. 1 in 1764. Later, he used it in

399-702: Is a universal library in Berlin, Germany and a property of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation ( German : Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz ). Founded in 1661, it is among the largest libraries in Europe, and one of the most important academic research libraries in the German-speaking world. It collects texts, media and cultural works from all fields across many languages, from all time periods and all countries of

456-523: Is enough to excite bad emotions in even very decent people". A character in an entremés by Cervantes alluded to the dance's notoriety by saying that hell was its "birthplace and breeding place" (in Spanish: origen y principio ). It was banned in Spain in 1583 but was nevertheless still performed and frequently cited in literature of the period (for instance, by Lope de Vega ). It spread to Italy in

513-824: Is first mentioned in 1539 in Central America in the poem Vida y tiempo de Maricastaña , written in Panama by Fernando de Guzmán Mejía. In 1596 , Alonso López, "el Pinciano", traces its origins even to the cult of Dionysus . The dance seems to have been especially popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, initially in Spain and in the Spanish colonies . The Jesuit priest Juan de Mariana thought it indecent, describing it in his Tratato contra los juegos públicos (Treatise Against Public Amusements, 1609) as "a dance and song so loose in its words and so ugly in its motions that it

570-551: Is one of six libraries forming the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sammlung Deutscher Drucke (AG SDD) which "collaborate to build a comprehensive collection of printed literature published in German-speaking countries from the beginning of letterpress printing to the present, to provide information on it, to make it accessible to the public and to preserve it for future generations." This creates a "distributed" national library, in which each library

627-516: Is responsible for a given period, of which the SBB covers 1871–1912 for regular prints, 1801–1912 for maps and newspapers, and 1801–1945 for musical scores. Within the cooperation of German and Austrian libraries, the SBB is responsible "for the maintenance and further development of the ZDB", the central periodicals database. "The ZDB actually contains more than 1.8 million bibliographic records of serials from

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684-416: Is similar to a Ländler , a popular Austrian folk dance form. Midway through the movement, there is a chromatic progression in which sparse imitative textures are presented by the woodwinds (bars 43–51) before the full orchestra returns. In the trio section of the movement, the four-note figure that will form the main theme of the last movement appears prominently (bars 68–71), but on the seventh degree of

741-653: The Berlinka Art Collection . The original score of Beethoven's 8th Symphony is a starker example of division: while the first, second and fourth movements are in Berlin, the third is kept in Kraków . Conversely, it is estimated that about 10,000 volumes and 9,000 other items in the Berlin State Library are there as a result of Nazi plunder . As such, repatriation and self-criticism about these materials became controversial issues, so in 2005

798-710: The Credo of an early Missa Brevis in F major , the first movement of his Symphony No. 33 and trio of the minuet of this symphony. It also appears in the first movement of the violin sonata K481 as the basis for the development section . Scholars are certain Mozart studied Michael Haydn 's Symphony No. 28 in C major , which also has a fugato in its finale and whose coda he very closely paraphrases for his own coda. Charles Sherman speculates that Mozart also studied Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 23 in D major because he "often requested his father Leopold to send him

855-741: The German Research Foundation ). The Nazi period severely damaged the institution through political intimidation, employee dismissals, restrictions on foreign acquisitions and the effects of World War II . On 10 May 1933 a book burning ceremony was held at the Bebelplatz by members of the Deutsche Studentenschaft , the National Socialist German Students' League , Sturmabteilung "brownshirts" and Hitler Youth groups at

912-555: The Hanover Square Rooms on "Friday next, May 9" to include "Grand Sinfonie (Jupiter), Mozart". The Morning Post of Tuesday, June 3, 1817, carries an advertisement for printed music that includes: "The celebrated movement from Mozart's sympathy [sic], called 'Jupiter', arranged as a Duet, by J. Wilkins, 4s. [4 shillings]". In a phrase ascribed to musicologist Elaine Sisman in her book Mozart: The 'Jupiter' Symphony , most responses ranged "from admiring to adulatory,

969-792: The Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation established the Center for Provenance Research to resolve the problems. For example, in 2008 a library user found an encyclopedia entitled Religion in History and the Present Day with a bookplate indicating it once belonged to a Jewish theologian. Library staff managed to find his widow in Israel, but she wrote back: "I appreciate your offer to return this book to me, but I have no use for it now." The State Library operates from two major public sites, Haus Unter Den Linden and Haus Potsdamer Straße , called

1026-683: The Psalter of Louis the German dating from the 9th century and an elaborately adorned copy of the Gutenberg Bible . The oldest handwritten book in the collection is a Coptic codex of the biblical Book of Proverbs dating from the 3rd century; the oldest printed book is an 8th-century Buddhist text from Japan, the Hyakumantó Darani . The library also has an extensive collection of important music manuscripts, including 80% of all

1083-567: The Unter den Linden building in 1941, the various holdings (consisting of some 3 million volumes and over 7,400 incunabula ) were evacuated to 30 monasteries, castles, and abandoned mines around Germany. By the end of the war, the main building was severely damaged, the valuable collections were distributed across the Allied zones of occupation , the library staff had scattered or been killed, and 700,000 volumes had been either destroyed or lost. With

1140-536: The "Library in Two Homes". There are additional subsidiary locations for newspapers, magazines, and archives not open to the public. The original main building was built between 1908 and 1913 by the Prussian Construction and Financial Directorate of Berlin , then responsible for public constructions in the city. The Neo Baroque design is by popular Wilhelmine court architect Ernst von Ihne and

1197-567: The 16th century onward, from all countries, in all languages, held in 3700 German and Austrian libraries, with 15.6 million holdings information. It does not contain contents, i. e. journal articles." The SBB is one of 12 libraries and archives with significant holdings of historical documents which form the Allianz Schriftliches Kulturgut Erhalten (DE) (English: Alliance to Preserve Written Cultural Heritage) . This alliance sets itself as main task raising

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1254-510: The 17th century, and to France, where it became a slow court dance. The sarabande was used throughout much of classical music, especially in the baroque era: for example, the music of French baroque composer Jean-Marie Leclair (born 1697): Sonata for 2 violins in D major Op.12 no.3; and Buxtehude 's Trio Sonata in E minor Op.1/7 BuxWV 258, an extraordinary work with this sarabande style, most likely influencing later baroque composers such as Handel and Bach , who also have notable works using

1311-646: The 1960s, the various stocks, services and personnel began to be relocated to West Berlin . To house it all, a grand new building complex on the Kulturforum was constructed near the Berlin Wall , just 1.5 km (0.93 mi) away from the library in East Berlin . After German Reunification , the two institutions were formally reunited in 1992. The new West Berlin building and the original East Berlin building became "one library with two homes" and

1368-472: The Berlin State Library closely parallels that of German history. It has lived through creation, neglect, expansion, war damage, division, unification and re-creation like few other libraries. In the early period, the fortunes of the State Library rose and fell on royal whims. In 1658 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg decreed that his private books be organized, cataloged and made available to

1425-577: The acquisition budget in 1722 and gave away the valuable scientific collection to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1735. Frederick the Great also cared little for the library at first, preferring instead his own literature in the French language. However, in 1770 he granted the library substantial assets and it made several important acquisitions. To avoid the problems caused by its dependence on

1482-535: The autographs of Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , the largest collection in the world. Famous examples include Bach's Mass in B Minor , the St. Matthew and St. John Passions, and nearly all of Mozart's operas. In addition to Ludwig van Beethoven 's 4th, 5th, and 8th Symphonies, the Library also holds the autograph score, autograph leaves, and historic records of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 , which

1539-602: The concert series was held or was cancelled for lack of interest. However, the new symphony in C was performed at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig in 1789—at least according to its concert program. The four movements are arranged in the traditional symphonic form of the Classical era: The symphony typically has a duration of about 33 minutes. The sonata form first movement's main theme begins with contrasting motifs :

1596-630: The consciousness of the importance to preserve the century-old cultural heritage both by securing the physical integrity of the objects in question as well as making them available in digitized form, thus preventing their deterioration by use. The SBB itself is digitizing its holdings and offers digitized newspapers for public access via the Web through their "newspaper information system" ZEFYS, or Zeitungsinformationssystem . ZEFYS "currently provides total of 281990 issues from 192 historical newspapers from Germany and foreign newspapers in german." The history of

1653-542: The crown, Frederick the Great also granted the library considerable autonomy. With new resources and authority, construction began on a Royal Library building on the Bebelplatz in the center of Berlin. Built between 1775 and 1785 by Georg Christian Unger to plans by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach , it was nicknamed the Kommode ( Chest of drawers ) after its Baroque design. The collection then underwent nearly continuous improvement and expansion. By 1905 it had become

1710-474: The end of World War II. After 11 years of construction, it was finally dedicated by Federal President Walter Scheel and opened to the public in 1978. It was renovated from 1999 to 2001. The building is currently being further redeveloped into a modern research library as a companion to the Haus Unter den Linden and will house the collection from 1946 onwards. Among the library's most precious treasures are

1767-400: The exception of the usual key transpositions and some expansion of the minor key sections, the recapitulation proceeds in a regular fashion. The second movement, also in sonata form , is a sarabande of the French type in F major (the subdominant key of C major) similar to those found in the keyboard suites of J.S. Bach . This is the only symphonic slow movement of Mozart's to bear

Symphony No. 41 (Mozart) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-486: The first symphonies to be recorded using the acoustic recording technology. The record labels list the Victor Concert Orchestra as the performers; they omit the conductor, who according to company ledgers was Walter B. Rogers . The music was heavily abridged and issued on two records: 10-inch 17707 and 12-inch 35430. Victor published two widely separated takes of each of the first two movements under

1881-404: The five major themes) at the end of the fourth movement. But there are fugal sections throughout the movement either by developing one specific theme or by combining two or more themes together, as seen in the interplay between the woodwinds. The main theme consists of four notes: Four additional themes are heard in the symphony's finale (which is in sonata form) and all five motifs are combined in

1938-719: The formal dissolution of the State of Prussia in 1947, support for the library ended and the Prussian State Library ceased to exist. After 1945, parts of the collection that had been hidden in what became the Soviet occupation zone were returned to the war-damaged Unter den Linden building in East Berlin . It first opened in 1946 as the Public Scientific Library (German: Öffentliche Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek ). When further restoration work

1995-708: The fourth-movement Sarabande of Handel 's Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437) for harpsichord, one of these many pieces, appears prominently in the film Barry Lyndon . The sarabande was revived in the 19th and early 20th centuries by the German composer Louis Spohr (in his Salonstücke , Op. 135 of 1847), Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg (in his Holberg Suite of 1884), French composers such as Debussy and Satie , and in England, in different styles, Vaughan Williams (in Job: A Masque for Dancing ), Benjamin Britten (in

2052-402: The fugal coda. In an article about the Jupiter Symphony, Sir George Grove wrote that "it is for the finale that Mozart has reserved all the resources of his science, and all the power, which no one seems to have possessed to the same degree with himself, of concealing that science, and making it the vehicle for music as pleasing as it is learned. Nowhere has he achieved more". Of the piece as

2109-400: The indication cantabile. The opening melody, played by muted violins, is never allowed to conclude without interruption. After a development section, the recapitulation begins in the subdominant key of B ♭ major , though a secondary development section disrupts the recapitulation with rhythmic figures before the return to F. The third movement, a menuetto marked " allegretto "

2166-409: The insertion-aria theme is then repeated and extensively developed. A false recapitulation then occurs where the movement's opening theme returns but softly and in F major . The first theme group's final flourishes then are extensively developed against a chromatically falling bass followed by a restatement of the end of the insertion aria then leading to C major for the true recapitulation. With

2223-537: The instigation of the Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels . The Nazis burned over 20,000 books – mostly from the neighboring University, not the State library itself – including works by Thomas Mann , Erich Maria Remarque , Heinrich Heine , Karl Marx and many others. Today a glass plate set into the Bebelplatz, giving a view of empty bookcases, commemorates the event. After an Allied bomb hit

2280-481: The largest and most influential repository of materials in the German language, and at 1.2 million books one of the largest libraries in the world. The Bebelplatz building housed the library until 1914, when the headquarters moved into new, even larger premises on Unter den Linden , designed by court architect Ernst von Ihne . This was the height of the library's development before the First World War . Today

2337-500: The latest fugue that Haydn had written". The Michael Haydn No. 39 , written only a few weeks before Mozart's, also has a fugato in the finale, the theme of which begins with two whole notes. Sherman has pointed out other similarities between the two almost perfectly contemporaneous works. The four-note motif is also the main theme of the contrapuntal finale of Michael's elder brother Joseph's Symphony No. 13 in D major (1764) . According to Franz Mozart , Wolfgang's younger son,

Symphony No. 41 (Mozart) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-674: The old Royal building houses the Faculty of Law of Humboldt University . At the founding of the Weimar Republic the Royal Library was renamed the "Prussian State Library" (German: Preußische Staatsbibliothek – Preussischer Staatsbibliothek ). After 1919, economic effects of war and inflation on the library were mitigated through the active support of the Emergency Association of German Sciences (after 1930,

2451-513: The old State Library was reborn as the Berlin State Library . From 2000 until 2012 Berlin State Library was refurbished by German architect HG Merz . The destroyed reading room, the core of the building, was replaced by a glass cube. Many important items from the original collection are now located in Poland and territories of the former Soviet Union  – declared as war reparations , sometimes controversially – such as

2508-851: The public as the Hessian Library (German: Hessische Bibliothek ) and in 1949, as the last lost stores arrived, it was renamed the West German Library (German: Westdeutsche Bibliothek ). Those parts of the collection that had been in the French occupation zone , mainly at Beuron Archabbey , were gathered to the University of Tübingen . In 1962 the Federal Republic passed a law giving administrative responsibility for all these collections to Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation and endowed it with State funding. During

2565-507: The public. His library opened in 1661 at Cölln as the "Library of the Elector" (German: Churfürstliche Bibliothek zu Cölln an der Spree ). In 1699, Frederick I more than doubled the collection, extended opening hours and introduced the first Prussian legal deposit law. In 1701 it was renamed the "Royal Library" (German: Königliche Bibliothek ) upon Frederick I's accession as first King of Prussia . Frederick William I then cancelled

2622-497: The ruins of the old dome. The central location is now the historical research library housing the collection up to and including 1945. This is the newer building in the Kulturforum on Potsdamer Straße in West Berlin, designed by Hans Scharoun with substantial participation by Edgar Wisniewski . Construction began in 1967 to house those parts of the library's evacuated holdings from the western Allied occupation zones at

2679-572: The same catalogue numbers. The distribution, recording dates, and approximate timings were as follows (data from corresponding matrix pages in the Discography of American Historical Recordings as indicated and physical copies of the records): Sources Berlin State Library The Berlin State Library (German: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin ; officially abbreviated as SBB , colloquially Stabi )

2736-435: The same theme. Baroque musicians of the 18th century wrote suites of dance music in binary form that typically included a sarabande as the third of four movements. It was often paired with and followed by a jig or gigue . Bach sometimes gave the sarabande a privileged place in his music, where it is often the heart of his suites for cello or keyboard. And outside the context of dance suites, striking examples include

2793-502: The scale rather than the first, and in a minor key rather than a major, giving it a very different character. The movement was later arranged and covered by Mike Batt as The Wombles ; it was released as a single in October 1974 and spent nine weeks in the UK singles chart, peaking at number 16. Finally, a distinctive characteristic of this symphony is the five-voice fugato (representing

2850-430: The second theme group begins with a lyrical section in G major which ends suspended on a seventh chord and is followed by a stormy section in C minor . Following a full stop, the expositional coda begins which quotes Mozart's insertion aria "Un bacio di mano", K. 541 and then ends the exposition on a series of fanfares. The development begins with a modulation from G major to E ♭ major where

2907-462: The symphony was given the name Jupiter by Johann Peter Salomon , who had settled in London in around 1781. The name has also been attributed to Johann Baptist Cramer , an English music publisher. Reportedly, from the first chords , Mozart's Symphony No. 41 reminded Cramer of Jupiter and his thunderbolts. The Times of Thursday, May 8, 1817, carries an advertisement for a concert to be given in

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2964-423: The theme and the 13th and 25th variations from Bach's Goldberg Variations ; and the final movements of both the St. John and St. Matthew Passions . The anonymous harmonic sequence known as La Folia appears in pieces of various types, mainly dances, by dozens of composers from the time of Mudarra (1546) and Corelli through to the present day, custom perhaps influenced by its Spanish origin. The theme of

3021-496: The three symphonies as a unified work, pointing, among other things, to the fact that the Symphony No. 41, as the final work, has no introduction (unlike No. 39) but has a grand finale. Around the same time as he composed the three symphonies, Mozart was writing his piano trios in E major (K. 542) and C major (K. 548), his piano sonata No. 16 in C (K. 545)—the so-called Sonata facile , and

3078-439: The world, and offer them for academic and research purposes. Prominent items in its collection include the oldest biblical illustrations in the fifth-century Quedlinburg Itala fragment , a Gutenberg Bible , the main autograph collection of Goethe , the world's largest collection of Johann Sebastian Bach 's and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's manuscripts, and the original score of Ludwig van Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 . The SBB

3135-609: Was added to UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register in 2001. Other notable items are a 1491 Map of Germany by Nikolaus von Kues , the Atlas of The Great Elector (German: Atlas des Großen Kurfürsten ), the Jahangir -Album from around 1600, and the largest Hebrew Bible and the largest parchment Torah scroll in the world. Several notable scholars have held positions at the library, among them: The western library played

3192-578: Was completed in 1955, the library was renamed the German State Library (German: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek ). The great domed reading room, however, remained a ruin in the center of the building. A larger proportion of the collection wound up in the American occupation zone, including a cache of 1.5 million volumes hidden in a potash mine near Hattorf , and was moved to the University of Marburg in 1946. This collection first opened to

3249-491: Was further adapted by Alexander Baerwald , who was in charge of the construction management. In front of the building is an equestrian statue of Frederick the Great . The building was 40% damaged during World War II , and after the division of Berlin wound up in East Berlin . After delays and cost overruns, a 15 year restoration project was finally completed in January 2021, including a new translucent central reading room on

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