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96-513: The site contains Dutch-style structures mostly dated from 17th century, when the port city served as the Asian headquarters of VOC during the heyday of spice trade . It spans 1.3 square kilometres within North Jakarta and West Jakarta ( Kelurahan Pinangsia, Taman Sari and Kelurahan Roa Malaka, Tambora ). The largely Chinese downtown area of Glodok is a part of Kota Tua. Kota Tua

192-725: A duchy , a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit. By that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During

288-510: A first step towards the rejuvenation. Since 2014 the old town has a brighter future with the ambitious JOTR project to restore Old Batavia's architecture and putting the site on the UNESCO heritage list. As an important city and commerce hub in Asia since the 16th century, Oud Batavia is home to several important historical sites and buildings: Most street layout of Kota Tua has not changed since

384-470: A giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area. The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java , a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan , Mongol ruler of China , and those of Raden Wijaya 's Majapahit on 31 May 1293, which is now considered the date of the city's founding. The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with

480-570: A major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era. The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat). His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama , was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926. Al-Akbar Mosque

576-581: A melting pot of numerous cultures. The city is referred to as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the significance of the Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution . The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and entertainment hubs of the archipelago. Arguably the second most significant city after Jakarta, the city is also home to Indonesia's second-busiest seaport,

672-469: A mix of Indonesian, Chinese, and European influence. Very often the local Javanese style limasan roof was employed, but with addition of 19th-century European architectural elements such as Tuscan columns , doors, windows, and a flight of three to four steps leading up to a verandah running the full width of the house. Neoclassicism was a popular style for buildings in Jakarta during this period, which

768-546: A modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and Ketabang grew. In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association . The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh sentences. Japan occupied

864-531: A new planned town center around Koningsplein and Waterlooplein . Due to financial problems however, much of the old town, its wall, and Kasteel Batavia were torn down for construction materials to build new government and civic buildings, such as the Palace of Daendels (now department of Finance) and the Harmonie Society Building (demolished). The only remnant of the area of Kasteel Batavia

960-399: A plan for the future settlement based on his concept of the 'ideal city'. His response was a rectangular, walled town, bisected by the river Ciliwung which was to be channeled into a straight canal (later known as also known as Grote Rivier or Kali Besar or "Big River" in this area). This new city is called Batavia (now Jakarta ). In accordance with Stevin's model, the fortress of Batavia

1056-537: A series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah , the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS , followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the next day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. 57 people were injured; several of whom where in a critical condition. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020. In May 2020, Surabaya became

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1152-399: Is Amsterdam Gate , which was completely demolished in 1950. The city continued to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced more and more people to move out of the old city to the newer spacious, green and healthier Weltevreden neighborhood. The old city became deserted and was a mere empty shell of its former glory by this period. Old Batavia kept its commercial importance as

1248-697: Is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese , which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk . The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Religion in Surabaya (2019 Census) Although around 80% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam , other major religions include Christianity ( Roman Catholicism , Protestantism , and Orthodox ), of whom

1344-526: Is a remainder of Old Batavia, the first walled settlement of the Dutch in Jakarta area. It was an inner walled city with its own Castle . The area gained importance during the 17th-19th century when it was established as the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies . This inner walled city contrasted with the surrounding kampung (villages), orchards, and rice fields. Dubbed "The Jewel of Asia" in

1440-517: Is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java. Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, forming around 83 percent out all population, while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities, forming around 7 percent respectively,

1536-589: Is considered to be the best representation of the greatness of the empire. The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 made way for the rapid development of private enterprises in the Dutch Indies. Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, most of them settled in Batavia. Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along

1632-553: Is now the Gresik Regency, Sidoarjo , Mojokerto , and Jombang . In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia . Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah ; (English: Red Bridge ). In 1910,

1728-457: Is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category. Buildings that were renovated in a manner that significantly changed their appearance are listed separately to distinguish the different architectural form. Some notable Chinese-style buildings and Islamic mosques that were built during these period are included in the list for comparison. The first type of colonial architecture grew from

1824-553: Is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world . Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians , as well as native Javanese , Bataks , and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church. A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen - a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java. Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of

1920-604: Is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits ( kota ) in the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,009,286. With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gre sik - Bang kalan - Mojo kerto - Su rabaya- Si doarjo - La mongan ) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only

2016-616: The Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah , allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The incident of

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2112-610: The Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia . The expanding Dutch East India Company took over the city from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong , Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and his nephew, Han Chan Piet , Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from

2208-574: The Dutch colonial period of Indonesia . The period (and the subsequent style) succeeded the earlier period when Jakarta (known then as Jayakarta/Jacatra), governed by the Sultanate of Banten , were completely eradicated and replaced with a walled city of Batavia. The dominant styles of the colonial period can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century),

2304-424: The Indonesian National Revolution . After the independence era , population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted in traffic jams not only in the downtown area but also frequently in

2400-517: The Kali Besar . These private companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, and mines. Railway stations were designed during this period, with characteristic style of this period. Architecturally, neoclassicism fell out of favor to be replaced by Neogothic and Dutch Rationalism . Apparent architectural style were Nieuwe Kunst (e.g. Bank Tabungan Negara ), Art Deco or De Stijl , and Amsterdam School . This architecture styles were also

2496-686: The Madura Strait , it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the National Development Planning Agency , Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Medan , and Makassar . The city had a population of 2,874,314 within its city limits at the 2020 census. With 3,009,286 people living in the city as of mid 2023 (comprising 1,490,358 males and 1,518,928 females) and over 10 million in

2592-515: The Port of Tanjung Perak , which is located in northern Surabaya. The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia. Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia , most colonial buildings were built around

2688-571: The Second largest urban area in Indonesia and the Top 50 largest in the world . Surabaya ranks 11th among the Indonesian city in the human development index . Surabaya's offer business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it

2784-464: The Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and the main trading hub for

2880-454: The " Asura " ( Buddhism beliefs), and " bhaya " , referring to "fear", "perils" or "danger". This name for Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya , a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom , whose name means "conquering the fear or perils" derived from the Pali words "Jaya" or "Vijaya" (victory or conqueror) and "bhaya" (fear, perils or danger). Jayabaya foresaw a fight between

2976-602: The 16th century by European sailors, the area was a center of commerce due to its strategic location within the spice trade industry in the archipelago. In 1526, Fatahillah , sent by Sultanate of Demak , invaded the Hindu Pajajaran 's port of Sunda Kelapa , after which he renamed it into Jayakarta . This town was only 15 hectare in size and had a typical Javanese harbor layout. In 1619 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) destroyed Jayakarta under

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3072-590: The 17th century to the early 20th century. These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages. Before the Second World War , there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey. They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around

3168-431: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with their official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, and the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district. Notes: (a) except the 2 kelurahan of Simomulyo and Simomulyo Baru, which have the postcode of 60281. 1945–1961 : Surabaya: City of Work Surabaya

3264-564: The 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters). Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia. This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area. These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park, and others. Bungkul Park

3360-753: The Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016. The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia. Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific " by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with

3456-522: The Birth of Our Lady , also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia. Graha Bethany Nginden , is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia . The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya

3552-688: The Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show an eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences. After the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800 the Batavian Republic expanded all the VOC's territorial claims into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional headquarters Batavia now evolved into the capital of

3648-654: The Financial Department of Indonesia) from the debris of Batavia Castle , and Batavia Theater (now Gedung Kesenian Jakarta ) from the debris of the Spinhuis . Later, these empty lots in Jakarta Old Town were filled with newer 20th-century structures. Surviving 17th–18th structures were later converted as Jakarta's cultural heritage, e.g. Toko Merah, Gereja Sion and Jakarta History Museum . Other dominant architecture styles from this period were

3744-406: The Indonesian archipelago, competing with Shanghai and Hong Kong . Surabaya has been one of the busiest trading city ports in Asia. Principal exports from the port include sugar , tobacco , and coffee . Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with financial institutions such as banks, insurance, and export-import companies. The economy is influenced by

3840-651: The Jakarta Kota Tua area as a heritage site. The governor's decision was necessary in order to preserve the city's architectural roots – or at least what was left of it. Despite the Governor's Decree, Kota Tua remained neglected. Even though the population were pleased by the issuing of the decree, not enough was being done to protect and conserve the legacy from the Dutch colonial era. Many buildings in Kota Tua remain abandoned, and increasing pollution hastened up

3936-624: The Kota Post Office buildings (built in 1929), which has been converted into a contemporary art museum. The revitalization of Kota Tua was aimed to turn the area into a tourist friendly and culinary destination. The sidewalks widened and bicycle lane added. Street vendors 's scattered in area were relocated in a designated place. The revitalization of the area was completed in October 2022. Nowadays, many remaining historical buildings and architecture are steadily deteriorating, but some of

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4032-567: The Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of Kali Mas river . The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293, commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against the Mongol invasion . Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA (sharks / brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as BAYA (crocodiles / danger), literally translating to brave to face

4128-508: The VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region. The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung . It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura , and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most of Java, except

4224-548: The architecture of the next period in Jakarta. The best examples of these types of buildings were located along the Tygersgracht (now Jalan Muka Timur ) and all of them were demolished. The best surviving example is Toko Merah . Several types of Portuguese colonial architecture also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and Sion Church , with their plain facades and domed windows, are some surviving examples. In 1808, Daendels officially moved

4320-454: The area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street. After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In

4416-558: The best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014. In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg , Kazan , and Tokyo , on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city. Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award. On

4512-705: The champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018. Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018. Surabaya is divided into thirty-one kecamatan (districts), and subdivided into 154 kelurahan (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at

4608-457: The city center to the south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorate. Because of financial issues, many buildings were demolished in the 19th century and the debris was used to construct newer structure in the south, such as the Palace of Governor-General Daendels (now

4704-520: The city centers. Colonial style in Jakarta lingered some years after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in 1942, and further after the independence of Indonesia in 1945. see Kunstkring Art Gallery Surabaya Surabaya is the capital city of East Java province and the second-largest city in Indonesia , after Jakarta . Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on

4800-480: The city expanded towards the west banks of Ciliwung, on the ruins of former Jayakarta. The city was designed according to Dutch urban planning, complete with a fortress (Kasteel Batavia), city wall, public square, churches, canals and tree-lined streets. The city was arranged in several blocks separated by canals. No native Javanese were allowed to live within the city walls, since the authorities were afraid that they might start an insurrection. The planned city of Batavia

4896-572: The city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II , Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender. The Battle of Surabaya , started after

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4992-529: The city since 26 February 2021. The city's first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini , who has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards since her first term began in 2010. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award". Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives , which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by

5088-463: The city to grow southward. This process led to the foundation of an estate named Weltevreden . The city retained its status as the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies when the VOC transferred its possession to the monarch of the Netherlands in 1800. During the rule of Governor General Daendels in 1808, the city's administration and military were moved south to Weltevreden , with

5184-483: The city's main harbor and warehouses district, but it was largely overshadowed by Surabaya as the colony's prime harbor and commercial hub. After the opening of the Tanjung Priok harbor and fueled by the increasing rubber output in the late 19th century, Batavia was able to regain its commercial momentum. There had been attempts to restore the city's old downtown prominence by converting the desolated area into

5280-454: The city. Foreign communities like Korean and westerners are among those who exist and settle in the city. Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan , a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech. The use of register is less strict than the standardized Central Java dialect. The Suroboyoan dialect

5376-552: The colony. In 1808 Daendels moved the old town center to higher ground to the south and urbanized the area known as Weltevreden . During the British interregnum Daendels was replaced by Raffles who governed until 1816. As the Dutch become more securely established in the region, towns grew up beyond the walls of the fort. Batavia , together with Semarang and Ujung Pandang , were the most important urban centers. During this time, Batavia became congested and wealthier merchants and other powerful men began to build their residences on

5472-576: The command of Jan Pieterszoon Coen . A year later the VOC built a new town named " Batavia " after the Batavieren , the supposed Dutch ancestors from antiquity. This city was centered around the east bank of the Ciliwung river, around present day Fatahillah Square . Inhabitants of Batavia are called "Batavianen", later known as " Betawi " people. The creole citizens are descendants of mixed various ethnicities that had inhabited Batavia. Around 1630

5568-410: The dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya. By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel , located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel . In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to

5664-499: The decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. Following the collapse of Demak , Surabaya was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate , under the leadership of Panembahan Senopati in 1598, and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, An article by

5760-548: The dilapidation rate of the old buildings. Some old buildings in Kali Besar were destroyed for development despite the heritage status, such as Hotel Omni Batavia, which was built over an old warehouse. The first concrete plan of Kota Tua revitalization was signed in December 2004 by Jakarta Old Town-Kotaku and the government of Jakarta. The commencement of the revitalization plan was started in 2005. Taman Fatahillah Square

5856-402: The dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C. Summer months (December to February) are the wettest months, while spring months (September to November) are

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5952-496: The early Dutch settlements in the 17th century when settlements were generally within walled defenses to protect them from attack by other European trade rivals and native revolt. Following the siege of Jayakarta (previously known as Sunda Kelapa) and its demolition by the Dutch in 1619, it was decided to build the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company on the site. Simon Stevin was commissioned to design

6048-401: The educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia, even among them they also form their own community forum, majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as Papuan , Minahasan , Bugis , Timor people and others. As one of the regional trade centers, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the western part of

6144-400: The epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia. Surabaya the capital of East Java province, extends over 350.56 km (135.35 sq mi), its metropolitan area covers 6,310.06 km (2,436.33 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Mojokerto , Gresik , Sidoarjo , Bangkalan , and Lamongan , and has an estimated population of 9.96 million as of 2023 , making it

6240-471: The extended Surabaya metropolitan area , according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya was the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. Surabaya metropolitan is also ASEAN's 6th largest economy ahead of Hanoi . In 2023, the city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$ 150.294 billion. The city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala , one of the two Javanese kingdoms that

6336-541: The field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally. These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as

6432-437: The foundation of Batavia in the 17th century. Below is a list of street names in Kota Tua. The list of street is limited to the street that was at one time located within the walled city of Batavia, both before and after the 1628 and 1629 attack of Batavia by Sultan Agung . To avoid confusion, the official writing of Roman numeral is converted into Arabic numeral. Some streets bear the name gracht ("canal"), meaning that it

6528-426: The hottest months. The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public transportation. The current mayor of the city is Eri Cahyadi , who has served

6624-435: The main business district of Batavia. As a result, the former mansions and shops that at the time had been occupied by ethnic Chinese people , were converted and renovated into offices in the period 1900–1942. Many of these offices can still be seen today around Kali Besar . The development of the business district was hampered by the 1930 Great Depression and the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942. After

6720-409: The majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic Indian and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism , and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism . The city had an influential role as

6816-403: The metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya ( Zona Surabaya Raya ) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. The city is highly urbanised , with industries centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia. Surabaya

6912-413: The old buildings have been restored to their former glory. However, there is still much hope in restoring the area, especially with aid from various non-profit organizations, private institutions, and the government all stepping up to the plate to rejuvenate Old Jakarta's legacy. In 2007, several streets surrounding Fatahillah Square such as Pintu Besar street and Pos Kota street, were closed to vehicles as

7008-417: The other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya. This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region. Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ), with distinct wet and dry seasons . The city's wet season runs from October through May, while

7104-410: The outskirts of town and in the surrounding countryside. The period shows a gradual adaptation to the tropical climate form on the part of the Dutch colonial architecture. These new form of architecture is called Indische Stijl . Typical style during this period include large roof overhang, high roof and ceiling, and front and rear verandahs that opened on to gardens. Indies style can be described as

7200-411: The people in legislative elections every five years. The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP, Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination, ambulance and fire services. All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as

7296-511: The powerful Han family of Lasem . In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies, becoming a major trading center and hosting the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by its natural harbor. During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory encompasses what

7392-606: The recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge . The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools. The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia. Surabaya, from the Javanese " sura ing baya ", means "bravely facing danger"; originally from the union of Pali words " sura " , referring to

7488-477: The recognition of Indonesia's independence in December 1949, the business and banking district of Kota was moved to Thamrin and Kebayoran Baru in the south, thus allowing Kota to further deteriorate again after having regained some of its lost glory. The Banking district of Kota area completely disappeared in the 1980s. In 1972, the Governor of Jakarta, Ali Sadikin , issued a decree that officially designated

7584-456: The red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle over the city. The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during

7680-604: The rest are Arab and other ethnics that are present. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese , Minang , Batak , Banjar , and Balinese . Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of Middle East people ; there are Arabs , especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen , Armenian people , and Jews . As one of

7776-444: The ship reached Sulumayi , whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh". Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana . He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Zhangzhou . Then, he sailed east to

7872-438: The suburbs. Surabaya grew from a relative poor city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century, and became one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to become one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air. On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed in

7968-576: The thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed. The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of

8064-401: The transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the administrative city of Central Jakarta and West Jakarta . Below is a list of colonial buildings and structures found in Jakarta. The list

8160-405: The tropical counterpart of the original style, resulting in a style called New Indies Style . Two dominant architectural bureaus during this period were AIA Bureau ( Frans Ghijsels ) and AA Fermont and Cuypers Bureau ( Eduard Cuypers ). Colonnades are required during this period to provide protection against monsoon rains and tropical sun, which in turn transformed the appearance of buildings in

8256-563: The two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo . Some people consider Jayabaya 's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies , though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable. The Kingdom of Janggala

8352-491: Was a canal, e.g. Amsterdamschegracht, Chineeschegracht, etc. When the canal was refilled (mostly around the beginning of the 20th century), the word gedempte ("drained") was added so the name of the street becomes the Gedempte Amsterdamschegracht, Gedempte Chineeschegracht, and so on. To simplify the naming, the list will not contain the word gedempte . The southern part of the former Kaaimansgracht

8448-571: Was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area ( street food centers ), green open area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet ( Wi-Fi ), and routine garden maintenance management . The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment. The city has won many awards in

8544-604: Was completed in 1650. It became the headquarters of the VOC in the East Indies and prospered from the spice trade. Old Batavia declined in prominence in the late 18th century, probably because of the canals with their near-stagnant water, together with the warm and humid climate would often cause outbreaks of tropical diseases like malaria . Much of the old town became neglected and abandoned due to its decline of importance, and slowly its canals were filled up. Countryside villas were preferred by wealthier residents, which caused

8640-530: Was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy , a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under the Majapahit empire. At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and

8736-444: Was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency . By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban , Gresik , and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He 's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan : "after travelling south for more than 20 li ,

8832-640: Was never reinstated back. Following the demolition of Batavia Noord Station in mid 1930s, a plan was drawn to reinstate the south-extension of Binnen Kaaimanstraat back. However, the plan was never realized and abandoned. With the construction of BNI Building however, a street was reinstated where the south-extension of Kaaimansgracht used to be. This street is named Jalan Lada Dalam, and is used as parking lot for BNI building. Colonial architecture in Jakarta Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during

8928-470: Was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne of the Kingdom of Kahuripan in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua , in which it was called Jung-ya-lu. The name Janggala is derived from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese sources. Hujung Galuh

9024-623: Was revitalized in 2006. In 2014 the city's governor at that time Joko Widodo continued the restoration plan of Kota Tua. The project, named Jakarta Old Town Reborn (JOTR), is a cooperation between state-owned enterprises, the municipal government and the private sector. In March 2014, an event Fiesta Fatahillah was held in Taman Fatahillah Square. The government of Netherlands aided the restoration plan in July 2014. By August 2014, 16 buildings in Kota Tua have been restored, such as

9120-510: Was the most prominent building in the city, symbolizing the center of power, while townhall, markets, and other public buildings were distributed. This layout of Jakarta can still be clearly recognized today in Jakarta Old Town through the layout of the streets and canals, although most of the original 17th-century structures had been destroyed or replaced with newer early 20th-century structures. The architecture style of this period

9216-497: Was the tropical counterparts of 17th-century Dutch architecture. Typical features include the typically Dutch high sash windows with split shutters, gable roofs, and white-coral painted wall (as opposed to exposed brick architecture in the Netherlands). This earlier period of Jakarta had many of the buildings solidly built with relatively enclosed structures, a structure that is not very friendly to tropical climate as compared to

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