Ostyak ( Russian : Остя́к ) is a name formerly used to refer to several Indigenous peoples and languages in Siberia , Russia . Both the Khanty people and the Ket people were formerly called Ostyaks, whereas the Selkup people were referred to as Ostyak-Samoyed.
74-679: The Khanty people, who also call themselves Khanti , Khande , or Kantek were known to the Russians as Yugra in the eleventh century, with the name Ostyak first appearing in the sixteenth century. The Soviet Union began using the endonym Khant or Khanty during the 1930s. As of 2002 some 28,000 people identify as Khanty, primarily in Tyumen Oblast , which includes the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The Khanty language, also known as Hanty, Khant, Xanty, or Ostyak,
148-729: A Mansi war band that had invaded the Russian settlers territory and ended as a punitive expedition against the Pelym Mansi and their ally the Siberian Khan. In some sources, Alach, Prince of Koda figures as an important ally of the Siberian Khan Kuchum Khan and is said to have been awarded one of the Yermak mail-coats taken from the enemy (Bahrushin 1955, 1:114). In 1592, another Russian campaign against
222-533: A campaign under the command of Prince Asyka . Moscow reciprocated by forming an alliance with Prince Vasily of Great Perm who together with the warriors of Vym who took part in the 1465 expedition to Yugra (Bahrushin 1955,1:76). It is recorded in the Russian Chronicles that, in 1465, as a result of this raid, two minor "Yugrian" princes (Kalpik and Chepik) were compelled to submit to the Russians and pay tribute . They were soon deposed. In 1467, during
296-410: A compromise was reached whereby the idols would be saved – for now at least – and at last Nahratsh who had consulted the elders of the village proposed a compromise: We will now obey the ruler's regulations and ukase. So we will not discard your teaching, we only beg you not to reject the idol so revered by our fathers and grandfathers, and if you wish to christen us, honour also our idol, christen it in
370-497: A distinct manner of icon painting — Ustyug icon painting . In the 17th century, Veliky Ustyug was a major producer of tiles , which are visible on many Ustyug churches and were sold to neighboring towns of the Russian North. On January 25, 1613, the town was unsuccessfully besieged by Polish-Lithuanian vagabonds (see Lisowczycy ) led by Jakub Jacki. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter
444-525: A more honourable manner – with a golden cross. Then we will decorate and build a church with all the icons ourselves, as a custom goes, and we will place ours also among these. This arrangement seems to have lasted for a while, but later it is recorded that this agreement was broken and the totems and idols so sacred to the Mansi and Khanty were burned by Russian Christian zealots. Many of these totems were not destroyed, but hidden, their locations kept secret over
518-405: A second campaign, Prince Asyka himself was captured and brought to Vyatka (Bahrushin 1955,2:113). In 1483, Moscow sent forth another expedition against the princes of Yugra and Konda where the "grand duke" Moldan was captured (Bahrushin 1955,2:113). In 1499, Moscow dispatched a great force against "Yugra" (Pelym; led by Prince Semyon Kurbski), Konda or Koda (led by Prince Pyotr Ushatyi), and
592-545: A separate building (Novitski: 81). The Principality of Konda (mainly Mansi) formed a large semi autonomous part of the Pelym principality, according to the tax registers from 1628/29 it was inhabited by 257 tax-paying Mansi. The treasures of Prince Agai of Konda who was imprisoned by the Russians in 1594 gives us a good picture of the wealth of the Yugran nobles of this period. Namely, the Russians confiscated two silver crowns,
666-429: A silver spoon, a silver beaker, a silver spiral bracelet, "precious drapery" and numerous pelts and precious furs (Bahrushin 1955,2:146). The third part of the Pelym principality was the region of Tabary, in which inhabited 102 adults in 1628/29. Preceding the coming of the Russians the Mansi of this region were farmers and according to the tradition Yermak collected tribute in the form of grain (Bahrushin 1955, 2:147). It
740-553: Is a Uralic language with about 9,500 native speakers. The Kets historically lived near the Yenisei River in the Krasnoyarsk Krai district of Russia . The Imperial Russians originally called them Ostyak , and later Yenisei Ostyak . Fewer than 1,500 people identified themselves as Ket during the 2002 Russian census. The Ket language, also known as Imbatski-Ket or Yenisei Ostyak, is a Yeniseian language . It
814-402: Is a Uralic Samoyedic language with perhaps two thousand or more native speakers. The northern dialect is taught in some schools. Yugra Yugra or Yugor Land ( Russian : Югра, Югорский край ; also spelled Iuhra in contemporary sources) was a collective name for lands and peoples in the region east of the northern Ural Mountains in modern Russia given by Russian chroniclers in
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#1732765721301888-524: Is also the closest linguistic relative of Khanty and Mansi . It is believed that Hungarians moved West from Yugra, first settling on the western side of the Urals , in the region known as Magna Hungaria (Great Yugria). Then they moved to the region of Levédia (present-day east Ukraine ), then to the region of Etelköz (present-day west Ukraine), finally reaching the Carpathian Basin in
962-619: Is assumed that, as late as 1715, Prince Satyga of Konda and his 600 armed men made an attempt to impede the Christianisation of the Konda Mansi (Novitski: 98). From 1732–47, Konda was ruled by Satyga's son Prince Osip Grigoryev, followed by his own son Prince Vlas Ossipov. According to recent research by Aado Lintrop, one of the great-grandchildren of Satyga, the teacher of the Turinsky community school, Aleksander Satygin claimed
1036-562: Is believed the Yugran people or Ob-Ugrians had made trade with many countries far and wide since the earliest times. This trade was described in journals attributed to Abu Hamid al-Gharnati the Arab traveller during the 12th century: And from Bolghar merchants travel to the land of heathens , called Wisu ; marvellous beaver skins come from there, and they take there wedge-shaped unpolished swords made in Azerbaijan in their turn… But
1110-643: Is connected with Veliky Ustyug by a ferry crossing) runs to Luza and continues to Lalsk and further to the Komi Republic . The railroad connects Veliky Ustyug with Yadrikha railway station on the railroad connecting Konosha and Kotlas. The passenger service to Veliky Ustyug was discontinued in 2005. The Sukhona, the Yug, and the Northern Dvina are all navigable in Veliky Ustyug, but there
1184-480: Is considered severely endangered to moribund . The Selkup people were known as Ostyak-Samoyeds until the 1930s. They are descended from both Yeniseian and Samoyedic peoples , and live in the northern parts of the Siberian plain. About 4,000 people identified as Selkup during the 2002 Russian census. The Selkup language, also known as Selkups, Chumyl' Khumyt, Shöl Khumyt, Shösh Gulla, Syusugulla, or Ostyak Samoyed,
1258-537: Is no passenger navigation except for ferry crossings. Veliky Ustyug is served by the Veliky Ustyug Airport with occasional passenger service to Vologda . The population of Veliky Ustyug was steadily growing until the second half of 20th century, but in the recent years it has been on decline, as is the general trend in Russia. Veliky Ustyug preserves much of its architectural heritage and has one of
1332-528: Is not far (from them), and that the people of Yura go there and enter it with torches, and find a huge tree there which is like a big village. But on top of the tree there sits a large creature, they say it is a bird. And they bring merchandise along, and each merchant sets down his goods apart from those of the others; and he makes a mark on them and leaves, but when he comes back, he finds commodities there, necessary for his own country ... (Al Garnati:32) The Russians were attracted to Siberia by its furs , and
1406-400: Is the bearer of many goods, mainly ensuring the richness of waterfowls ... Comparisons of different Yugran traditions indicate that the goose was one of the shapes or appearances of the most popular god of the "World Surveyor Man", and that Belogorye is still sometimes referred to as his home. Novitsky also describes a site for worshipping this "World Surveyor" or "Ob Master": The home of
1480-518: Is used as a poetic synonym of the region. At the beginning of the 16th century, the similarity between Yugria (the latinized form of the name) and ugry , an old Russian ethnonym for the Hungarians , was noted by scholars such as Maciej Miechowita . The modern name of the Ugric language family, which includes Khanty and Mansi together with Hungarian , was also adopted on the assumption that
1554-705: The Siberian Chronicles also mention the Golden Lady: a hetman of Yermak's, by the name of Ivan Bryazga, invaded the Belogorye region in 1582 and fought the Ob-Ugrians there, who were defending their holiest object – the Golden Lady. Grigori Novitski's statement that in earlier days there used to be in one shrine in Belogorye together with the copper goose "the greatest real idol", and that
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#17327657213011628-404: The administrative center of Velikoustyugsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with the town of Krasavino and the work settlement of Kuzino , incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Veliky Ustyug —one of the four administrative units in the oblast with the status equal to that of the districts . Within
1702-652: The framework of municipal divisions , the town of Veliky Ustyug, together with the village of Slobodka in Yudinsky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District is incorporated as Veliky Ustyug Urban Settlement within Velikoustyugsky Municipal District. The town of Krasavino, together with six rural localities in Krasavinsky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District, is incorporated as Krasavino Urban Settlement, and
1776-595: The "Gogulichi", the free Voguls or Mansi). The 4000 strong army, using dog and reindeer teams, reached the Lyapin stronghold of the Khanty , located on the river of the same name (Bahrushin 1955,1:76–77). In the source it is told that 40 strongholds were taken and 58 Khanty and Mansi princes captured in the expedition. At the end of the 15th century the Grand Duke of Moscow assumed the honorary title of Prince of Yugra . By
1850-487: The 12th to 17th centuries. During this period, the region was inhabited by the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) peoples. In a modern context, the term Yugra generally refers to a political constituent of the Russian Federation formally known as Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra , located in the lands historically known as Ioughoria . In modern Russian, this word is rendered "Югория" ( Yugoria ), and
1924-452: The 15th century, the newly emerging centralized Russian state also laid claim to the region, with Ivan III of Russia sending a large expeditionary force to Siberia in 1483 led by Fyodor Kurbsky, and another one in 1499–1500 under the command of Semyon Kurbsky. The Russians received tribute from the tribes, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left. The Golden Lady of the Obians
1998-528: The 16th century, several Yugran princes were paying tribute to the Siberia Khanate and participated in their military ventures against Russian settlers protected by Cossacks and Komi auxiliaries who were chasing the Yugran natives from their homes. In response the Khanty and Mansi of Pelym continually sent forth counter-campaigns to the lands of Great Perm . Thus, the year 1581 went into history as
2072-759: The 18th century, the successors of the Principality of Pelym and Principality of Konda – princes Vassili and Fyodor – lived in Pelym. They became Russianized and performed various duties for the Tsarist government. The Mansi, however, considered them still as their rulers. The fact that the ancient family of princes ruled on in Konda is also proved by a tsar letter from 1624: He, prince Vassili and prince Fyodor have close brothers in Big Konda – our tax-paying murzas, and our simple Voguls are ruled by them in Big Konda,
2146-620: The 18th century. Grigory Novitsky describes the Christianization of the Pelym Mansi in 1714 and the Konda Mansi in 1715. The words of the village elder and the caretaker of the sanctuary Nahratch Yeplayev have been recorded: We all know why you have come here – you want to pervert us from our ancient beliefs with your smooth-tongued flattery and damage and destroy our revered helper, but it is all in vain for you may take our heads but this we will not let you do. Novitsky describes
2220-525: The 9th century. Ustyug Veliky Ustyug ( Russian : Вели́кий У́стюг ) is a town in Vologda Oblast , Russia , located in the northeast of the oblast at the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug Rivers . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 31,665. Veliky Ustyug has a great historical significance and was one of the major cities of the Russian North. It preserved some of
2294-457: The Golden Lady is Maciej Miechowita , a professor at Cracow University . The golden idol appeared on Sigismund von Herberstein 's map of Moscovia published in 1549, and on a number of later maps, such as Gerhard Mercator 's Map of the Arctic (1595) , where it is labeled Zolotaia Baba (from Russian Золотая баба – "Golden Lady" or "Golden Idol "). In connection with Yermak 's campaign,
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2368-624: The Great , Veliky Ustyug was explicitly mentioned as one of the 20 towns included into the Archangelgorod Governorate . From 1719, it was the center of Ustyug Province , one of the four provinces of the Governorate. In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty . The latter was abolished in 1796, and Veliky Ustyug became the center of Velikoustyugsky Uyezd of Vologda Governorate . In 1918,
2442-482: The Mansi of Pelym was launched. It ended in 1593 when the stronghold of Prince Ablegirim of Pelym was taken, the prince and his family captured and a Russian fortress erected in the heart of the stronghold. Although in the following year the Pelym principality suffered the loss of its lands lying on the Konda River , the Mansi did not give up resistance. In 1599, they once again brought "war, theft and treachery" to
2516-519: The Novgorodians traded iron artefacts and textiles for fur. Yugorshchina , a trade association, was set up in Novgorod in the 14th century. The Novgorodians also launched military campaigns to extract tribute from the local population, but they often met resistance, such as in two expeditions in 1187 and 1193 mentioned in chronicles that were defeated. After Novgorod was annexed by Moscow in
2590-508: The Ob Master was presumably near the stronghold Samarovo in the mouth of the river Irtysh. According to their heathen belief he was the god of the fish, depicted in a most impudent manner: a board of wood, nose like a tin tube, eyes of glass, little horns on top of the head, covered with rags, attired in a (gilt breasted) purple robe. Arms – bows, arrows, spears, armour, etc – were laid beside him. According to their heathen belief they say about
2664-442: The Pelym princes was also a significant religious centre; a sacred Siberian larch grew in its surroundings and even in the 18th century people used to hang the skins of sacrificed horses on its branches. Near the sacred tree was a worship storehouse with five idols of human figure, and smaller storehouses with high pillars and human-faced peaks around it for storing sacrificial instruments. The bones of sacrificial animals were stored in
2738-569: The Sukhona those citizens who refused to accept him as a prince, and made the town his residence for two years, until he was driven off by the forces of Vasily. In the 15th century, the town had a great military importance and became the base for the operations against the Finno-Ugric peoples . In 1613, during the Time of Troubles , Veliky Ustyug was besieged by Polish troops but never taken. At
2812-684: The Sukkhona, along Sovetsky Avenue and Krasnaya Street. Some of these buildings belong to the Velikoustyugsky Museum of History, Art, and Architecture . The museum was open in 1909 in the premises of Mikhaylo-Arkhangelsky Monastery. In 1918 it was transformed into the Museum of the Northern Dvina Culture. Between 1924 and 1938 the museum director was Nikolay Bekryashev , an artist, who devoted his energy to extending
2886-674: The Yugrans "living with the Samoyeds in the Land of Midnight" already at the end of the first millennium (Bahrushin 1955,1:86). At that time, the Russians probably came into contact with the Mansi who were still living in Europe, along the upper course of the river Pechora , in the neighbourhood of the ancient Komi realm of Great Perm . The Novgorod Chronicle tells of a military campaign under
2960-495: The above-mentioned idol as follows: The idol was carved of wood, attired in green clothes, the evil looking face was covered with white iron, a black fox skin was placed on its head; the whole sanctuary, especially his site which was higher than anywhere else, was decorated with purple broadcloth. Other smaller idols nearby which were placed lower were called the servants of the real idol. I think there were many other things in front of him – caftans, squirrel skins, etc. It seems that
3034-576: The architectural monuments are on the left bank of the Sukhona, and many of these are the living houses. The exceptions are Troitsko-Gledensky Monastery and the Dymkovo Sloboda, on the right bank of the Sukhona. Troitsko-Gledensky Monastery is in the village of Morozovitsa , in Velikoustyugsky District. The principal architectural ensembles of Veliky Ustyg are The monuments of civil architecture are mostly concentrated along
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3108-643: The banks of the Chusovaya River and Kurya River and plundered the Russian settlements there (Bahrushin,2:143–144). The close connections between the Yugrans and the Turkic Tartars are also demonstrated by the fact that even in the 1660s, the idea of restoring the Kuchum Khanate was still popular with the Khanty of Beryozovo (Bahrushin,2:143–144). It was only in the middle of the 17th century that Moscow succeeded in subduing Yugra. In
3182-548: The best preserved architectural ensembles in Russia. The town contains 152 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by the Russian Federal law and 25 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance. It is classified as a historical town by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation, which implies certain restrictions on construction in the historical center. Most of
3256-481: The brothers of prince Vasily, the murzas." (Bahrushin 1955,2: 148 Prince Vassili and Prince Fyodor have close brothers in Big Konda – our tax-paying murzas, and our simple Voguls are ruled by them in Big Konda, the brothers of PrincePrince Kyntsha of Konda received a deed of gift from the Tsar in 1680 which confirmed his noble position. Even in the 18th century the Konda princes were known for their relative independence. It
3330-404: The collected arms that he often has to fight in the water and conquer other vassals. The frenzy ones thought that the atrocious monster is especially horrifying in the darkness and in the large waters, that he comes through all the depths where he watches over all fish and aquatic animals and gives everyone as much as he pleases. The Christianization of the Mansi en masse started at the beginning of
3404-476: The districts were directly subordinated to Northern Krai. In 1936, Northern Krai was transformed into Northern Oblast , and in 1937, Northern Oblast was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. Veliky Ustyug remained in Vologda Oblast ever since. Veliky Ustyug, in contrast to the majority of historical Russian towns, managed to preserve almost all of its architectural and cultural monuments. This
3478-539: The former church buildings. In 1998, then Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov proposed to officially locate the residence of Ded Moroz aka "Grandfather Frost", a legendary figure similar to Saint Nicholas , Father Christmas or Santa Claus who has his roots in Slavic pagan mythology, in Veliky Ustyug. The residence, which is a resort promoted as the Votchina ("estate") of Ded Moroz, is a major tourist attraction. It
3552-471: The foundation of Saint-Petersburg in 1703, whereby the trade was diverted to the Baltic Sea . The 16th and 17th centuries were the time of the highest rise of the culture in Veliky Ustyug, in which it acquired a national-wide significance. The town is known for its remarkable handicrafts , such as silver filigree , birch bark fretwork , decorative copper binding, and niello . The town developed
3626-477: The generations. Even during repression of the 1930s many of these sacred sites remained undiscovered by the authorities and some can be found today. There are three or four known proto-states of the Yugran inhabitants, both Khanty and Mansi . The Principality of Pelym was located in the basin of the Konda river and stretched from the mouth of the Sosva River near Tavda up to Tabory . The stronghold of
3700-477: The god of waterfowls – swans, geese and other birds swimming on water ... His throne in the temple is made of different kinds of broadcloth, canvas and hide, built like a nest; in it sits the monster who is always highly revered, most of all at the times of catching waterfowls in nests ... This idol is so notorious that people come from distant villages to perform atrocious sacrifice to it – offering cattle, mainly horses; and they are certain that it (the idol)
3774-714: The inhabitants of Visu take these swords to the land that lies near the Darkness [Yugra] by the Black Sea [now known as the White Sea ], and they trade the swords for sable skins. And these people take the swords and cast them into the Black Sea; but Allah the Almighty sends them a fish which size is like a mountain [a whale]; and they sail out to the fish in their ships and carve its flesh for months on end. According to some sources, Novgorod launched military campaigns against
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#17327657213013848-523: The junction of important trade routes , the town turned into a significant commercial and industrial center in the 16th and 17th centuries. Veliky Ustyug area was the birthplace of the explorers Semyon Dezhnyov , Yerofey Khabarov , Vladimir Atlasov , and of St. Stephen of Perm . Veliky Ustyug lost its key role as a river port with the diminishing importance of the Sukhona River route for trade between China and western Europe, which started with
3922-474: The leadership of Yadrei of Novgorod in 1193, which ended in the destruction of the Novgorod forces. The defeat was blamed on some Novgorodans who had reportedly "been in contact with the Yugrans" (Bahrushin 1955,1:75). From the 13th to 15th centuries, Yugra was supposed to pay tribute to Novgorod. But taxes could be collected only by means of armed forces. The chronicles describe several campaigns, mentioning
3996-661: The mouth of the Ob. The 12th century missionary and traveller Abu Hamid al-Gharnati also gives one of the earliest accounts of the region, which he calls Yura in Arabic: But beyond Wisu by the Sea of Darkness there lies a land known by the name of Yura . In summers the days are very long there, so that the Sun does not set for forty days, as the merchants say; but in winters the nights are equally long. The merchants report that Darkness
4070-409: The museum to the old buildings, mostly churches, of the town, which thus were saved from destruction. In particular, a big collection of icons and objects of applied arts survived. Despite the efforts of Bekryashev and other museum employees, some of the buildings were destroyed by the authorities. The museum currently serves as an umbrella institution that organizes permanent and temporary exhibits in
4144-626: The past urban structure and many of the architectural monuments. It has lost its former leading role and is nowadays mostly known for tourism. Veliky Ustyug is close to the confluence of the Sukhona (flowing from the west) and the Yug (from the south) rivers. Downstream from this confluence the rivers form a single waterway known as the Northern Dvina , sometimes referred to as the Little Northern Dvina. The historical center of
4218-413: The south runs to Nikolsk and further to Manturovo , where it connects to the road to Kostroma . The road to the southwest connects Veliky Ustyug with Vologda via Totma . It was built in the beginning of the 21st century; before this road was opened, the only way to get from Veliky Ustyug to Vologda was via Nikolsk and Totma. All these roads are paved. An unpaved road, originating from Kuzino (which
4292-443: The strong resistance of Yugran princes who took shelter in their strongholds. After the annexation of Ustyug by Moscow in the 14th century, Muscovite campaigns began instead of the Novgorodan ones. In the 15th century, the most important Russian stronghold in Permland and the starting point for all expeditions going to the East was the diocese established on the Vym River by Stephan of Perm. In 1455,the Mansi of Pelym launched
4366-431: The superstitious people "preserved that idol and took it to Konda now that idol-worshipping is being rooted up", has also been regarded as relating to the Golden Lady. Of the "Copper Goose" Novitski wrote the following: The goose idol very much worshipped by them is cast of copper in the shape of a goose, its atrocious abode is in the Belogorye village on the great river of Ob. According to their superstition they worship
4440-415: The title "Prince of Konda" as late as 1842. Yugra and its vicinity to the south are considered to be the place of origin of the Hungarians (in Hungarian magyar őshaza ). One hypothesis says that the name Hungary is a variety of the name Yugra (the Hungarians also were known in several languages under the name of Ugri , and are still known under this name in Ukrainian ). The Hungarian language
4514-423: The tourist industry — in particular, the jewelry production plant. Tourism is an important branch of economy in Veliky Ustyug. It started in the 1960s and got a further boost in 1990s when Veliky Ustyug started to be marketed as the residence of Ded Moroz , also known as "Grandfather Frost". Roads connect Veliky Ustyug with other towns. The road to the north runs to Krasavino and further to Kotlas . The one to
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#17327657213014588-423: The town became the administrative center of the newly established Northern Dvina Governorate . In 1924, the uyezds were abolished in favor of the new divisions, the districts (raions). In 1929, Northern Dvina Governorate was merged into Northern Krai . The krai consisted of five okrugs, one of which, Northern Dvina Okrug , had its administrative center in Veliky Ustyug. In July 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and
4662-415: The town is on the left (high) bank of the Sukhona and, in contrast to many historical Russian towns, there is an embankment along the Sukhona. Dymkovskaya Sloboda and Troitse-Gledensky Monastery are on the right bank of the Sukhona. New parts of the town, mostly industrial areas, face the Northern Dvina. The only bridge in Veliky Ustyug is across the Sukhona upstream of the town center. Previously, Gleden
4736-425: The two words share a common origin. However, even though the linguistic connection between the Ugric languages is well established, the etymological connection between Yugra and ugry is disputed. András Róna-Tas has suggested that the name Yugria is related to the 10th–11th century ethnic name Ugur , whereas the Hungarian ethnonym derives from On Ugur ('ten Oghurs'). From the 16th century onwards, Yugra
4810-416: The work settlement of Kuzino is incorporated as Kuzino Urban Settlement; both also within Velikoustyugsky Municipal District. Veliky Ustyug has a borderline humid continental climate / subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb / Dfc ), with warm summers and very cold winters. There are timber industry enterprises in Veliky Ustyug, as well as a shipyard, food industry, and enterprises serving
4884-401: The year 1032. The term Yugra was first used in the 12th century. Novgorod established two trade routes to the Ob River , both starting from the town of Ustyug . The first route went along the Sukhona and Vychegda , then along the Usa to the lower reaches of the Ob. The second route went down the Northern Dvina , then along the coasts of the White Sea and Kara Sea , before reaching
4958-407: The year of the raiding of Kaigorod and Cherdyn . According to Russian estimates, the army of the Mansi and their allies, the Tartars, stood 700 strong (Bahrushin 1955,1:99; 2:144). Continuing resistance to border conflagration led to the launching of a campaign in 1582–84 arranged and financed by the Stroganovs and led by the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich , which began with the destruction of
5032-404: Was a fortress, and the left bank of the Sukhona was a posad —a territory outside the fortress populated by craftsmen. In the 15th century, the fortress was destroyed in an attack by Vyatka army, and the new fortress was built in the former posad area. The fortress was demolished when it became apparent than no military threat to Veliky Ustyug exists. The first recorded settlement in the area
5106-433: Was a part of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (in contrast to the neighboring lands, most notably Totma , colonized by Novgorod ). Thus Veliky Ustyug created the only obstacle to Novgorod's trade with the north, as the Sukhona and the Northern Dvina were the main waterways connecting Novgorod with the White Sea. Clashes between Novgorod and Ustyug became regular, especially throughout the whole 14th century. In 1328, Ustyug
5180-462: Was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The town was not immediately affected by the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century; however, its rapid growth in the second half of the century was due to influx of refugees from Central Russia. In the 15th century, Veliky Ustyug became notable for the war between Vasily II of Moscow and his cousin Dmitry Shemyaka , which left northern Russia deserted. Shemyaka took Veliky Ustyug in 1450, drowned in
5254-406: Was apparently an idol of the Yugrans. The first reports of the Golden Lady are found in the 14th-century Novgorod Chronicle , with reference to Saint Stephan of Perm . Next, the golden idol is mentioned in the 16th century by the subjects of the grand prince of Moscow, commissioned to describe the trade and military routes of the expanding Russian state. The first non-Russian known to have examined
5328-496: Was in a great part due to the efforts of the local intellectuals grouped around the Regional Museum, and most notably of Nikolay Bekryashev , the museum director from 1924 to 1938. This group managed to convince the authorities that the churches and old buildings have a historical significance and must be handed in the museum rather than demolished. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Veliky Ustyug serves as
5402-632: Was often assumed to be the Hungarians' ancestral home. Contemporary Uralic linguistics locates the Urheimat of the Ugric language family to Southwestern Siberia , at the margin of the Eurasian steppe . The Novgorodians were aware of the lands of Yugra from at least the 11th century, if not earlier, and launched expeditions to the region; the first mention of Siberia in chronicles is recorded in
5476-402: Was the monastic settlement at Gleden ( Гледен ), founded near the confluence of the Yug and the Sukhona, where Troitsko-Gledensky Monastery is now. The name Ustyug means "the mouth of the Yug". By the late 15th century, the name changed to Veliky (Great) Ustyug. The town of Veliky Ustyug was first mentioned in a chronicle in 1207. In 1212, Mikhaylo-Arkhangelsky Monastery was founded. It
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