128-1084: ( Santo Domingo ) ( Spanish Florida , victorious) ( Real Audiencia of Panama , New Spain , suppressed) ( Veracruz , New Spain , victorious) ( New Spain , suppressed) ( New Spain , suppressed) ( British Province of New York , suppressed) (British Jamaica , victorious) (British Chesapeake Colonies , suppressed) ( Louisiana , New France , suppressed) ( Danish Saint John , suppressed) (British Province of South Carolina , suppressed) (British Province of New York , suppressed) (British Jamaica , suppressed) (British Montserrat , suppressed) (British Bahamas , suppressed) ( Louisiana , New Spain , suppressed) ( Louisiana , New Spain , suppressed) (Dutch Curaçao , suppressed) ( Virginia , suppressed) ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , victorious) ( Virginia , suppressed) ( Territory of Orleans , suppressed) (Spanish Cuba , suppressed) (Virginia, suppressed) (British Barbados , suppressed) ( South Carolina , suppressed) ( Cuba , suppressed) (Virginia, suppressed) ( British Jamaica , suppressed) (off
256-445: A ligature around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support
384-635: A noose or ligature . Hanging has been a common method of capital punishment since the Middle Ages , and has been the primary execution method in numerous countries and regions. The first known account of execution by hanging is in Homer 's Odyssey . Hanging is also a method of suicide . The past and past participle of hang in this sense is hanged , not hung . There are numerous methods of hanging in execution which instigate death either by cervical fracture or by strangulation . The short drop
512-578: A 16-year-old girl, Atefeh Sahaaleh (also called Atefeh Rajabi), was executed for having committed "acts incompatible with chastity ". At dawn on 27 July 2008, the Iranian government executed 29 people at Evin Prison in Tehran. On 2 December 2008, an unnamed man was hanged for murder at Kazeroun Prison, just moments after he was pardoned by the murder victim's family. He was quickly cut down and rushed to
640-634: A West German court was carried out by guillotine in Moabit prison in 1949. The last hanging in Germany was the one ordered of several war criminals in Landsberg am Lech on 7 June 1951. The last known execution in East Germany was in 1981 by a pistol shot to the neck. Even though Hong Kong is now part of China it has no capital punishment; it is a special administrative region of China. When Hong Kong
768-477: A battle on January 10 killed 40 to 45 of the people escaping slavery while suffering no fatalities themselves, then hunted down and killed several other people without trial. Over the next two weeks, White planters and U.S. officials interrogated, tried , executed, and decapitated an additional 44 people escaping slavery who had been captured. Executions were generally by hanging or firing squad . Heads were displayed on pikes to intimidate others. Since 1995,
896-720: A botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas , one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada. Nazis executed under British jurisdiction, including Josef Kramer , Fritz Klein , Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath , were hanged by Albert Pierrepoint using
1024-679: A dense slave population. They converted from cotton and indigo plantations to sugar cane, so that by 1802, 70 sugar plantations produced over 3,000 tons in a year. However, they replicated the brutal conditions which had led to numerous revolts in Haiti ;– the high profits were made by working the enslaved longer hours and punishing them more brutally, so that they lived shorter lives than any other slave society in North America. Some accounts claimed blacks outnumbered whites by nearly five to one by 1810, and about 90% of whites in
1152-463: A fellow Virginian, William C. C. Claiborne , whom he appointed on an interim basis, and who arrived in New Orleans with 350 volunteers and eighteen boats. Claiborne struggled with the area's diverse population, particularly because he spoke neither French nor Spanish . The population also included a larger proportion of native Africans among the slaves than elsewhere in the U.S. In addition,
1280-686: A few dozen were still alive. Dating from 1496, when the Spanish settled on the island, and officially from 5 August 1498, Santo Domingo became the first European city in the Americas. Bartholomew Columbus founded the settlement and named it La Nueva Isabela, after an earlier settlement in the north named after the Queen of Spain Isabella I . In 1495 it was renamed "Santo Domingo", in honor of Saint Dominic . The expectations of obtaining great wealth in
1408-504: A few minutes. Before 1850, the short drop was the standard method of hanging, and it is still common in suicides and extrajudicial hangings (such as lynchings and summary executions ) which do not benefit from the specialised equipment and drop-length calculation tables used in the newer methods. A short-drop variant is the Austro-Hungarian "pole" method, called Würgegalgen (literally: strangling gallows), in which
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#17327729128041536-613: A fight for freedom and marched from plantations in and near present-day LaPlace, Louisiana on the German Coast towards New Orleans . More people escaped slavery and joined them along the way, and some accounts claimed a total of 200 to 500 people escaped and participated in the rebellion. During their two-day, 20 mi (32 km)-long march, the rebels, armed mostly with improvised weapons , burned five plantations along with several sugarhouses and crop fields. White settlers led by U.S. officials formed militia companies, and in
1664-416: A horde of brigands who from my plantation to that of Mr. Fortier have committed every kind of mischief and excesses, which can be expected from a gang of atrocious bandittis of that nature." The rebellion gained momentum quickly. The approximately 15 enslaved people at Andry's plantation, about 30 miles (50 km) upriver from New Orleans, joined another eight enslaved people from the next-door plantation of
1792-412: A hospital, where he was successfully revived. The conviction and hanging of Reyhaneh Jabbari caused international uproar as she was sentenced to death in 2009 and hanged on 25 October 2014 for murdering a former intelligence officer; according to Jabbari's testimony she stabbed him during an attempted rape and then another person killed him. Hanging was used under the regime of Saddam Hussein , but
1920-502: A humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck , causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death. This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials , including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner . In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: "The hangman botched
2048-579: A plaza, and Columbus' stone residence and arsenal. In June 1495, a large storm that the Taíno called a hurricane hit the island. The Taíno retreated to the mountains while the Spaniards remained in the colony. Several ships were sunk, including the flagship, the Marie-Galante . Cannon barrels and anchors from that era have been found in the bay. Gelatinous silt from rivers and wave action has raised
2176-441: A privateer, Daniel captured more than 60 enemy ships, including "those used for trade as well as war”. The population of Santo Domingo grew to approximately 125,000 in the year 1791. Of this number, 40,000 were white landowners, about 70,000 were mulatto freedmen, and some 15,000 were black slaves. This contrasted sharply with neighboring Saint-Domingue (Haiti), which had an enslaved population of over 500,000, representing 90% of
2304-401: A scientific advance on the standard drop, and further refined by his successor James Berry . Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of
2432-681: A secular institution. The Archdiocese of Santo Domingo is considered the first episcopal seat in America. Of all the dioceses in the north and south of the American continent, only the archbishop of Santo Domingo corresponds to the title of first of the Indies. It is the oldest of the surviving dioceses in the Americas, the Diocese of Santo Domingo was created on August 8, 1511 by Pope Julius II's bull Romanus Pontifex of August 8, 1511. In those days,
2560-408: A suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or ligature point , or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including cerebral anoxia (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause paralysis ), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury. There are some suggestions that
2688-400: Is a common suicide method . The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners (see: Suicide watch ) . A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using
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#17327729128042816-421: Is a method of hanging in which the condemned prisoner stands on a raised support such as a stool, ladder, cart, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. Suspended by the neck, the weight of the body tightens the noose around the neck, effecting strangulation and death. Loss of consciousness is typically rapid and death ensues in
2944-536: Is common elsewhere, in countries including Iran and Afghanistan. Hanging is the most used form of capital punishment in Afghanistan . Capital punishment was a part of the legal system of Australia from the establishment of New South Wales as a British penal colony, until 1985, by which time all Australian states and territories had abolished the death penalty; in practice, the last execution in Australia
3072-522: Is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed. In Canada , hanging is the most common method of suicide, and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted gunshot wounds . In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning). Those who survive
3200-420: Is suicide or homicide, as each leaves a distinctive ligature mark. One of the hints they use is the hyoid bone . If broken, it often means the person has been murdered by manual strangulation . Hanging has been a method of capital punishment in many countries, and is still used by many countries to this day. Long-drop hanging is mainly used by former British colonies, while short-drop and suspension hanging
3328-469: The adelantado of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army of Tainos planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this, the adelantado captured the caciques involved and had most of them hanged. Later, a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana people under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes,
3456-512: The devastaciones de Osorio , proved disastrous; more than half of the resettled colonists died of starvation or disease. The city of Santo Domingo was subjected to a smallpox epidemic, cacao blight, and hurricane in 1666; another storm two years later; a second epidemic in 1669; a third hurricane in September 1672; plus an earthquake in May 1673 that killed two dozen residents. San José de Ocoa,
3584-737: The 2008 Mumbai attacks was executed on 21 November 2012 in Yerwada Central Jail , Pune. The Supreme Court of India had previously rejected his mercy plea, which was then rejected by the President of India. He was hanged one week later. Afzal Guru , a terrorist found guilty of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament , was executed by hanging in Tihar Jail , Delhi on 9 February 2013. Yakub Memon
3712-639: The Cuban coast, victorious) (off the Southern U.S. coast, victorious) ( Indian Territory , suppressed) (Spanish Cuba , suppressed) (South Carolina, suppressed) The 1811 German Coast uprising was a slave rebellion which occurred in the Territory of Orleans from January 8–10, 1811. It occurred on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the modern-day Louisiana parishes of St. John
3840-598: The Gulf Stream , was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant flotas , which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas. With the conquest of the Spanish Main , Hispaniola slowly declined. Many Spanish colonists left for the silver mines of the American mainland, while new immigrants from Spain bypassed the island. Agriculture dwindled, new imports of slaves ceased, and white colonists, free blacks, and slaves alike lived in poverty, weakening
3968-579: The Laws of Burgos . Rodrigo de Alburquerque was named repartidor de indios and soon named visitadores to enforce the laws. The first major slave revolt in the Americas occurred in Santo Domingo on 26 December 1522, when enslaved Muslims of the Wolof nation led an uprising in the sugar plantation of admiral Don Diego Colón , son of Christopher Columbus. Many of these insurgents managed to escape to
1811 German Coast uprising - Misplaced Pages Continue
4096-526: The Treaty of Ryswick included the acknowledgement by Spain of France's dominion over the Western third of the island, now Haiti . In 1605, Spain, unhappy that Santo Domingo was facilitating trade between its other colonies and other European powers, attacked vast parts of the colony's northern and western regions, forcibly resettling their inhabitants closer to the city of Santo Domingo. This action, known as
4224-607: The Viceroyalty of New Spain upon the creation of the latter two decades later. The audiencia president was at the same time governor and captain general of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, which granted him broad administrative powers and autonomy over the Spanish possessions of the Caribbean and most of its mainland coasts . This combined with the judicial oversight that the audiencia judges had over
4352-551: The Vikings practised hanging as human sacrifices to Odin , to honour Odin's own sacrifice of hanging himself from Yggdrasil . In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the Iron Age bog bodies , many of which show signs of having been hanged, were examples of human sacrifice to the gods. A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death: The cause of death in hanging depends on
4480-572: The 1780s, Jean Saint Malo , an escaped slave, established a colony of maroons in the swamps below New Orleans, which eventually led Spanish officials to send militia, who captured him. St. Malo became a folk hero after his execution in New Orleans on June 19, 1784. A decade later, during the height of the French Revolution , Spanish officials discovered a slave conspiracy at Pointe Coupee (established by French settlers around 1720 between Natchez and New Orleans). That slave uprising during
4608-502: The 1st Duke of Alba , niece of the 2nd Duke of Alba, and grandniece of King Ferdinand of Aragon ; she was married to Diego Columbus , Admiral and Viceroy of the Indies. The Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo was the first court of the Spanish crown in America. It was created by Ferdinand V of Castile in his decree of 1511, and was implemented by Charles V in his decree of September 14, 1526. This audiencia would become part of
4736-628: The African American History Alliance of Louisiana has led an annual commemoration in January of the uprising, in which they have been joined by some descendants of participants in the revolt. The sugar boom on what was known as Louisiana's German Coast (named for immigrants in the 1720s) began after the American Revolutionary War , while the area near New Orleans was still controlled by Spain. In
4864-524: The Baptist , St. Charles and Jefferson . The rebellion was the largest of its kind in the history of the United States , but the rebels only killed two white men. Confrontations with U.S. military personnel and local militiamen who were sent to suppress the rebellion, combined with post-trial executions, resulted in the deaths of 95 rebels. On January 8, between 64 and 125 enslaved people ignited
4992-531: The Captaincy General of Santo Domingo served as headquarters for Spanish conquistadors on their way to the mainland and was important in the establishment of other European colonies in the Western Hemisphere. It is the site of the first European city in the Americas, Santo Domingo , and of the oldest castle, fortress, cathedral, and monastery in the region. The colony was a meeting point of European explorers, soldiers, and settlers who brought with them
5120-704: The Caribbean to import African slaves , and in 1510 the first sizable shipment consisting of 250 Black Ladinos arrived in Hispaniola from Spain. Eight years later African-born slaves arrived in the West Indies . Sugar cane was introduced to Hispaniola from the Canary Islands , and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516. The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in
5248-883: The Diocese of Venezuela (with headquarters in Coro, founded in 1531; today the Archdiocese of Caracas), the Diocese of Cuba (with headquarters in Santiago de Cuba, initially founded in Baracoa in 1518; today Archdiocese of Santiago de Cuba), the Diocese of Honduras (based in Comayagua, initially founded in Trujillo in 1531; today Archdiocese of Tegucigalpa) and the territorial abbey of Jamaica (suppressed in 1655). The presence of precious metals such as gold boosted migration of thousands of Spaniards to Hispaniola seeking easy wealth. In
1811 German Coast uprising - Misplaced Pages Continue
5376-586: The Easter holidays was suppressed before it came to fruition, and resulted in 23 executions by hanging (with the severed heads then displayed on the road to New Orleans) and 31 additional slaves were flogged and sent to serve hard labor in other Spanish outposts. After the Haitian Revolution , planters attempted to establish similar lucrative sugarcane plantations on the Gulf Coast, resulting in
5504-598: The Europeans' feudalist system, which had more rigid class structures. The Europeans believed the Taínos to be misled, and they began to treat the tribes with violence and hatred. After the sinking of the Santa María ship Columbus established a military fort to support his claim to the island. The fort was called La Navidad because the shipwrecking and the founding of the fort occurred on Christmas Day. While Columbus
5632-524: The French colony's population, and overall seven times as numerous as the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo. The French had become the wealthiest colonists in the Western Hemisphere due to the exploitation of their massive slave population. As restrictions on colonial trade were relaxed, the colonial French elites of St. Domingue offered the principal market for Santo Domingo's exports of beef, hides, mahogany and tobacco. The 'Spanish' settlers, whose blood by now
5760-415: The New World, the city of Isabella. This time Columbus returned to Hispaniola with seventeen ships. The settlers built houses, storerooms, a Roman Catholic church, and a large house for Columbus. He brought more than a thousand men, including sailors, soldiers, carpenters, stonemasons, and other workers. Priests and nobles came as well. The first Mass was celebrated on 6 January 1494. The town included homes,
5888-481: The New World. The highest social class was the Visigothic nobility, commonly known as people of "sangre azul" (Spanish for: "blue blood"), because their skin was so pale that their veins looked blue through it, in comparison with that of a commoner who had olive skin . Those who proved that they were descendants of Visigoths were allowed to use the style of Don and were considered hidalgos . Hidalgos nobles were
6016-637: The Pacific Ocean were all launched from Santo Domingo. A large discovery of gold was also found in the island, in the Cordillera Central mountain region, which led to a mining boom and a gold rush that lasted from 1500 until 1508. Ferdinand II of Aragon "ordered gold from the richest mines reserved for the Crown." The total sum of gold extracted during the first two decades in the Island
6144-741: The Pyrenees in Europe and Spanish Santo Domingo was to be ceded to France. This period called the Era de Francia , lasted until 1809 until being recaptured by the Dominican general Juan Sánchez Ramírez in the reconquest of Santo Domingo . The St. Thomas Aquinas University, today the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo , is the first institution of higher education in the Americas . It
6272-484: The Royal services to suppress their former buccaneer allies. In the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France. It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe. Intermittent clashes between French and Spanish colonists followed, even after the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick recognized the de facto occupations of France and Spain around
6400-550: The Spaniards to join with the Tainos and to return to Spain whenever they wished. Roldán was also reinstated as Mayor of La Isabela and, in March 1500, Roldán himself helped put down a rebellion led by Pedro Riquelme and Adrián de Mújica against Columbus. Roldan died in 1502, in a hurricane that occurred coinciding with Columbus's arrival in America on his fourth voyage to the Indies. That hurricane would also kill Francisco de Bobadilla,
6528-520: The Spanish re-captured the west side the island . In 1655 the west of Hispaniola was reoccupied by the English and French. In 1660 the English appointed a Frenchman as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island. In 1665, French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King Louis XIV . The French colony
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#17327729128046656-465: The Spanish later named Hispaniola . At the time, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey. These were ruled respectively by caciques (chiefs) Guacanagarix, Guarionex, Caonabo , Bohechío, and Cayacoa. On his first voyage the navigator Christopher Columbus, arrived in 1492 under the Spanish Crown as he landed on a large island in
6784-453: The applied force does not cause a severe subluxation of C2 on C3. In the absence of fracture and dislocation, occlusion of blood vessels becomes the major cause of death, rather than asphyxiation . Obstruction of venous drainage of the brain via occlusion of the internal jugular veins leads to cerebral oedema and then cerebral ischemia . The face will typically become engorged and cyanotic (turned blue through lack of oxygen). Compromise of
6912-670: The area enslaved people. More than half of those enslaved may have been born outside Louisiana , many in Africa , where various European nations established slave trading outposts and Kongo was ripped apart by civil wars. After the U.S. negotiated the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, both the Marquis de Lafayette and James Monroe declined to become the Territorial Governor. President Thomas Jefferson then turned to
7040-426: The best-known maroon settlement in Santo Domingo, was subjugated by the Spanish in 1666. In the 17th century, the French began occupying the unpopulated western third of Hispaniola. In 1625, French and English pirates arrived on the western side of the island. The pirates were attacked in 1629 by Spanish forces commanded by Don Fadrique de Toledo , who fortified the island, and expelled the French and English. In 1654,
7168-427: The border and pushed back the disheveled French forces before them. Although the Spanish and Dominican soldiers had been successful in the island during their battles against the French, such had not been the case in the European front, as Spain and Portugal lost the War of the Pyrenees , and on July 22, 1795, the French Republic and Spanish crown signed the Treaty of Basel . Frenchmen were to return to their side of
7296-428: The brigands." Slaves had spread word of the planned uprising among the slaves at plantations up and down the " German Coast ", along the Mississippi River . The revolt began on January 8 at the Andry plantation. After striking and badly wounding Manuel Andry, the enslaved men killed his son Gilbert. "An attempt was made to assassinate me by the stroke of an axe", Andry wrote. "My poor son has been ferociously murdered by
7424-435: The cerebral blood flow may occur by obstruction of the carotid arteries, even though their obstruction requires far more force than the obstruction of jugular veins, since they are seated deeper and they contain blood in much higher pressure compared to the jugular veins. When cerebral circulation is severely compromised by any mechanism, arterial or venous, death occurs over four or more minutes from cerebral hypoxia, although
7552-455: The city and held it for ransom. Drake's invasion signaled the decline of Spanish dominion over the Caribbean region, which was accentuated in the early 17th century by policies that resulted in the depopulation of most of the island outside of the capital. An expedition sent by Oliver Cromwell in 1655 attacked the city of Santo Domingo, but was defeated. The English troops withdrew and took the less guarded colony of Jamaica , instead. In 1697,
7680-496: The classic " hangman's fracture " (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra). The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a major factor in determining the mechanics of cervical spine injury, with a submental knot (hangman's knot under the chin) being the only location capable of producing the sudden, straightforward hyperextension injury that causes the classic "hangman's fracture". According to Historical and biomechanical aspects of hangman's fracture ,
7808-523: The colony's inhabitants or to foreign merchants doing business there. During this period, Spanish privateers from Santo Domingo sailed into enemy ports looking for ships to plunder, thus disrupting commerce between Spain's enemies in the Atlantic. As a result of these developments, Spanish privateers frequently sailed back into Santo Domingo with their holds filled with captured plunder which were sold in Hispaniola's ports, with profits accruing to individual sea raiders. The revenue acquired in these acts of piracy
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#17327729128047936-411: The colony, so the lack of Spanish females led to miscegenation , that drove the creation of a caste system , in which Spaniards were at the top, mixed-race people at middle, and Amerindians and black people at the bottom. In order to maintain their status and remain racially pure the caste system was enforced, because only pure whites were able to inherit majorats . As a result, Santo Domingo, like
8064-399: The complex also housed the Santo Domingo office of the Casa de Contratación , headquartered in Seville . Thus, the Atarazanas also served as the first customs and tax house of the New World. Management was contracted by the Crown to the powerful Welser banking family , which had a slave-trading empire. The Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand I and Isabella granted permission to the colonists of
8192-405: The conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being
8320-420: The country since 2000. Circa 2023, there have been some inmates on death row but their sentences have been commuted. Hanging is the only method of execution in Bangladesh , ever since its independence. Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. Some important national heroes like Tiradentes (1792) were killed by hanging. The last man executed in Brazil
8448-440: The culture, architecture, laws, and traditions of the Old World . The colony remained a military stronghold of the Spanish Empire for over a century, successfully defending against British, Dutch, and French expeditions into the region until the early 17th century. After pirates working for the French colonial empire took over part of the west coast, French settlers arrived and decades of armed conflict ensued. Spain finally ceded
8576-431: The diocese of Concepción (today in La Vega, Dominican Republic). In 1527 the diocese of Concepción de la Vega was abolished, leaving the entire island of Hispaniola under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Santo Domingo. It was elevated to Metropolitan Archdiocese on February 12, 1546, through the bull Super universas orbis ecclesiae of Pope Paul III, being its first archbishop Alonso de Fuenmayor. The Diocese of Puerto Rico,
8704-447: The eighteenth century. Dominicans constituted one of the many diverse units which fought under Bernardo de Gálvez during the conquest of British West Florida (1779–1781). Dominican privateers had already been active in the Guerra del Asiento decades prior, and they sharply reduced the amount of enemy trade operating in West Indian waters. The prizes they took were carried back to Santo Domingo, where their cargoes were sold to
8832-431: The execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired." A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: "The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight." The long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as
8960-459: The eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck. Prior to 1892, the drop was in the range of 4–10 ft (1.2–3.0 m), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J ), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae . This force resulted in some decapitations, such as
9088-464: The following steps take place: This method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia , where the "pole" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until 1954, when the prison hosting Czechoslovakia's executions, Pankrác Prison , constructed an indoor gallows that exclusively accommodated short-drop hangings to replace the pole method. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank , executed in 1946 in Prague ,
9216-499: The gallows stood. The last execution was in 1989, and the death penalty was abolished for all crimes in 1998. Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada and was in use as possible punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were reclassified into capital and non-capital offences. The death penalty was restricted to apply only for certain offences to the National Defence Act in 1976 and
9344-464: The globe. Periodic confrontations also continued despite a 1731 agreement that partially defined a border between the two colonies along the Massacre and Pedernales rivers. In 1777, the Treaty of Aranjuez established a definitive border between what Spain called Santo Domingo and what the French named Saint-Domingue, thus ending 150 years of local conflicts and imperial ambitions to extend control over
9472-485: The hanging to take place in public at the spot where the crime was committed, typically from a mobile telescoping crane which hoists the condemned high into the air. On 19 July 2005, two boys, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni , aged 15 and 17 respectively, who had been convicted of the rape of a 13-year-old boy, were hanged at Edalat (Justice) Square in Mashhad , on charges of homosexuality and rape . On 15 August 2004,
9600-434: The heart may continue to beat for some period after the brain can no longer be resuscitated. The time of death in such cases is a matter of convention. In judicial hangings, death is pronounced at cardiac arrest, which may occur at times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging
9728-432: The highest numbers of annual executions in the world. The method used is the short drop, which does not break the neck of the condemned, but rather causes a slower death due to strangulation. It is legal for murder, rape, and drug trafficking unless the criminal pays diyya to the victim's family, thus attaining their forgiveness (see Sharia ). If the presiding judge deems the case to be "causing public outrage", he can order
9856-581: The importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite, and initially convinced the Spanish king to allow them to elect the members of the Real Audiencia from their ranks. Diego Colón arrived in 1509, assuming the powers of Viceroy and admiral. In 1512, Ferdinand established a Real Audiencia with Juan Ortiz de Matienzo , Marcelo de Villalobos, and Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón appointed as judges of appeal. In 1514, Pedro Ibanez de Ibarra arrived with
9984-518: The infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J). The decapitation of Eva Dugan during
10112-507: The investigative judge who ordered Columbus' arrest in August 1500. Santo Domingo came to be known as the "Gateway to the New World" and the chief city and capital of all Spanish colonies in the Americas during the colonization era. Spanish Expeditions which led to Ponce de León 's colonization of Puerto Rico , Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 's colonization of Cuba , Hernán Cortés ' conquest of Mexico, and Vasco Núñez de Balboa 's discovery of
10240-509: The island had been high for those who had arrived, and the violent nature and competitive drive of the colonizers also created conflicts among them. In 1497, a colonial administrator Francisco Roldán rebelled against Columbus and established a rival regime in the island, recruiting half of the Spanish in 1498, and all the towns and fortresses had joined him except La Vega and La Isabella. Roldán also promised to exempt some Indians from paying tribute, which they did with gold they collected from
10368-480: The island, while most of the rural cattle ranchers remained, even though they lost their principal market. Nevertheless, the Spanish crown saw in the unrest an opportunity to seize all, or part, of the western region of the island in an alliance of convenience with the rebellious slaves. The Spanish governor of Santo Domingo purchased the allegiance of mulatto and black rebel leaders and their personal armies. In July 1793, Spanish forces, including former slaves, crossed
10496-592: The island. The House of Bourbon replaced the House of Habsburg in Spain in 1700 and introduced economic reforms that gradually began to revive trade in Santo Domingo. The crown progressively relaxed the rigid controls and restrictions on commerce between Spain and the colonies and among the colonies. The last flotas sailed in 1737; the monopoly port system was abolished shortly thereafter. Many Spaniards and Hispaniola-born Creoles also then became pirates and privateers. By
10624-400: The islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment. The change of requiring the encomendado to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labor or power. Hanging Hanging is killing a person by suspending them from the neck with
10752-433: The laborers in their community. The encomienda system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the conquistadors and settlers' acquisition of land with the intent of establishing new towns and populations. As initially defined, the encomendero and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. The encomiendas became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo,
10880-452: The level of the bay floor and covers any parts of wrecks that may remain. In 1496, his brother Bartholomew Columbus established the settlement of Santo Domingo de Guzmán on the southern coast, which became the new capital. An estimated 400,000 Tainos living on the island were soon enslaved to work in gold mines. By 1508, their numbers had decreased to around 60,000 because of forced labor, hunger, disease, and mass killings . By 1535, only
11008-696: The middle of the century, the population was bolstered by emigration from the Canary Islands , resettling the northern part of the colony and planting tobacco in the Cibao Valley , and importation of slaves was renewed. Santo Domingo's exports soared and the island's agricultural productivity rose, which was assisted by the involvement of Spain in the Seven Years' War , allowing privateers operating out of Santo Domingo to once again patrol surrounding waters for enemy merchantmen . Dominican pirates captured British, Dutch, French and Danish ships throughout
11136-474: The mixed-race Creole and French-speaking population grew markedly with refugees from Haiti (and their slaves) following the successful Haitian slave revolution . Claiborne was not used to a society with the number of free people of color that Louisiana had, but he worked to continue their role in the militia that had been established under Spanish rule. Long-term French Creole residents complained to Washington, D.C., about Claiborne and new U.S. settlers in
11264-401: The most benefited of those Spanish who emigrated to America because they received royal properties (such as cattle, lands, and slaves) and tax exemptions. These people achieved a privileged position, and most of them avoided mixing with natives or Africans. The Spanish of the highest rank who migrated to America in the sixteenth century was the noblewoman Doña María de Toledo , granddaughter of
11392-589: The mountains where they formed independent maroon communities in the south of the island, but the Admiral also had a lot of captured rebels hanged. Another rebel also fought back, the native Taino Enriquillo led a group who fled to the mountains and attacked the Spanish repeatedly for fourteen years. The Spanish ultimately offered him a peace treaty and gave Enriquillo and his followers their own city in 1534. By 1545, there were an estimated 7,000 maroons beyond Spanish control on Hispaniola. The Bahoruco Mountains in
11520-559: The new university was modeled after the University of Alcalá in the city of Henares, Spain. In this capacity it became a standard-bearer for the medieval ideology of the Spanish Conquest , and gained its royal charter in 1558. In this royal decree, the university was given the name University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino). The university was closed in 1801 under the French, but reopened in 1815 as
11648-515: The phrase in the usual execution order, "hanged by the neck until dead", was necessary. By the late 19th century that methodical study enabled authorities to routinely employ hanging in ways that would predictably kill the victim quickly. The side, or subaural knot, has been shown to produce other, more complex injuries, with one thoroughly studied case producing only ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine and bilateral vertebral artery disruptions, but no major vertebral fractures or crush injuries to
11776-727: The plantation of James Brown , Kook, one of the most active participants and key figures in the story of the uprising, joined the insurrection. At the next plantation down, Kook attacked and killed François Trépagnier with an axe. He was the second and last planter killed in the rebellion. After the band of slaves passed the LaBranche plantation , they stopped at the home of the local physician. Finding him gone, Kook set his house on fire. Captaincy General of Santo Domingo The Captaincy General of Santo Domingo ( Spanish : Capitanía General de Santo Domingo pronounced [kapitaˈni.a xeneˈɾal de ˈsanto ðoˈmiŋɡo] )
11904-421: The plantations after the fierce weeks of the sugar harvest and processing. As planter James Brown testified weeks later, "The black Quamana [Kwamena, meaning "born on Saturday"], owned by Mr. Brown, and the mulatto Harry, owned by Messrs. Kenner and Henderson , were at the home of Manuel Andry on the night of Saturday–Sunday of the current month in order to deliberate with the mulatto Charles Deslondes , chief of
12032-950: The planters' honesty and trustworthiness. Lastly, Claiborne suspected that the Spanish in nearby West Florida might encourage an insurrection. Thus, he struggled to establish and maintain his authority. In the overall Territory of Orleans , from 1803 to 1811, the free black population nearly tripled, to 5,000, with 3,000 arriving as migrants from Haiti (via Cuba) in 1809–1810. In Saint-Domingue they had enjoyed certain rights as gens de couleur , including owning slaves themselves. Furthermore, between 1790 and 1810, slave traders brought around 20,000 enslaved Africans to New Orleans. The masters and slaves were virtually all Catholic . The waterways and bayous around New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain made transportation and trade possible, but also provided easy escapes and nearly impenetrable hiding places for runaway slaves. Some maroon colonies continued for years within several miles of New Orleans. With
12160-402: The racial hierarchy and aiding intermixing , resulting in a population of predominantly mixed Spaniard, Taíno, and African descent. Except for the city of Santo Domingo, which managed to maintain some legal exports, Dominican ports were forced to rely on contraband trade, which, along with livestock, became the sole source of livelihood for the island dwellers. In 1586, Francis Drake captured
12288-520: The region meant that the Santo Domingo Audiencia was the principal political entity of this region during the colonial period . In 1501 Queen Isabella declared Native Americans as subjects to the crown, this implied that enslaving them was illegal except on very specific conditions. This would lead to the necessity of importing African slaves to the island in the years to come. Native chiefs were responsible for keeping track of
12416-537: The region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. Columbus promptly claimed the island for the Spanish Crown , naming it La Isla Española ("the Spanish Island"), later Latinized to Hispaniola . He established a settlement in the northern part of the island, which later came under attack by the people of the area. The native Taínos' egalitarian social system clashed with
12544-469: The rest of Hispanic America , became a pigmentocracy . The local-born whites were known as blancos de la tierra ("whites from the land"), in contrast to the blancos de Castilla , "whites from Castile ". Limpieza de sangre ( Spanish: [limˈpjeθa ðe ˈsaŋɡɾe] , meaning literally "cleanliness of blood") was very important in Mediæval Spain , and this system was replicated on
12672-470: The rivers, if they gave him their support, thus getting the help of some natives. Roldán took weapons from La Isabela and retired to Xaragua. When Christopher Columbus returned to America in 1498 on his third voyage, he began a pact with the rebels, which was signed in August 1499, where he agreed to allow the use of the indigenous people as personal service, and gave back pay for the last two years. Even to those who had not worked, he distributed land, authorized
12800-628: The south-west were their main area of concentration, although Africans had escaped to other areas of the island as well. By the 1540s, the Caribbean Sea had become overrun with European pirates from England, France, and the Netherlands. In 1541, Spain authorized the construction of Santo Domingo's fortified wall, and decided to restrict sea travel to enormous, well-armed convoys. In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola 's sugar industry, Havana , more strategically located in relation to
12928-518: The spinal cord. Death from a "hangman's fracture" occurs mainly when the applied force is severe enough to also cause a severe subluxation of the C2 and C3 vertebra that crushes the spinal cord and/or disrupts the vertebral arteries. Hangman's fractures from other hyperextension injuries (the most common being unrestrained motor vehicle accidents and falls or diving injuries where the face or chin suddenly strike an immovable object) are frequently survivable if
13056-603: The spread of ideas of freedom from the French and Haitian Revolutions , European Americans worried about slave uprisings , particularly in the Louisiana area. In 1805, they heard a traveling Frenchman was preaching about liberty, equality, and fraternity to the French-speaking slaves, and arrested him as dangerous. A group of enslaved plantation workers met on January 6, 1811. It was a period when work had relaxed on
13184-415: The territories occupied by Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by guillotine than hanging. The most commonly sentenced were partisans and black marketeers , whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods. There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged. Hanging
13312-403: The territory, and wanted no part of President Jefferson's plan to pay 30,000 Americans to move into the new territory and amalgamate with the residents. Thus, by 1805, a delegation led by Jean Noël Destréhan went to Washington to complain about the "oppressive and degrading" form of the territorial government, but President Madison continued to support Claiborne, who had expressed great doubts about
13440-456: The variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress. Long-drop hanging is still practised as the method of execution in a few countries, including Japan and Singapore. Hanging
13568-513: The western third of Hispaniola to France in the 1697 Peace of Ryswick , thus establishing the basis for the future nations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti . Prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus and the Spanish in 1492, the native Taíno people populated the island which they called Ayiti ("land of high mountains") or "Quisqueya" (from Quizqueia), meaning "great thing" or "big land" ("mother of all lands"), and which
13696-569: The widows of Jacques and Georges Deslondes. This was the home plantation of Charles Deslondes , a slave driver (an enslaved overseer of other slaves) later described by one of the captured slaves as the "principal chief of the brigands". Small groups of enslaved people joined from every plantation the rebels passed. Witnesses remarked on their organized march. They carried mostly pikes , hoes, and axes, but few firearms, and they marched to drums while some carried flags. Approximately 10–25% of any given plantation's enslaved population joined with them. At
13824-551: The year 1510, there were 10,000 Spaniards in the colony of Santo Domingo , and it rose to over 20,000 in 1520. However after the depleting of the gold mines, the island began to depopulate. This was followed by a limited Spanish migration toward Hispaniola, composed overwhelmingly by males. In order to counteract the depopulation and impoverishment of the colony, the Spanish Monarchy allowed the importation of African slaves to hew sugar cane . Families stopped migrating to
13952-474: Was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed by the pole hanging method in Czechoslovakia. The standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton . Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin. It was considered
14080-576: Was away, the garrison manning the fort was wracked by divisions that evolved into conflict. The more rapacious men began to terrorize the Taíno, the Ciguayos , and the Macorix people . The powerful Cacique Caonabo of the Maguana Chiefdom attacked the Europeans and destroyed La Navidad. In 1493, Columbus returned to the island on his second voyage and established the first Spanish colony in
14208-602: Was completely abolished in 1998. The last hangings in Canada took place on 11 December 1962. In 1955, Egypt hanged three Israelis on charges of spying. In 1982 Egypt hanged three civilians convicted of the assassination of Anwar Sadat . In 2004, Egypt hanged five militants on charges of trying to kill the Prime Minister. To this day, hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment in Egypt, which executes more people each year than any other African country. In
14336-620: Was continued in post-war Germany in the British and US Occupation Zones under their jurisdiction, and for Nazi war criminals, until well after (western) Germany itself had abolished the death penalty by the German constitution as adopted in 1949. West Berlin was not subject to the Grundgesetz ( Basic Law ) and abolished the death penalty in 1951. The German Democratic Republic abolished the death penalty in 1987. The last execution ordered by
14464-623: Was convicted over his involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings by Special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities court on 27 July 2007. His appeals and petitions for clemency were all rejected and he was finally executed by hanging on 30 July 2015 in Nagpur jail. In March 2020, four prisoners convicted of rape and murder were executed by hanging in Tihar Jail. Death by hanging is the primary means of capital punishment in Iran, which carries out one of
14592-593: Was estimated at 30,000 kilos, an amount greater than the totality of production in Europe in those years and above the total gold collected by the Portuguese in Africa. The colony's Spanish leadership changed several times, when Columbus departed on another exploration, Francisco de Bobadilla became governor. Settlers' allegations of mismanagement by Columbus helped create a tumultuous political situation. In 1502, Nicolás de Ovando replaced de Bobadilla as governor, it
14720-615: Was founded by papal bull in 1538 in Santo Domingo . The headquarters of the university was the Church and Convent of los Dominicos . Founded during the reign of Charles I of Spain , it was originally a seminary operated by Catholic monks of the Dominican Order . Later, the institution received a university charter by Pope Paul III 's papal bull In Apostulatus Culmine , dated October 28, 1538. In its structure and purpose
14848-489: Was given the name Saint-Domingue . By 1670 a Welsh privateer named Henry Morgan invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. They were hired by the French as a striking force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates never really controlled the island and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout. The capital of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue
14976-562: Was he who dealt most brutally with the Taíno people. In June 1502, Santo Domingo was destroyed by a major hurricane, and the new Governor Nicolás de Ovando had it rebuilt on a different site on the other side of the Ozama River . In 1503 the Hospital San Nicolás de Bari , first hospital in the Americas, begins construction at the behest of governor (and namesake of the hospital) Nicolás de Ovando . This grand project
15104-548: Was in keeping with the desire to emulate European princely courts, and looked to Renaissance Italy for inspiration. At the time of its completion, the wards could accommodate up to 70 patients, comparable to the most advanced churches of Rome. In 1509, the Atarazanas Reales (Royal Shipyards), a waterside building that housed the shipyards, warehouses, customs house and tax offices in the port of Santo Domingo, began construction. In addition to serving as warehouses,
15232-481: Was invested in the economic expansion of the colony and led to repopulation from Europe. The enslaved population of the colony also rose dramatically, as numerous captive Africans were taken from enemy slave ships in West Indian waters. The author of Idea del valor de la Isla Española emphasized the activities of Dominican privateer Lorenzo Daniel (also known as Lorencín Daniel), and noted that in his career as
15360-457: Was later publicly exonerated by Hungary. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1990. Hanging was introduced by the British. All executions in India since independence have been carried out by hanging, although the law provides for military executions to be carried out by firing squad. In 1949, Nathuram Godse , who had been sentenced to death for the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi ,
15488-402: Was mixed with that of Taínos, Africans, and Canary Guanches, proclaimed: 'It does not matter if the French are richer than us, we are still the true inheritors of this island. In our veins runs the blood of the heroic conquistadores who won this island of ours with sword and blood.'. With the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution , the rich urban families linked to the colonial bureaucracy left
15616-472: Was moved from Tortuga to Port-de-Paix on the mainland of Hispaniola in 1676. In 1680, new Acts of Parliament forbade sailing under foreign flags (in opposition to former practice). This was a major legal blow to the Caribbean pirates. Settlements were made in the Treaty of Ratisbon of 1684, signed by the European powers, that put an end to piracy. Most of the pirates after this time were hired out into
15744-484: Was still a part of the British Empire, it had hanging as the method of execution. The last person who was executed was a Chinese Vietnamese man who attacked a security guard and another person. This was in 1966. The prime minister of Hungary, during the 1956 Revolution , Imre Nagy , was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and buried unceremoniously by the new Soviet -backed Hungarian government, in 1958. Nagy
15872-411: Was suspended along with capital punishment on 10 June 2003, when a coalition led by the United States invaded and overthrew the previous regime. The death penalty was reinstated on 8 August 2004. In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on 9 March 2006, an official of Iraq's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed
16000-589: Was the first Capitancy in the New World , established by Spain in 1492 on the island of Hispaniola . The Capitancy, under the jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo , was granted administrative powers over the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and most of its mainland coasts, making Santo Domingo the principal political entity of the early colonial period. Due to its strategic location,
16128-468: Was the first person to be executed by hanging in independent India. The Supreme Court of India has suggested that capital punishment should be given only in the "rarest of rare cases". Since 2001, eight people have been executed in India. Dhananjoy Chatterjee , the 1991 rapist and murderer was executed on 14 August 2004 in Alipore Jail , Kolkata. Ajmal Kasab , the lone surviving terrorist of
16256-563: Was the hanging of Ronald Ryan on 3 February 1967, in Victoria . During the 19th century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included burglary , sheep theft, forgery , sexual assaults , murder and manslaughter . During the 19th century, there were roughly eighty people hanged every year throughout the Australian colonies for these crimes. Bahamas employs hanging to execute the condemned but no executions have been conducted in
16384-529: Was the slave Francisco , in 1876. The death penalty was abolished for all crimes, except for those committed under extraordinary circumstances such as war or military law, in 1890. Bulgaria's national hero, Vasil Levski , was executed by hanging by the Ottoman court in Sofia in 1873. Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands come with flowers on the date of his death, 19 February, to his monument where
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