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Lockdown Files

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141-656: The Lockdown Files are a series of articles in The Daily Telegraph containing evidence, analysis, speculation, and opinion relating to more than 100,000 WhatsApp messages obtained from former health secretary Matt Hancock that were leaked to them. The material, relating to the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom , was given to The Telegraph by Isabel Oakeshott , who had worked with Hancock on his book Pandemic Diaries . Oakeshott said that

282-570: A Telegraph journalists' reunion at the Garrick and was seen to leave the club with Moore the same evening. In June 2023, The Guardian and other newspapers reported that, following a breakdown in discussions relating to a financial dispute, Lloyds Bank was planning to take control of the companies owning the Telegraph titles and the Spectator and sell them off. Representatives of

423-462: A Telegraph podcast, "Planet Normal", as evidence of this agenda. Ian Dunt , in the I newspaper, argued that Oakeshott was pursuing an anti-lockdown agenda and had violated a journalistic moral principle by releasing information about her source when hired by Hancock to work on his book. Addressing the question of profession ethics of the release, David Banks writes in The Guardian , that

564-912: A population and the threats it faces is the basis for public health. The public can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city; in the case of a pandemic it may encompass several continents. The concept of health takes into account physical, psychological , and social well-being , among other factors. Public health is an interdisciplinary field. For example, epidemiology , biostatistics , social sciences and management of health services are all relevant. Other important sub-fields include environmental health , community health , behavioral health , health economics , public policy , mental health , health education , health politics , occupational safety , disability , oral health , gender issues in health, and sexual and reproductive health . Public health, together with primary care , secondary care, and tertiary care ,

705-565: A "hub and spoke" layout for the newsroom to produce content for print and online editions. In October 2006, with its relocation to Victoria, the company was renamed the Telegraph Media Group, repositioning itself as a multimedia company. On 2 September 2008, the Daily Telegraph was printed with colour on each page for the first time when it left Westferry for Newsprinters at Broxbourne , Hertfordshire, another arm of

846-460: A basic level of medical care and disease prevention. A major public health concern in developing countries is poor maternal and child health , exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty coupled with governments' reluctance in implementing public health policies. Developed nations are at greater risk of certain public health crises, including childhood obesity, although overweight populations in low- and middle-income countries are catching up. From

987-620: A basic level of medical care and disease prevention. As a result, a large majority of disease and mortality in developing countries results from and contributes to extreme poverty . For example, many African governments spend less than $ 100 USD per person per year on health care, while, in the United States, the federal government spent approximately $ 10,600 USD per capita in 2019. However, expenditures on health care should not be confused with spending on public health. Public health measures may not generally be considered "health care" in

1128-502: A circulation of 270,000 in 1856, and 240,000 in 1863. It had a circulation of 1,393,094 in 1968, and 1,358,875 in 1978. It had a circulation of 1,439,000 in 1980, and 1,235,000 in 1984. It had a circulation of 1,133,173 in 1988. The paper had a circulation of 363,183 in December 2018, not including bulk sales. It descended further until it withdrew from newspaper circulation audits in 2020. The bulk of its readership has moved online;

1269-410: A component of preventive medicine and public health. It is implemented as part of primary care rather than a specialty in its own right. Valles argues that the term social medicine has a narrower and more biomedical focus than the term population health. The purpose of a public health intervention is to prevent and mitigate diseases, injuries , and other health conditions. The overall goal

1410-441: A country's overall health care system. Many interventions of public health interest are delivered outside of health facilities , such as food safety surveillance, distribution of condoms and needle-exchange programs for the prevention of transmissible diseases. Public health requires Geographic Information Systems (GIS) because risk, vulnerability and exposure involve geographic aspects. A dilemma in public health ethics

1551-668: A form of "health fascism" by a number of scholars, objectifying the individual with no considerations of emotional or social factors. When public health initiatives began to emerge in England in modern times (18th century onwards) there were three core strands of public health which were all related to statecraft: Supply of clean water and sanitation (for example London sewerage system ); control of infectious diseases (including vaccination and quarantine ); an evolving infrastructure of various sciences, e.g. statistics, microbiology, epidemiology, sciences of engineering. Great Britain

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1692-568: A former MP and minister who resigned after it was found that he had breached advocacy rules to lobby ministers for fees. A plan to overhaul the Commons standard and spare Paterson from being suspended and a possible recall petition that follows was leaked to the newspaper and it was "approvingly" splashed across the paper's front page. Boris Johnson flew back from the COP 26 summit in Glasgow to attend

1833-499: A handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city. The concept of health takes into account physical, psychological , and social well-being . As such, according to the World Health Organization , "health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". Public health is related to global health which is the health of populations in

1974-610: A letter sent to Hussain's lawyers accompanying the text of their published apology, the newspaper's lawyers wrote: "The article was published by our client following receipt of information in good faith from the Scout Association and the Henry Jackson Society ; nevertheless our client now accepts that the article (using that expression to refer to both print and online versions) is defamatory of your client and will apologise to him for publishing it." In 2016,

2115-575: A local lockdown in Leicester, Jamie Njoku-Goodwin commented that the rumours were not unhelpful since a fear of a local lockdown would encourage individuals to be responsible. The Telegraph reported that alpha variant was implicated as a cause for higher cases in Kent on December 10, 2020, following a 48-hour rapid investigation. They reported that the variant had been sequenced in September and that

2256-463: A million avoidable child deaths each year. Intermittent preventive therapy aimed at treating and preventing malaria episodes among pregnant women and young children is one public health measure in endemic countries. Since the 1980s, the growing field of population health has broadened the focus of public health from individual behaviors and risk factors to population-level issues such as inequality , poverty, and education. Modern public health

2397-493: A mini-ice age by 2030. Climate change denying journalist James Delingpole was first to use " Climategate " on his Telegraph blog for a manufactured controversy where emails were leaked from climate scientists ahead of the Copenhagen climate summit and misleadingly presented to give the appearance that the climate scientists were engaged in fraud. In 2014, The Telegraph was one of several media titles to give evidence to

2538-486: A person infected with COVID-19. The Telegraph reported that Hancock disagreed with this policy because it appeared like a loosening of rules and would suggest that the government had been wrong. When interviewed about the matter on GB News , Conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg said that the matter was not briefed to the Cabinet , and that had he known he would have opposed the measures. Hancock instructed an aide to contact

2679-539: A public interest intervention notice on 30 November, preventing the group from taking over without further scrutiny from the media regulator Ofcom over potential breaches of media standards. Conservative MPs also called on Deputy Prime Minister Oliver Dowden to use the National Security and Investment Act 2021 to investigate the Emirati-backed bid. Chairman Andrew Neil threatened to quit if

2820-551: A remarkable glimpse into how Hancock and his team conducted themselves in office and that Oakeshott had done a public service by bringing to our attention the low standard of governance during the pandemic. Sonia Sodha , in the Guardian , argued that there needs to rapid reviews of decision making during COVID-19 due to the length of the Covid-19 Inquiry. She said that the Telegraph's narrative could mask discussion of

2961-537: A report was created into what was known during this period delivered as "advice to ministers" to avoid freedom of information requests. In December 2020 Hancock and his media advisor Damon Poole discuss when to "deploy" information about a new variant and its likely effect on the right-wing press, behaviour change among the public, and London mayor Sadiq Khan. In January 2021, secretary to the prime minister, Simon Case , said that fear and guilt were vital factor in messaging. The introduction of face masks in schools during

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3102-407: A review of research on what local authorities can do to tackle obesity. The review covers interventions in the food environment (what people buy and eat), the built and natural environments , schools, and the community, as well as those focussing on active travel , leisure services and public sports, weight management programmes , and system-wide approaches . Health inequalities, driven by

3243-509: A series of publications on this topic in the late 1980s and early 1990s criticizing the UK's the Health of The Nation campaign. These publications exposed abuse of epidemiology and statistics by the public health movement to support lifestyle interventions and screening programs. A combination of inculcating a fear of ill-health and a strong notion of individual responsibility has been criticized as

3384-496: A significant increase after World War II as concerns over the spread of disease as a result of globalization increased and the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa surfaced. From 1990 to 2010, total health aid from developed countries increased from 5.5 billion to 26.87 billion with wealthy countries continuously donating billions of dollars every year with the goal of improving population health. Some efforts, however, receive

3525-475: A significantly larger proportion of funds such as HIV which received an increase in funds of over $ 6 billion between 2000 and 2010 which was more than twice the increase seen in any other sector during those years. Health aid has seen an expansion through multiple channels including private philanthropy, non-governmental organizations , private foundations such as the Rockefeller Foundation or

3666-501: A war correspondent of The Daily Telegraph , named Harry Blount—who is depicted as an exceptionally dedicated, resourceful and brave journalist, taking great personal risks to follow closely the ongoing war and bring accurate news of it to The Telegraph ' s readership, ahead of competing papers. In 1908, The Daily Telegraph printed an article in the form of an interview with Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany that damaged Anglo-German relations and added to international tensions in

3807-503: A week for the paper since late October 2005 and is a regular contributor to the news podcast. In November 2005, the first regular podcast service by a newspaper in the UK was launched. Just before Christmas 2005, it was announced that The Telegraph titles would be moving from Canada Place in Canary Wharf , to new offices at Victoria Plaza at 111 Buckingham Palace Road near Victoria Station in central London. The new office features

3948-531: Is a fundamental part of population health. Scholars such as Coggon and Pielke express concerns about bringing general issues of wealth distribution into population health. Pielke worries about "stealth issue advocacy" in population health. Jung, Boris and Lushniak consider population health to be a concept that is the goal of an activity called public health practiced through the specialty preventive medicine. Lifestyle medicine uses individual lifestyle modification to prevent or revert disease and can be considered

4089-503: Is considered a newspaper of record in the UK. The paper's motto, "Was, is, and will be", was included in its emblem which was used for over a century starting in 1858. In 2013, The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph , which started in 1961, were merged, although the latter retains its own editor. It is politically conservative and supports the Conservative Party . It was politically moderately liberal before

4230-409: Is dealing with the conflict between individual rights and maximizing right to health . Public health is justified by consequentialist utilitarian ideas, but is constrained and critiqued by liberal , deontological , principlist and libertarian philosophies Stephen Holland argues that it can be easy to find a particular framework to justify any viewpoint on public health issues, but that

4371-451: Is due to the activation of an evolved reward system for substances such as drugs, tobacco, alcohol , refined salt , fat , and carbohydrates . New technologies such as modern transportation also cause reduced physical activity . Research has found that behavior is more effectively changed by taking evolutionary motivations into consideration instead of only presenting information about health effects. The marketing industry has long known

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4512-465: Is limited. Public health programs providing vaccinations have made major progress in promoting health, including substantially reducing the occurrence of cholera and polio and eradicating smallpox , diseases that have plagued humanity for thousands of years. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies core functions of public health programs including: In particular, public health surveillance programs can: The "Truth" campaign, launched by

4653-434: Is often concerned with addressing determinants of health across a population. There is a recognition that health is affected by many factors including class, race, income, educational status, region of residence, and social relationships ; these are known as " social determinants of health ". The upstream drivers such as environment, education, employment, income, food security, housing, social inclusion and many others effect

4794-529: Is one of Europe's most labor-intensive industries. In late 2020, it accounted for more than 21 million employment in the European Union when combined with social work. According to the WHO , several countries began the COVID-19 pandemic with insufficient health and care professionals, inappropriate skill mixtures, and unequal geographical distributions. These issues were worsened by the pandemic, reiterating

4935-530: Is part of a country's overall healthcare system. Public health is implemented through the surveillance of cases and health indicators , and through the promotion of healthy behaviors . Common public health initiatives include promotion of hand-washing and breastfeeding , delivery of vaccinations , promoting ventilation and improved air quality both indoors and outdoors , suicide prevention , smoking cessation , obesity education , increasing healthcare accessibility and distribution of condoms to control

5076-487: Is poor maternal and child health, exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty. The WHO reports that a lack of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life contributes to over a million avoidable child deaths each year. Public health surveillance has led to the identification and prioritization of many public health issues facing the world today, including HIV/AIDS , diabetes , waterborne diseases , zoonotic diseases , and antibiotic resistance leading to

5217-522: Is related to public health. The American Board of Preventive Medicine separates three categories of preventive medicine: aerospace health, occupational health , and public health and general preventative medicine. Jung, Boris and Lushniak argue that preventive medicine should be considered the medical specialty for public health but note that the American College of Preventive Medicine and American Board of Preventive Medicine do not prominently use

5358-540: Is the control of tobacco smoking . Many nations have implemented major initiatives to cut smoking, such as increased taxation and bans on smoking in some or all public places. Supporters argue by presenting evidence that smoking is one of the major killers, and that therefore governments have a duty to reduce the death rate, both through limiting passive (second-hand) smoking and by providing fewer opportunities for people to smoke. Opponents say that this undermines individual freedom and personal responsibility, and worry that

5499-1515: Is to improve the health of individuals and populations, and to increase life expectancy . Public health is a complex term, composed of many elements and different practices. It is a multi-faceted, interdisciplinary field. For example, epidemiology , biostatistics , social sciences and management of health services are all relevant. Other important sub-fields include environmental health , community health , behavioral health , health economics , public policy , mental health , health education , health politics , occupational safety , disability , gender issues in health, and sexual and reproductive health . Modern public health practice requires multidisciplinary teams of public health workers and professionals. Teams might include epidemiologists , biostatisticians , physician assistants , public health nurses , midwives , medical microbiologists , pharmacists , economists , sociologists , geneticists , data managers , environmental health officers ( public health inspectors ), bioethicists , gender experts, sexual and reproductive health specialists, physicians , and veterinarians . The elements and priorities of public health have evolved over time, and are continuing to evolve. Common public health initiatives include promotion of hand-washing and breastfeeding , delivery of vaccinations , suicide prevention , smoking cessation , obesity education , increasing healthcare accessibility and distribution of condoms to control

5640-739: The Chicago Sun-Times , the Jerusalem Post and The Spectator . On 18 January 2004, Black was dismissed as chairman of the Hollinger International board over allegations of financial wrongdoing. Black was also sued by the company. Later that day, it was reported that the Barclay brothers had agreed to purchase Black's 78% interest in Hollinger Inc. for £ 245m, giving them a controlling interest in

5781-522: The Daily News and The Morning Post , to expand the size of the overall market. Levy appointed his son, Edward Levy-Lawson, Lord Burnham , and Thornton Leigh Hunt to edit the newspaper. Lord Burnham relaunched the paper as The Daily Telegraph , with the slogan "the largest, best, and cheapest newspaper in the world". Hunt laid out the newspaper's principles in a memorandum sent to Levy: "We should report all striking events in science, so told that

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5922-450: The 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , it endorsed voting to leave the EU. Public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the determinants of health of

6063-514: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , bilateral donors, and multilateral donors such as the World Bank or UNICEF . The result has been a sharp rise in uncoordinated and fragmented funding of an ever-increasing number of initiatives and projects. To promote better strategic cooperation and coordination between partners, particularly among bilateral development agencies and funding organizations,

6204-563: The Daily Telegraph and the Sunday Telegraph have been criticised by Guardian columnist Owen Jones for publishing and authoring articles which espouse Cultural Marxism, an antisemitic conspiracy theory . In 2018, Allister Heath , the editor of the Sunday Telegraph wrote that "Cultural Marxism is running rampant." Assistant comment editor of the Daily Telegraph Sherelle Jacobs also used

6345-471: The Daily Telegraph , Peter Oborne , resigned. Oborne accused the paper of a "form of fraud on its readers" for its coverage of the bank HSBC in relation to a Swiss tax-dodging scandal that was widely covered by other news media. He alleged that editorial decisions about news content had been heavily influenced by the advertising arm of the newspaper because of commercial interests. Jay Rosen at New York University stated that Oborne's resignation statement

6486-717: The Editors Code of Practice places a moral responsibility on journalists to not disclose confidential sources, but notes that this rule tends to be more applied to people who fear being identified such as whistleblowers . Writing in The Spectator , Fraser Nelson argued that the British public had a right to know about the information in the Lockdown Files. In the Telegraph , Julia Hartley-Brewer argued that "no journalist worth their salt" could disagree with

6627-824: The Financial Times reported that the Barclay Brothers were about to put the Telegraph Media Group up for sale. The Financial Times also reported that the Daily Mail and General Trust (owner of the Daily Mail , The Mail on Sunday , Metro and Ireland on Sunday ) would be interested in buying. The Daily Telegraph supported Liz Truss in the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election . In July 2023, it

6768-595: The Hong Kong Free Press reported that The Daily Telegraph was receiving £750,000 annually to carry a supplement called 'China Watch' as part of a commercial deal with Chinese state-run newspaper China Daily . The Guardian reported in 2018 that the China Watch supplement was being carried by The Telegraph along with other newspapers of record such as The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal and Le Figaro . The Telegraph published

6909-480: The House of Commons Select Committee 'Communicating climate science'. The paper told MPs they believe climate change is happening and humans play a role in it. Editors told the committee, "we believe that the climate is changing, that the reason for that change includes human activity, but that human ingenuity and adaptability should not be ignored in favour of economically damaging prescriptions." In November 2023,

7050-526: The Independent Press Standards Organisation , ordered The Daily Telegraph to publish a correction to two "significantly misleading" claims in a comment article published by Toby Young . The July 2020 article "When we have herd immunity Boris will face a reckoning on this pointless and damaging lockdown," which spread COVID-19 misinformation that the common cold provided "natural immunity" to COVID-19 and that London

7191-530: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and the World Health Organization has shown a link between international health aid in developing countries and a reduction in adult mortality rates. However, a 2014–2016 study suggests that a potential confounding variable for this outcome is the possibility that aid was directed at countries once they were already on track for improvement. That same study, however, also suggests that 1 billion dollars in health aid

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7332-692: The Murdoch company. The paper is also printed in Liverpool and Glasgow by Newsprinters. In May 2009, the daily and Sunday editions published details of MPs' expenses . This led to a number of high-profile resignations from both the ruling Labour administration and the Conservative opposition. In June 2014, The Telegraph was criticised by Private Eye for its policy of replacing experienced journalists and news managers with less-experienced staff and search engine optimisers . On 26 October 2019,

7473-710: The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) spearheaded the establishment of ESSENCE, an initiative to facilitate dialogue between donors/funders, allowing them to identify synergies. ESSENCE brings together a wide range of funding agencies to coordinate funding efforts. In 2009 health aid from the OECD amounted to $ 12.47 billion which amounted to 11.4% of its total bilateral aid. In 2009, Multilateral donors were found to spend 15.3% of their total aid on bettering public healthcare. Debates exist questioning

7614-472: The Telegraph called Oborne's statement an "astonishing and unfounded attack, full of inaccuracy and innuendo". Later that month, Telegraph editor Chris Evans invited journalists at the newspaper to contribute their thoughts on the issue. Press Gazette reported later in 2015 that Oborne had joined the Daily Mail tabloid newspaper and The Telegraph had "issued new guidelines over the way editorial and commercial staff work together". In January 2017,

7755-419: The Telegraph , noting: "On 10 May last year The Telegraph ran a long feature on Cunard's Queen Mary II liner on the news review page. This episode looked to many like a plug for an advertiser on a page normally dedicated to serious news analysis. I again checked and certainly Telegraph competitors did not view Cunard's liner as a major news story. Cunard is an important Telegraph advertiser." In response,

7896-695: The United Arab Emirates and owned by Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan . The bid would see the firm take over The Telegraph , while allowing the Barclay family to repay a debt of £1.2 billion to Lloyds Bank. Conservative MPs raised national security concerns, and pushed the government to investigate the bid, as the United Arab Emirates had a poor reputation for freedom of speech . Culture secretary Lucy Frazer issued

8037-582: The United Nations hosting its first General Assembly Special Summit on the issue of non-communicable diseases in September 2011. There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between developed countries and developing countries , as well as within developing countries. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained health workers , monetary resources or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even

8178-502: The local lockdown tiers legislation in November 2020. The Telegraph reported that as part of trying to stop MPs from rebelling the whips compiled a spreadsheet of 95 MPs who disagreed with this policy and the reasons for disagreeing with reasons given related to lack of parliamentary scrutinny, economic harm, harms to hospital, absence of cost benefit analysis and the policy being "unconservative". MP Jake Berry , when interviewed about

8319-407: The public interest case for the release of these files, suggesting that those criticising the release were motivated by their support for lockdown policies and that such releases were necessitated by journalists who failed to apply sufficient scrutiny to the decision-making and scientific discourse during the lockdown. Andy Cowper, an editor at The British Medical Journal , said that the stories give

8460-726: The "house newspaper" of the Conservatives in the future. In an interview with The Guardian , he said: "Where the government are right we shall support them." The editorial board endorsed the Conservative Party in the 2005 general election. During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , the paper supported the Better Together 'No' Campaign. Alex Salmond , the former leader of the SNP, called The Telegraph "extreme" on Question Time in September 2015. In

8601-599: The American Legacy Foundation in 2000. This campaign aimed to educate and discourage young people from smoking by exposing the tobacco industry's deceptive practices. Through a combination of powerful visuals, persuasive storytelling, and relatable messaging, the "Truth" campaign successfully reduced smoking rates among teenagers and young adults. Many health problems are due to maladaptive personal behaviors. From an evolutionary psychology perspective, over consumption of novel substances that are harmful

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8742-414: The Barclay family have described the reports as "irresponsible". By 20 October, a sale of the publications had been initiated after bankers seized control. Lloyds appointed receivers and started shopping the brands to bidders. By November, it was revealed that the bid had been agreed upon by RedBird IMI, a joint venture between RedBird Capital Partners and International Media Investments, a firm based in

8883-617: The COVID-19 inquiry. The Telegraph reported that 100 care homes said that they did not want COVID-19 tests when offered, including 10 that were worried that the tests would detect staff who had asymptomatic infections. Public health academic, Devi Sridar, writing in The Guardian contrasts her work based on data with Hancock's that she says appears to be based on politics, citing care home decision-making as an example. The Telegraph reported that Hancock's book, Pandemic Diaries ,

9024-545: The COVID-19 pandemic took place after then-prime minister Boris Johnson was told it was "not worth an argument" with the then- First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon , who had implemented the policy, despite then- chief medical officer saying there were no very strong reasons to implement masking. The Telegraph reported that in November 2020, Chris Whitty and other government advisors were in favour of trialing five days of COVID testing as an alternative to 14-days of self-isolation for those who had come into contact with

9165-584: The England football manager Sam Allardyce , and the Lockdown Files in 2023. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army , Prince George, Duke of Cambridge . Joseph Moses Levy , the owner of The Sunday Times , agreed to print the newspaper, and the first edition

9306-543: The Government's COVID policy and decision to close Public Health England . Messages reported about in the Lockdown Files include those by: People mentioned in messages Jonn Elledge in the New Statesman said that the initial revelations were unsurprising but confirmed what most people would suspect. He comments that readers should be appalled by aspects of governance revealed by the Lockdown Files such as

9447-590: The Home Office to ask them to investigate if Nigel Farage had violated travel quarantine rules in response to a news story showing Farage at a pub in July 2020. The Telegraph said that messages show Ministers and civil servants discussing "[getting] heavy with the police" to enforce lockdown measures with senior police officers being brought into Number 10 to be told to be stricter with the public. The Telegraph reported that in messages Hancock had said that one of

9588-481: The Lockdown Files will be a very useful source for historians comparing them to diaries. He said future who will probably kill a kinder assessment of the government. The material was reported in French newspaper, Les Echos , and German newspaper, Der Tagesspiegel . The Wall Street Journal said that the story revealed how easily emergency powers to protect people's health could bleed into personal ambition for

9729-581: The Lords voted in a new law, under which restrictions were imposed on foreign governments regarding the ownership of British newspapers and magazines, including only being allowed up to a 0.1 per cent stake. In April 2024, the UK government effectively banned RedBird IMI from taking over The Telegraph and The Spectator by introducing new laws which prevented foreign governments from owning British newspapers. RedBird also confirmed it would withdraw its takeover plans, saying they were "no longer feasible". It had

9870-788: The Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office, and Rex Leeper , the Foreign Office's Press Secretary. As a result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5 . In 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworth 's scoop that Germany was to invade Poland . In November 1940, Fleet Street, with its close proximity to the river and docklands, was subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe and The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House (now The Printworks entertainment venue), which

10011-434: The Telegraph Media Group had a higher number of upheld complaints than any other UK newspaper by its regulator IPSO . Most of these findings pertained to inaccuracy, as with other UK newspapers. In October 2017, a number of major western news organisations whose coverage had irked Beijing were excluded from Xi Jinping 's speech event launching a new politburo. However, the Daily Telegraph had been granted an invitation to

10152-456: The Telegraph Media Group reported a subscription number of 1,035,710 for December 2023, composed of 117,586 for its print edition, 688,012 for its digital version and 230,112 for other subscriptions. The Daily Telegraph supported Whig, and moderate liberal ideas, before the late 1870s. The Daily Telegraph is politically conservative and has endorsed the Conservative Party at every UK general election since 1945. The personal links between

10293-452: The age of five were overweight in 2014. Once considered a problem in high-income countries, it is now on the rise in low-income countries, especially in urban settings. Many public health programs are increasingly dedicating attention and resources to the issue of obesity, with objectives to address the underlying causes including healthy diet and physical exercise . The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) has published

10434-549: The attitude revealed of the prime minister, ministers and surrounding media culture but that in light of previous government policies it is unsurprising. Writing in The Guardian , Zoe Williams said that the Lockdown Files are not the way to hold the Government to account, arguing that questions about funds were more important than the Telegraph 's interest in the trade offs of lockdown, or whether Hancock broke lockdown rules. Andrew Roberts in The Spectator , said that

10575-405: The authors opined that "The fact that type 2 diabetes, a largely preventable disorder, has reached epidemic proportion is a public health humiliation." The risk of type 2 diabetes is closely linked with the growing problem of obesity . The WHO's latest estimates as of June 2016 highlighted that globally approximately 1.9 billion adults were overweight in 2014, and 41 million children under

10716-422: The beginnings of human civilization , communities promoted health and fought disease at the population level. In complex , pre-industrialized societies , interventions designed to reduce health risks could be the initiative of different stakeholders, such as army generals, the clergy or rulers. Great Britain became a leader in the development of public health initiatives, beginning in the 19th century, due to

10857-426: The build-up to World War I . In 1928, the son of Baron Burnham, Harry Lawson Webster Levy-Lawson, 2nd Baron Burnham , sold the paper to William Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose , in partnership with his brother Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley and Edward Iliffe, 1st Baron Iliffe . In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post , which traditionally espoused a conservative position and sold predominantly amongst

10998-489: The company saw the launch of sister paper The Sunday Telegraph in 1960. Canadian businessman Conrad Black , through companies controlled by him, bought the Telegraph Group in 1986. Black, through his holding company Ravelston Corporation , owned 78% of Hollinger Inc. which in turn owned 30% of Hollinger International . Hollinger International in turn owned the Telegraph Group and other publications such as

11139-568: The company, and to buy out the minority shareholders later. However, a lawsuit was filed by the Hollinger International board to try to block Black from selling his shares in Hollinger Inc. until an investigation into his dealings was completed. Black filed a countersuit but, eventually, United States judge Leo Strine sided with the Hollinger International board and blocked Black from selling his Hollinger Inc. shares to

11280-458: The correct approach is to find a framework that best describes a situation and see what it implies about public health policy. The definition of health is vague and there are many conceptualizations. Public health practitioners definition of health can different markedly from members of the public or clinicians . This can mean that members of the public view the values behind public health interventions as alien which can cause resentment amongst

11421-419: The distribution of health between and within populations and are often shaped by policy. A social gradient in health runs through society. The poorest generally have the worst health, but even the middle classes will generally have worse health outcomes than those of a higher social level. The new public health advocates for population-based policies that improve health in an equitable manner. The health sector

11562-598: The downing of the passenger jet Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 . These had featured on its website as part of a commercial deal, but were later removed. As of 2014, the paper was paid £900,000 a year to include the supplement Russia Beyond the Headlines , a publication sponsored by the Rossiyskaya Gazeta , the Russian government's official newspaper. In February 2015, the chief political commentator of

11703-404: The effects of chronic diseases as life expectancy increases, the poorer communities being heavily affected by both chronic and infectious diseases. Another major public health concern in the developing world is poor maternal and child health, exacerbated by malnutrition and poverty. The WHO reports that a lack of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life contributes to over

11844-422: The efficacy of international health aid. Supporters of aid claim that health aid from wealthy countries is necessary in order for developing countries to escape the poverty trap . Opponents of health aid claim that international health aid actually disrupts developing countries' course of development, causes dependence on aid, and in many cases the aid fails to reach its recipients. For example, recently, health aid

11985-486: The event. In April 2019, Business Insider reported The Telegraph had partnered with Facebook to publish articles "downplaying 'technofears' and praising the company". The paper published premature obituaries for Cockie Hoogterp, the second wife of Baron Blixen , Dave Swarbrick in 1999, and Dorothy Southworth Ritter , the widow of Tex Ritter and mother of John Ritter , in August 2001. Editors for both

12126-760: The fact that it was the first modern urban nation worldwide. The public health initiatives that began to emerge initially focused on sanitation (for example, the Liverpool and London sewerage systems ), control of infectious diseases (including vaccination and quarantine ) and an evolving infrastructure of various sciences, e.g. statistics, microbiology, epidemiology, sciences of engineering. Public health has been defined as "the science and art of preventing disease ", prolonging life and improving quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society , organizations (public and private), communities and individuals . The public can be as small as

12267-621: The first stage of a major redesign of the website took place, with a wider page layout and greater prominence for audio, video and journalist blogs. On 10 October 2005, The Daily Telegraph relaunched to incorporate a tabloid sports section and a new standalone business section. The Daily Mail ' s star columnist and political analyst Simon Heffer left that paper in October 2005 to rejoin The Daily Telegraph , where he has become associate editor. Heffer has written two columns

12408-448: The harmful and undesirable effects of tobacco smoking on other persons and imposing smoking bans in public places have been particularly effective in reducing tobacco smoking. Public libraries can also be beneficial tools for public health changes. They provide access to healthcare information, link people to healthcare services, and even can provide direct care in certain situations. As well as seeking to improve population health through

12549-796: The highest possible level of health". The WHO's broad mandate includes advocating for universal healthcare, monitoring public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting human health and well-being. The WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the eradication of smallpox , the near- eradication of polio , and the development of an Ebola vaccine . Its current priorities include communicable diseases , particularly HIV/AIDS , Ebola , COVID-19 , malaria and tuberculosis ; non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and cancer; healthy diet , nutrition, and food security ; occupational health ; and substance abuse . Most countries have their own governmental public health agency, often called

12690-446: The implementation of specific population-level interventions, public health contributes to medical care by identifying and assessing population needs for health care services, including: Some programs and policies associated with public health promotion and prevention can be controversial. One such example is programs focusing on the prevention of HIV transmission through safe sex campaigns and needle-exchange programs . Another

12831-495: The importance of associating products with high status and attractiveness to others. Films are increasingly being recognized as a public health tool, with the Harvard University 's T.H. Chan School of Public Health categorizing such films as "impact filmmaking." In fact, film festivals and competitions have been established to specifically promote films about health. Conversely, it has been argued that emphasizing

12972-441: The importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence of disease, disability, and the effects of aging and other physical and mental health conditions. However, public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine. Although the collaboration of local health and government agencies is considered best practice to improve public health, the pieces of evidence available to support this

13113-477: The importance of public health. In the United States, a history of underinvestment in public health undermined the public health workforce and support for population health, long before the pandemic added to stress, mental distress, job dissatisfaction, and accelerated departures among public health workers. Health aid to developing countries is an important source of public health funding for many developing countries. Health aid to developing countries has shown

13254-474: The intelligent public can understand what has happened and can see its bearing on our daily life and our future. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, to new methods of conducting business". In 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff , whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia . Verne included among the book's characters

13395-506: The journalist and climate activist group DeSmog published its judgments for coverage of environmental topics in 171 of The Telegraph 's opinion pieces from April to October 2023. DeSmog stated that of these 171 pieces, 85 per cent were categorized as "anti-green", defined as "attacking climate policy, questioning climate science and ridiculing environmental groups." The Daily Telegraph , in particular its columnist and former editor Charles Moore , were staunch supporters of Owen Paterson ,

13536-481: The late 1870s. The Telegraph has had a number of news scoops, including the outbreak of World War II by rookie reporter Clare Hollingworth , described as "the scoop of the century", the 2009 parliamentary expenses scandal  – which led to a number of high-profile political resignations and for which it was named 2009 British Newspaper of the Year  – its 2016 undercover investigation on

13677-485: The lockdown files and the likely duration of the existing enquiry. The Daily Telegraph Defunct The Daily Telegraph , known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph , is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally. It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier . The Telegraph

13818-490: The matter said that the plan to threaten MPs was completely unacceptable and that he would have made details public if he was aware of it and was. MP James Daly said that he was appalled and disgusted that the disability hub in his constituency had been discussed as a way of coercing him. Daly said that no such threat was made. The Telegraph reported that Hancock discussed removing Jeremy Farrar , from Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies because he publicly commented on

13959-521: The messages because the material had been released to the Inquiry. A spokesperson for Hancock said that he was considering all legal options and accused Oakeshott of breaking a non-disclosure agreement . Elledge of the New Statesman comments on the fact that the Telegraph chose what to publish, arguing that the Telegraph had an anti-lockdown agenda. He gives Allison Pearson's comments in

14100-944: The ministry of health, with responsibility for domestic health issues. For example, in the United States , state and local health departments are on the front line of public health initiatives. In addition to their national duties, the United States Public Health Service (PHS), led by the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service , and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , headquartered in Atlanta , are also involved with international health activities. Most governments recognize

14241-413: The names of officials. Not directly addressing Oakshott, Heather Hallett the chair of the public inquiry said that it was unhelpful to compare the UK inquiry to other countries because of its broad terms of reference and statutary powers to obtain evidence. She said there would be "no whitewash". Labour MP Graham Stringer called for a short-term inquiry into Covid-19 in light of information contained in

14382-539: The needs of the normative group. Identifying bias within public health research and practice is essential to ensuring public health efforts mitigate and don't aggravate health inequities. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of

14523-624: The paper's editors and the leadership of the Conservative Party , along with the paper's generally right-wing stance and influence over Conservative activists, have led the paper commonly to be referred to, especially in Private Eye , as the Torygraph . When the Barclay brothers purchased the Telegraph Group for around £665 million in late June 2004, Sir David Barclay suggested that The Daily Telegraph might no longer be

14664-407: The politicians involved and that science was contorted to impose the most onerous peacetime restrictions in history, explaining some of the demands of lockdown skeptics. Jonathan Sumption said that the Lockdown Files show that Hancock's actions during governance were driven by vanity. He said that the files indicates that Boris Johnson was aware of the totalitarian implications of restrictions but

14805-452: The prevalence of infectious diseases decreased through the 20th century , public health began to put more focus on chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease . Previous efforts in many developed countries had already led to dramatic reductions in the infant mortality rate using preventive methods. In Britain, the infant mortality rate fell from over 15% in 1870 to 7% by 1930. A major public health concern in developing countries

14946-469: The price climbed above £600m, as did Daily Mail and General Trust plc a few months later on 17 June. In November 2004, The Telegraph celebrated the tenth anniversary of its website, Electronic Telegraph , now renamed www.telegraph.co.uk . The Electronic Telegraph launched in 1995 with The Daily Telegraph Guide to the Internet by writer Sue Schofield for an annual charge of £180.00. On 8 May 2006,

15087-633: The proximity the COVID outbreak to the institute was entirely coincidental and that differing from this narrative would risk damaging national security . The Telegraph said that the messages show disagreements between the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Rishi Sunak , and Hancock over policy. They said Hancock messaged Sunak, "Stop your 'allies' from briefing against me" and complained that the Treasury

15228-484: The public towards certain interventions. Such vagueness can be a problem for health promotion . Critics have argued that public health tends to place more focus on individual factors associated with health at the expense of factors operating at the population level. Historically, public health campaigns have been criticized as a form of " healthism ", as moralistic in nature rather than being focused on health. Medical doctors, Petr Shkrabanek and James McCormick wrote

15369-509: The reasons for the discharge of hospital patients into care homes without testing in the spring of 2020 was that this testing would "get in the way" of targets of administering one hundred thousand COVID tests a day as part of the NHS testing program . A spokesperson for Hancock said that the story spun about care homes was completely wrong and that the records show that Hancock had pushed for testing and that records related to this had been releasted to

15510-432: The recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park . The ability to solve The Telegraph ' s crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The newspaper was asked to organise a crossword competition, after which each of the successful participants was contacted and asked if they would be prepared to undertake "a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort". The competition itself

15651-476: The reemergence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis . Antibiotic resistance , also known as drug resistance, was the theme of World Health Day 2011 . For example, the WHO reports that at least 220 million people worldwide have diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is projected that the number of diabetes deaths will double by 2030. In a June 2010 editorial in the medical journal The Lancet ,

15792-596: The release of these messages was motivated by the slow pace of the UK COVID-19 Inquiry and her concern that the findings might be a "whitewash", citing public money being used in legal action to redact the names of officials. The Telegraph argue that some messages show an intent on the part of Hancock and several members of his team to cause fear in the general public through their messaging in order ensure compliance with public health policy. In response to public rumours about coming local lockdowns following

15933-599: The retired officer class. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph , but poor sales of the former led him to merge the two. For some years, the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph . In the late 1930s, Victor Gordon Lennox , The Telegraph ' s diplomatic editor, published an anti- appeasement private newspaper The Whitehall Letter that received much of its information from leaks from Sir Robert Vansittart ,

16074-448: The sale was approved, saying "You cannot have a major mainstream newspaper group owned by an undemocratic government or dictatorship where no one has a vote." Fraser Nelson , editor of The Spectator , which would be included in the sale, also opposed the move, saying, "the very reason why a foreign government would want to buy a sensitive asset is the very reason why a national government should be wary of selling them." In March 2024,

16215-409: The simple act of handwashing with soap can prevent the spread of many contagious diseases . In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others, either during an outbreak of infectious disease or through contamination of food or water supplies. Public health, together with primary care , secondary care, and tertiary care , is part of

16356-591: The social determinants of health, are also a growing area of concern in public health. A central challenge to securing health equity is that the same social structures that contribute to health inequities also operate and are reproduced by public health organizations. In other words, public health organizations have evolved to better meet the needs of some groups more than others. The result is often that those most in need of preventative interventions are least likely to receive them and interventions can actually aggravate inequities as they are often inadvertently tailored to

16497-409: The spread of sexually transmitted diseases . Public health aims are achieved through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors , communities and environments . Analyzing the determinants of health of a population and the threats it faces is the basis for public health. Many diseases are preventable through simple, nonmedical methods. For example, research has shown that

16638-438: The spread of sexually transmitted diseases . There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between developed countries and developing countries , as well as within developing countries. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained healthcare workers , monetary resources, or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even

16779-418: The state may be encouraged to remove more and more choice in the name of better population health overall. Psychological research confirms this tension between concerns about public health and concerns about personal liberty: (i) the best predictor of complying with public health recommendations such as hand-washing, mask-wearing, and staying at home (except for essential activity) during the COVID-19 pandemic

16920-511: The strictest sense. For example, mandating the use of seat belts in cars can save countless lives and contribute to the health of a population, but typically money spent enforcing this rule would not count as money spent on health care. Large parts of the world remained plagued by largely preventable or treatable infectious diseases. In addition to this however, many developing countries are also experiencing an epidemiological shift and polarization in which populations are now experiencing more of

17061-544: The subject of climate change as a subject of active scientific debate when there is a scientific consensus on climate change . It has published columns about the "conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth", described climate scientists as "white-coated prima donnas and narcissists," and claimed that "global warming causes about as much damage as benefits." In 2015, a Telegraph news article incorrectly claimed that scientists predicted

17202-410: The supplement once a month in print, and published it online at least until March 2020. In April 2020, The Telegraph removed China Watch from its website, along with another advertisement feature section by Chinese state-run media outlet People's Daily Online . The paper had run many pieces critical of China since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic . In January 2021, the British press regulator,

17343-502: The term "public health". Preventive medicine specialists are trained as clinicians and address complex health needs of a population such as by assessing the need for disease prevention programs, using the best methods to implement them, and assessing their effectiveness. Since the 1990s many scholars in public health have been using the term population health . There are no medical specialties directly related to population health. Valles argues that consideration of health equity

17484-412: The term in 2019. The Daily Telegraph also published an anonymous civil servant who stated: "There is a strong presence of Anglophobia, combined with cultural Marxism that runs through the civil service." In January 2019, the paper published an article written by Camilla Tominey titled "Police called in after Scout group run from mosque is linked to Islamic extremist and Holocaust denier" in which it

17625-475: The trade offs of lockdown based on the values of citizens, and that delaying inquiry into the lockdown would allow "ideologues" to fill the gap created by the absence of review. Oakeshott said that the release of these messages was motivated by the slow pace of the UK Covid-19 Inquiry and her concern that the findings might be a "whitewash", citing public money being used in legal action to redact

17766-527: The twins. On 7 March 2004, the twins announced that they were launching another bid, this time just for The Daily Telegraph and its Sunday sister paper rather than all of Hollinger Inc. The then owner of the Daily Express , Richard Desmond , was also interested in purchasing the paper, selling his interest in several pornographic magazines to finance the initiative. Desmond withdrew in March 2004, when

17907-462: The worldwide context. It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in " Health for all " people worldwide". International health is a field of health care, usually with a public health emphasis, dealing with health across regional or national boundaries. Public health is not the same as public healthcare ( publicly funded health care ). The term preventive medicine

18048-550: Was "one of the most important things a journalist has written about journalism lately". Oborne cited other instances of advertising strategy influencing the content of articles, linking the refusal to take an editorial stance on the repression of democratic demonstrations in Hong Kong to the Telegraph 's support from China. Additionally, he said that favourable reviews of the Cunard cruise liner Queen Mary II appeared in

18189-469: Was "probably approaching herd immunity". The regulator said that a correction was appropriate rather than a more serious response due to the level of scientific uncertainty at the time the comment was published. At the time of the ruling, the Telegraph had removed the comment article but had not issued a correction. The Telegraph has published multiple columns and news articles which promote pseudoscientific views on climate change , and misleadingly cast

18330-418: Was a leader in the development of public health during that time period out of necessity: Great Britain was the first modern urban nation (by 1851 more than half of the population lived in settlements of more than 2000 people). This led to a certain type of distress which then led to public health initiatives. Later that particular concern faded away. With the onset of the epidemiological transition and as

18471-409: Was announced that Lloyds Banking Group had appointed Mike McTighe as chairman of Press Acquisitions Limited and May Corporation Limited in order to spearhead the sale of The Telegraph and The Spectator . In July 2014, the Daily Telegraph was criticised for carrying links on its website to pro-Kremlin articles supplied by a Russian state-funded publication that downplayed any Russian involvement in

18612-894: Was associated with 364,000 fewer deaths occurring between ages 0 and 5 in 2011. To address current and future challenges in addressing health issues in the world, the United Nations have developed the Sustainable Development Goals to be completed by 2030. These goals in their entirety encompass the entire spectrum of development across nations, however Goals 1–6 directly address health disparities , primarily in developing countries. These six goals address key issues in global public health , poverty , hunger and food security , health, education, gender equality and women's empowerment , and water and sanitation . Public health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations. These goals are designed to lessen

18753-535: Was briefing against Hancock's policies. The Telegraph said there were disagreements about the wording of advice to businesses when restrictions were reduced in June 2020 and businesses were required to keep record of customers, with Sunak and Alok Sharma disagreeing with Hancock and Case. The Telegraph reported that there are messages between Allan Nixon, a parliamentary Advisor and Hancock discuss threatening to cancel projects in MPs constituencies if MPs did not support

18894-601: Was censored by the Cabinet Office to remove Hancock's opinion on the lab leak theory and its need for investigation. They report that Hancock had wanted to say that argument that the virus being found near the Wuhan Institute of Virology , "just doesn't fly" and that fear of the Chinese Government must not prevent research into what happened. Hancock was told that the Government's position was that

19035-408: Was funneled towards initiatives such as financing new technologies like antiretroviral medication , insecticide-treated mosquito nets , and new vaccines. The positive impacts of these initiatives can be seen in the eradication of smallpox and polio ; however, critics claim that misuse or misplacement of funds may cause many of these efforts to never come into achievement. Economic modeling based on

19176-438: Was manipulated by those around him who were concerned with public relations, lacking the "application" to get to the bottom of scientific evidence. Matt Hancock said that the messages were doctored and spun to support an anti-lockdown narrative. A spokesperson for Hancock said they had not been approached in advance of the publication of Lockdown Files stories. Hancock argued that there was no public interest case for releasing

19317-420: Was people's perceived duties to prevent harm but (ii) the best predictor of flouting such public health recommendations was valuing liberty more than equality. Simultaneously, while communicable diseases have historically ranged uppermost as a global health priority, non-communicable diseases and the underlying behavior-related risk factors have been at the bottom. This is changing, however, as illustrated by

19458-435: Was published on 29 June 1855. The paper cost 2 d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists: "We shall be guided by a high tone of independent action." As the paper was not a success, Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a cheaper newspaper than his main competitors in London,

19599-645: Was reported that the police were investigating Ahammed Hussain, the Leader of the Scout Group at the Lewisham Islamic Centre, because he had links to extremist Muslim groups that promoted terrorism and antisemitism. In January 2020, the paper issued an official apology and accepted that the article contained many falsehoods, and that Hussain had never supported or promoted terrorism, or been antisemitic. The paper paid Hussain damages and costs. In

19740-555: Was run by Camrose's brother Kemsley. Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959. In 1986, printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War , The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in

19881-506: Was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes. Both the Camrose (Berry) and Burnham (Levy-Lawson) families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986. On the death of his father in 1954, Seymour Berry, 2nd Viscount Camrose assumed the chairmanship of the Daily Telegraph with his brother Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell as his editor-in-chief. During this period,

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