Inconclusive
94-612: Long War can refer to: Long Turkish War , a war between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire from 1593 to 1606 Long War (20th century) , a concept describing several wars from 1914 to 1990 as one long war Long War (Provisional IRA strategy) , a strategy followed by the Provisional IRA since the 1970s "Long War", a name proposed in 2006 by U.S. military leaders for
188-538: A century later with the partitions of Poland . The Great Turkish War started in 1683, with a grand invasion force of 140,000 men marching on Vienna, supported by Protestant Hungarian noblemen rebelling against Habsburg rule. To stop the invasion, another Holy League was formed, composed of Austria and Poland (notably in the Battle of Vienna ), Venetians and the Russian Empire , Vienna had been besieged by
282-580: A few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571. The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League , composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria , defeated
376-529: A letter. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King Matthias of Hungary , the royal power declined. In 1521, Hungary
470-600: A military and political concept List of longest wars The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-Qaeda , a 2011 book by Peter Bergen Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Long War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_War&oldid=1079836635 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
564-830: A new Crusade against the Turks, although the Western Schism had split the papacy. Sigismund of Luxemburg , King of Hungary, led this Crusade which involved several French nobles including John the Fearless , the son of the Duke of Burgundy, who became the Crusade's military leader. Sigismund advised the Crusaders to focus on defence when they reached the Danube, but they besieged the city of Nicopolis . The Ottomans defeated them in
658-529: A number of noble men in order to fill up the court's exhausted treasury, Bocskay, an educated strategist, resisted. He collected desperate Hungarians together with disappointed members of the nobility to start an uprising against the Habsburg ruler. The troops marched westwards, supported by the Hajduk of Hungary, won some victories and regained the territories that had been lost to the Habsburg army until Bocskay
752-474: A number of the Sultan's North African vassals. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. In the year of 1442, John Hunyadi won four victories against
846-628: A small force. After a disease-ridden, nine-week siege, the Tunis crusade agreed to withdraw. After their victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the Balkans and had reduced Byzantine influence to the area immediately surrounding Constantinople , which they later besieged . In 1393, the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman lost Nicopolis to the Ottomans. In 1394, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed
940-456: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Long Turkish War [REDACTED] Habsburg monarchy [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Tuscany [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire Mediterranean The Long Turkish War ( German : Langer Türkenkrieg ), Long War ( Hungarian : Hosszú háború ; Croatian : Dugi turski rat , Serbian : Дуги рат ), or Thirteen Years' War
1034-534: The Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) , in which Austria conquered the remaining areas of the former Hungarian Kingdom, ending with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. A war erupted again with Russia in 1735 and Austria in 1737. It lasted until 1739 when the Treaty of Belgrade was signed with Austria and the Treaty of Niš with Russia. The Sixth Russo-Turkish War started in 1768 and ended in 1774 with
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#17327659722571128-613: The Battle of Albulena in 1457 where the Albanian Army under Skanderbeg won a decisive victory over the Ottomans. In 1465 Ballaban's Campaign against Skanderbeg took place. Its goal was to crush the Albanian Resistance, but it was not successful and it ended in an Albanian victory. With the death of Skanderbeg on 17 January 1468, the Albanian Resistance began to fall. After the death of Skanderbeg,
1222-624: The Battle of Bileća and then were forced to retreat. After the fall of Serbia in 1389 Battle of Kosovo , where the Bosnians participated through Vlatko Vuković , the Turks began various offensives against the Kingdom of Bosnia . The Bosnians defended themselves but without much success. The Bosnians resisted strongly in the Bosnian Royal castle of Jajce (the siege of Jajce ), where the last Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević tried to repel
1316-584: The Battle of Djerba (1560). The Mediterranean campaign , which lasted from 1570 to 1573, resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus . A Holy League of Venice, the Papal States , Spain , the Knights of Saint John in Malta and initially Portugal was formed against the Ottoman Empire during this period. The League's victory in the Battle of Lepanto (1571) briefly ended Ottoman predominance at sea. In
1410-728: The Battle of Guruslău , Giorgio Basta and Michael the Brave defeated the Hungarian nobility led by Sigismund Báthory in Transylvania, who accepted Ottoman and Polish protection. After the assassination of Michael the Brave by mercenary soldiers under Basta's orders, the Transylvanian nobility, led by Mózes Székely , was again defeated at the Battle of Braşov in 1603 by the Habsburg Empire and Wallachian troops led by
1504-537: The Battle of Nicopolis on 25 September, capturing 3,000 prisoners. As the Ottomans pressed westward, Sultan Murad II destroyed the last Papal-funded Crusade at Varna on the Black Sea in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition. John Hunyadi and Giovanni da Capistrano organised a 1456 Crusade to lift the Siege of Belgrade . Æneas Sylvius and John of Capistrano preached
1598-670: The Battle of Varna (1444) and the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448). The remaining Greek states fell in 1461 ( Despotate of the Morea and Empire of Trebizond ) (see: Ottoman Greece ). In the latter half of the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire proceeded to advance north and west in the Balkans, completely subordinating Thrace and much of Macedonia after the Battle of Maritsa in 1371. Sofia fell in 1382, followed by
1692-736: The Brothers' Quarrel . Ottoman wars in Europe A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the Byzantine–Ottoman wars , waged in Anatolia in the late 13th century before entering Europe in the mid-14th century with the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars . The mid-15th century saw
1786-614: The Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War . The Viceroy's army, chasing the fleeing remnants at Petrinja in 1595, sealed the decisive Croatian victory. As a result of heavy losses inflicted by the Ottomans in the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, the Serbian Empire had dissolved into several principalities. In the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Serbian forces were again annihilated. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, constant struggles took place between various Serbian kingdoms and
1880-590: The Netherlands under Karl von Mansfeld , commander-in-chief of the Spanish Army of Flanders , who took command of the operations in Hungary. The Ottomans' objective in the war was to seize Vienna , while the Habsburg monarchy wanted to recapture the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Control of the Danube line and possession of the fortresses located there
1974-788: The Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle marked the first time the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world". In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I . After winning
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#17327659722572068-739: The Pope formed a coalition between the Papal States , Malta , Spain , Venice and several other Italian states, with no real result. In 1573 the Venetians left, removing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church . Wars fought over Moldavia. The Polish army advanced into Moldavia and was defeated in the Battle of Ţuţora . The next year, the Poles repelled the Turkish invasion in the Battle of Khotyn . Another conflict started in 1633 but
2162-587: The Republic of Venice began in 1463. A favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 after the lengthy siege of Shkodra (1478–79). In 1480, now no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet, the Ottomans besieged Rhodes and captured Otranto . War with Venice resumed from 1499 to 1503 . In 1500, a Spanish–Venetian army commanded by Gonzalo de Córdoba took Kefalonia , temporarily stopping the Ottoman offensive on eastern Venetian territories. The offensive resumed after
2256-595: The Serbian–Ottoman wars and the Albanian-Ottoman wars . Much of this period was characterized by the Ottoman expansion into the Balkans . The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Ottoman territorial claims in Europe. The Ottoman–Venetian wars spanned four centuries, starting in 1423 and lasting until 1718. This period witnessed
2350-691: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca . As a result of this treaty, the Crimean Khanate became a Russian client state . Another war with Russia started in 1787 and a concurrent war with Austria followed in 1788; the Austrian war ended with the 1791 Treaty of Sistova , and the Russian war ended with the 1792 Treaty of Jassy . An invasion of Egypt and Syria by Napoleon I of France took place in 1798–99, but ended due to British intervention. Napoleon's capture of Malta on his way to Egypt resulted in
2444-573: The War on Terror The Long War (novel) , a science fiction novel by Terry Pratchett and Stephen Baxter Long War (mod) , a partial conversion modification to the video games XCOM: Enemy Unknown and XCOM: Enemy Within The Long War , 2010s dark fantasy book series by A.J. Smith See also [ edit ] List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity for a list of wars made very long by diplomatic technicalities Perpetual war ,
2538-408: The fall of Negroponte in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565, the fall of Famagusta ( Cyprus ) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 (at that time the largest naval battle in history ), the fall of Candia ( Crete ) in 1669, the Venetian reconquest of Morea ( Peloponnese ) in the 1680s and its loss again in 1715. The island of Venetian-ruled Corfu remained
2632-538: The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire . After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (or in 1358 – disputable due to a change in the Byzantine calendar), (see Süleyman Pasha ) which provided it with Gallipoli as a basis for operations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Constantinople fell in 1453 after
2726-641: The 1360s generating no significant military response against Muslims in the Mediterranean. The first revival of activity was a 1390 Genoese plan to seize the Tunisian port of Al-Mahdiya . Both the Roman and Avignon popes awarded indulgences and the French king's uncle, Louis II, Duke of Bourbon , was the leader. There is little evidence of cross taking, and the exercise was more of a chivalric promenade by
2820-479: The Albanian Resistance was led by Lekë Dukagjini from 1468 until 1479, but it didn't have the same success as before. Merely two years after the collapse of the Albanian resistance in 1479, Sultan Mehmet II launched an Italian campaign , which failed thanks to Christian recapture of Otranto and Sultan's death in 1481. The Ottoman Empire first reached Bosnia in 1388 where they were defeated by Bosnian forces in
2914-700: The Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained the upper hand and reconquered Hungary (Buda and Pest were retaken in 1686, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam). At the same time, the Venetians launched an expedition into Greece , which conquered the Peloponnese . During the 1687 Venetian attack on the city of Athens (conquered by the Ottomans), the Ottomans turned the ancient Parthenon into an ammunitions storehouse. A Venetian mortar hit
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3008-528: The Crusade, the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance, and a league was formed between Venice, Florence and Milan, but nothing came of it. Venice was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the Mediterranean, but it pursued the "Crusade" mostly for its commercial interests, leading to the protracted Ottoman–Venetian Wars , which continued, with interruptions, until 1718. The end of
3102-707: The Crusades, in at least a nominal effort of Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion, came in the 16th century, when the Franco-Imperial wars assumed continental proportions. Francis I of France sought allies from all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Muslims. Amongst these, he entered into one of the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire with Suleiman the Magnificent while making common cause with Hayreddin Barbarossa and
3196-662: The Habsburg–Ottoman border intensified from 1591. In 1592, the fort of Bihać fell to the Ottomans following the siege of Bihać . In the spring of 1593, Ottoman forces from the Eyalet of Bosnia laid siege to the city of Sisak in Croatia , starting the Battle of Sisak that eventually ended in a victory for the Christian forces on June 22, 1593. That victory marked the end of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493–1593). The Long Turkish War started on July 29, 1593, when
3290-600: The Hungarians. The Western part of the Hungarian Kingdom ( Partium ) was annexed and placed under direct Ottoman control. At the same time, there was another campaign against Austria between 1663 and 1664. Despite being defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard on 1 August 1664 by Raimondo Montecuccoli , the Ottomans secured recognition of their conquest of Nové Zámky in the Peace of Vasvár with Austria, marking
3384-551: The Maltese forts. Delaying the Ottomans until bad weather conditions and the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements, made Ottoman commander Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha quit the siege. Around 22,000 to 48,000 Ottoman troops against 6,000 to 8,500 Maltese troops, the Ottomans failed to conquer Malta, sustaining more than 25,000 losses, including one of the greatest Muslim corsair generals of the time, Dragut , and were repulsed. Had Malta fallen, Sicily and mainland Italy could have fallen under
3478-460: The Ottoman Empire in 1481. The Ottomans took much of Albania in the 1385 Battle of Savra . The 1444 League of Lezhë briefly restored one part of Albania, until Ottomans captured complete territory of Albania after capture of Shkodër in 1479 and Durrës in 1501. The Ottomans faced resistance from Albanians who gathered around their leader, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg , son of a feudal Albanian Nobleman, Gjon Kastrioti who also fought against
3572-427: The Ottoman Empire until that time. Stephen was defeated the next year at Războieni ( Battle of Valea Albă ), but the Ottomans had to retreat after they failed to take any significant castle (see siege of Neamț Citadel ) as a plague started to spread in the Ottoman army. Stephen's search for European assistance against the Turks met with little success, even though he had "cut off the pagan's right-hand", as he put it in
3666-478: The Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of Nicopolis , Ribnice , and Chilia, and even reaching as far as Adrianople . At one point his forces were only 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the Ottoman capital, Constantinople . He was however forced to fall back across the Danube, and the Ottomans in turn led a massive counter-offensive (100,000 strong) which aimed to not only take back their recently captured possessions but also conquer Wallachia once and for all. The push
3760-462: The Ottoman Empire. The turning point was the fall of Constantinople to the Turks. In 1459, following the siege, the temporary Serbian capital of Smederevo fell. Zeta was overrun by 1499. Belgrade was the last major Balkan city to endure Ottoman forces. Serbs, Hungarians , and European crusaders defeated the Turkish army in the siege of Belgrade in 1456. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, along with
3854-558: The Ottoman army under Sinan Pasha launched a campaign against the Habsburg monarchy. The first engagement of the war was the Siege of Veszprém ( Turkish : Vesprim ) followed by the Siege of Várpalota ( Turkish : Polata ) in October 1593; Győr ( Turkish : Yanıkkale ) and Komárom ( Turkish : Komaron ) were captured in 1594. In early 1594, the Serbs in Banat rose up against
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3948-481: The Ottoman camp. This battle was the first significant military encounter in Central Europe between a large Christian army and the Ottoman Turkish Army after the Battle of Mohács . Nevertheless, Austrians recaptured Győr and Komarom in 1598. In 1599, the Turks and their Tatar allies attacked Prievidza , Topoľčany and other towns in the Nitra river valley in Upper Hungary , in what is now Slovakia, and took thousands of people into slavery . In August 1601, at
4042-411: The Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in one of the decisive battles of world history. The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries. In 1570, the Ottoman Empire first conquered Cyprus , and Lala Mustafa Pasha became the first Ottoman governor of Cyprus, challenging the claims of Venice. Simultaneously,
4136-412: The Ottoman victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, only the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Hungary was actually conquered. The Ottoman campaign continued between 1526 and 1556 with small campaigns and major summer invasions – troops would return south of the Balkan Mountains before winter. In 1529, they mounted their first major attack on the Austrian Habsburg monarchy , attempting to conquer
4230-462: The Ottoman victory of Preveza (1538), fought between an Ottoman fleet commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III. In 1462, Mehmed II was driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula in the Night Attack at Târgovişte . However, the latter was imprisoned by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus . This caused outrage among many influential Hungarian figures and Western admirers of Vlad's success in
4324-451: The Ottomans . The rebels had, in the character of a holy war , carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava . The war banners were consecrated by Patriarch Jovan Kantul , and the uprising was aided by Serbian Orthodox metropolitans Rufim Njeguš of Cetinje and Visarion of Trebinje . In response, Ottoman Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha demanded that the green flag of the Prophet Muhammed be brought from Damascus to counter
4418-401: The Ottomans by surprise, managing to sweep through the Ottoman defences on three successive battlefields, at Târgoviște (18 October), Bucharest (22 October), and Giurgiu (26 October). The Battle of Giurgiu in particular was devastating for the Ottoman forces, which had to retreat across the Danube in disarray. The war between Wallachia and the Ottomans continued until late 1599, when Michael
4512-445: The Ottomans in the Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 led by Gjergj Arianiti . Skanderbeg managed to fend off Ottoman attacks for more than 25 years, culminating at the siege of Shkodra in 1478–79. During this period, many Albanian victories were achieved like the Battle of Torvioll , Battle of Otonetë , siege of Krujë , Battle of Polog , Battle of Ohrid , Battle of Mokra , Battle of Oranik 1456 and many other battles, culminating in
4606-440: The Ottomans, by presenting the war as a victory. The treaty stabilized conditions on the Habsburg–Ottoman frontier. Also, Bocskay managed to retain his independence, but he also agreed to give up the title of "King of Hungary". Rudolf portrayed himself as victorious in the Long War, but this did not protect him from the Habsburg family's internal politics. Rudolf, by the end of the war, had massive debts to lenders, border troops and
4700-448: The Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the Battle of Szeben in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania . In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of Beylerbey Şehabeddin , the Provincial Governor of Rumelia . This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of
4794-403: The Parthenon, detonating the Ottoman gunpowder stored inside, partially destroying it. The war ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Prince Eugene of Savoy first distinguished himself in 1683 and remained the most important Austrian commander until 1718. The Fourth Russo-Turkish War took place in 1710–1711 in the basin of the Pruth river , as part of the Great Northern War . It
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#17327659722574888-465: The Serb flag and ordered that the sarcophagus containing the relics of Saint Sava be removed from the Mileševa monastery and transferred to Belgrade via military convoy. Along the way, the Ottoman convoy killed all the people in its path as a warning to the rebels. The Ottomans publicly incinerated the relics of Saint Sava on a pyre atop the Vračar plateau on April 27 and had the ashes scattered. In 1595, an alliance of Christian European powers
4982-400: The Turks. The Ottoman army conquered Jajce after a few months in 1463 and executed the last King of Bosnia, ending Medieval Bosnia . The House of Kosača held Herzegovina until 1482. It took another four decades for the Ottomans to defeat the Hungarian garrison at Jajce Fortress in 1527. Bihać and the westernmost areas of Bosnia were finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1592. After
5076-516: The army of King Louis XI of France , the only other existing permanent professional European army in the era. The Hungarian army destroyed the three times bigger attacker Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield in Transylvania in 1479. The battle was the most significant victory for the Hungarians against the raiding Ottomans , and as a result, the Ottomans did not attack southern Hungary and Transylvania for many years thereafter. The Black Army recaptured Otranto in Italy from
5170-475: The battle against the Ottoman Empire (and his early recognition of the threat it posed), including high-ranking members of the Vatican . Because of this, Matthias granted him the status of distinguished prisoner. Eventually, Dracula was freed in late 1475 and was sent with an army of Hungarian and Serbian soldiers to recover Bosnia from the Ottomans. There he defeated Ottoman forces for the first time. Upon this victory, Ottoman forces entered Wallachia in 1476 under
5264-462: The beginning of the end for medieval Serbia. Much of Serbia fell to the Ottomans by 1459, the Kingdom of Hungary made a partial reconquest in 1480, but it fell again by 1499. Territories of Serbian Empire were divided between Ottoman Empire , the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary , with remaining territories being in some sort of a vassal status towards Hungary, until its own conquest. The papacy regularly offered crusade privileges from
5358-426: The capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire Tarnovgrad in 1393, and the northwest remnants of the state after the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. A significant opponent of the Ottomans, the young Serbian Empire , was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and which gained a central role in Serbian folklore as an epic battle and as
5452-406: The city of Vienna ( siege of Vienna ). In 1532, another attack on Vienna with 60,000 troops in the main army was held up by the small fort (800 defenders) of Kőszeg in western Hungary, fighting a suicidal battle. The invading troops were held up until winter was close and the Habsburg Empire had assembled a force of 80,000 at Vienna. The Ottoman troops returned home through Styria, laying waste to
5546-409: The command of Mehmed II. Vlad was killed and, according to some sources, his head was sent to Constantinople to discourage the other rebellions. (Bosnia was completely added to Ottoman lands in 1482.) The Turkish advance was temporarily halted after Stephen the Great of Moldavia defeated the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II at the Battle of Vaslui in 1475, one of the greatest defeats of
5640-409: The country. In the meantime, in 1538, the Ottoman Empire invaded Moldavia . In 1541, another campaign in Hungary took Buda and Pest (which today together form the Hungarian capital Budapest ) with a largely bloodless trick: after concluding peace talks with an agreement, troops stormed the open gates of Buda in the night. In retaliation for a failed Austrian counter-attack in 1542, the conquest of
5734-424: The fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463, the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia remained unprotected, the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense. The Ottomans meanwhile reached the river Neretva and, having conquered Herzegovina ( Rama ) in 1482, they encroached upon Croatia, skillfully avoiding
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#17327659722575828-426: The field army, made concessions with the Hungarian nobility, and disappointed the princes of the Holy Roman Empire who had subsidized the Habsburg–Ottoman frontier. Once peace was concluded with the Ottomans, the Habsburgs turned on one another. This struggle forced the family to confront the unresolved matter of Rudolf's successor and culminated in the childless Emperor Rudolf being pitted against his brother Matthias in
5922-406: The fortified border towns. A decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Krbava Field shook all of Croatia. However, it did not dissuade the Croats from making persistent attempts at defending themselves against the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces. After almost two hundred years of Croatian resistance against the Ottoman Empire victory in the Battle of Sisak marked the end of Ottoman rule and
6016-425: The greater part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The rebellion of Serbian military commander Jovan Nenad between 1526 and 1528 led to the proclamation of the Second Serbian Empire in modern-day Serbian province of Vojvodina , which was among the last Serbian territories to resist the Ottomans. The Serbian Despotate fell in 1459, thus marking the two-century-long Ottoman conquest of Serbian principalities. The wars with
6110-435: The greatest territorial extent of Ottoman rule in the former Hungarian Kingdom. The Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) ended with the Treaty of Żurawno , in which the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded control of most of its Ukrainian territories to the empire. The war showed the increasing weakness and disorder of the Commonwealth, who by the second half of the 17th century had started its gradual decline that would culminate
6204-457: The imperial treasury. A further 7 to 8 million florins were paid when Rudolf appealed to the Circle assemblies as well, giving a total of 23 to 28 million florins yielded by the minor German princes. The Habsburg monarchy itself raised around 20 million florins. Another 7.1 million flowed in from Italy, including both Imperial Italy and Papal and Spanish territories outside of the Emperor's formal rule, as well as from Spain itself. Skirmishes along
6298-403: The key fortress of Buda . The Ottomans launched a siege of Eger ( Turkish : Eğri ), conquering it in 1596. In 1595 in the Balkans, a Spanish fleet of galleys from the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily under Pedro de Toledo, marquis of Villafranca , sacked Patras , on the Rumelia Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, in retaliation for Turkish raids against the Italian coasts. The raid
6392-403: The major but moderately successful Ottoman campaign of 1552 , two armies took the eastern part of central Hungary, pushing the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the second (inner) line of northern végvár s (border castles), which Hungary originally built as defence against an expected second Mongol invasion —hence, afterwards, borders on this front changed little. For Hungarians, the 1552 campaign
6486-421: The nineteenth century the Ottomans were confronted with insurrection from their Serbian (1804–1817), Greek (1821–1832) and Romanian (1877–1878) subjects. This occurred in tandem with the Russo-Turkish wars , which further destabilized the empire. The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the First Balkan War (1912–1913), and culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, leading to
6580-403: The only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans. In the late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the Holy League , reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the Great Turkish War of 1683–99. Nevertheless, Ottoman armies were able to hold their own against their European rivals until the second half of the eighteenth century. In
6674-441: The provincial cavalry led by their own sanjak beys (governors) and accompanied by the formidable janissaries . These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and a renowned figure throughout Christendom and were prime motivators for him to undertake along with King Władysław the famous expedition known as the " Long Campaign " in 1443, with the Battle of Niš being the first major clash of this expedition. Hunyadi
6768-529: The role of harassing Ottoman ships. On the eastern front of the war, Michael the Brave, prince of Wallachia, started a campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1594, conquering several castles near the Lower Danube , including Giurgiu , Brăila , Hârşova , and Silistra , while his Moldavian allies defeated the Ottoman armies in Iaşi and other parts of Moldova. Michael continued his attacks deep within
6862-523: The series of Ottoman wars in Europe , it was the major test of force in the time period between the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) and the Cretan War (1645–1669) . The next of the major Ottoman–Habsburg wars was the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) . Overall, the conflict consisted in a large number of costly battles and sieges, but with little gain on either side. The major participants of
6956-436: The summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near Limassol on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia . In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell—September 9, every public building and palace was looted. Word of the superior Ottoman numbers spread, and
7050-420: The third siege in which the fort was finally taken, but the aged Sultan died, deterring that year's push for Vienna. Ottoman forces invaded and captured the island of Rhodes in 1522, after two previous failed attempts (see Siege of Rhodes (1522) ). The Knights of Saint John were banished to Malta , which was in turn besieged in 1565. After a siege of three months, the Ottoman army failed to control all of
7144-598: The threat of an Ottoman invasion. The victory of Malta during this event, which is nowadays known as the Great Siege of Malta , turned the tide and gave Europe hopes and motivation. It also marked the importance of the Knights of Saint John and their relevant presence in Malta to aid Christendom in its defence against the Muslim conquest. The Ottoman naval victories of this period were in the Battle of Preveza (1538) and
7238-463: The two main empires – the Ottomans won the fortresses of Eger , Esztergom , and Kanisza, but gave the region of Vác (which they had occupied since 1541) to Austria. The treaty confirmed the Ottomans' inability to penetrate further into Habsburg territories. It also demonstrated that Transylvania was beyond Habsburg power. Although Emperor Rudolf had failed in his war objectives, he nonetheless won some prestige thanks to this resistance to
7332-637: The voivode of Wallachia, Radu Şerban . Hence, the Austrian Habsburgs seemed to be able to win a decisive victory. In September 1601, armies of the Holy Roman Empire laid siege to Nagykanizsa . Despite the numerical superiority, coalition armies had to abandon the siege two months later, due to heavy losses. The last phase of the war (from 1604 to 1606) corresponds to the uprising of the Prince of Transylvania Stephen Bocskay . When Rudolf – mostly based on false charges – started prosecutions against
7426-694: The war were the Habsburg monarchy, the Principality of Transylvania , Wallachia , and Moldavia opposing the Ottoman Empire . Ferrara , Tuscany , Mantua , and the Papal State were also involved to a lesser extent. The Türkenkriege rallied larger than usual support behind the Holy Roman Emperor. The Reichstag convened in 1594 and voted a substantial tax grant, renewing this four years later and again in 1603. Some 20 million florins were promised and at least four-fifths actually reached
7520-414: The western half of central Hungary was finished in the 1543 campaign that took both the most important royal ex-capital, Székesfehérvár , and the ex-seat of the cardinal, Esztergom . However, the army of 35–40,000 men was not enough for Suleiman to mount another attack on Vienna. A temporary truce was signed between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in 1547, which was soon disregarded by the Habsburgs. In
7614-404: Was a series of tragic losses and some heroic (but pyrrhic ) victories, which entered folklore—most notably the fall of Drégely (a small fort defended to the last man by just 146 men, and the siege of Eger . The latter was a major végvár with more than 2,000 men, without outside help. They faced two Ottoman armies, which were surprisingly unable to take the castle within five weeks. (The fort
7708-480: Was accompanied by Giuliano Cesarini during the campaign. The defeat in 1456 at the siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) held up Ottoman expansion into Catholic Europe for 70 years, though for one year (1480–1481) the Italian port of Otranto was taken , and in 1493 the Ottoman army successfully raided Croatia and Styria . During the reign of King Matthias of Hungary , the standing professional mercenary army
7802-675: Was an indecisive land war between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire , primarily over the principalities of Wallachia , Transylvania , and Moldavia . It was waged from 1593 to 1606, but in Europe, it is sometimes called the Fifteen Years' War ( Hungarian : Tizenöt éves háború ), reckoning from the 1591–1592 Turkish campaign that captured Bihać . In Turkey, it is called the Ottoman–Austrian War of 1593–1606 ( Turkish : 1593–1606 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşı ). In
7896-527: Was called the Black Army of Hungary Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus , which was an unusual ratio at the time. In the great Viennese military parade in 1485, the Black Army consisted 20,000 horsemen and 8,000 infantry in 1485. The Black Army was larger than
7990-553: Was crucial. The war was mainly fought in Royal Hungary (mostly present-day western Hungary and southern Slovakia ), Transdanubia , Royal Croatia and Slavonia , the Ottoman Empire ( Rumelia – present-day Bulgaria and Serbia ), and Wallachia (in present-day southern Romania ). In 1595, the Christians, led by Mansfeld, captured Esztergom and Visegrád , strategic fortresses on the Danube, but they did not lay siege to
8084-438: Was first declared the Prince of Transylvania ( Marosvásárhely , February 21, 1605) and later also of Hungary (Szerencs, April 17, 1605 ). The Ottoman Empire supported Bocskay with a crown that he refused (being Christian). As Prince of Hungary he accepted negotiations with Rudolf II and concluded the Treaty of Vienna (1606) . The Long War ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok on November 11, 1606, with meagre territorial gains for
8178-477: Was initially successful, managing to capture not only Giurgiu but also Bucharest and Târgoviște , despite fierce opposition at Călugăreni (23 August 1595). At this point the Ottoman command grew complacent and stopped pursuing the retreating Wallachian army , focusing instead on fortifying Târgoviște and Bucharest and considering their task all but done. Michael had to wait almost two months for aid from his allies to arrive, but when it did his counter-offensive took
8272-527: Was instigated by Charles XII of Sweden after the defeat at the Battle of Poltava , in order to tie down Russia with the Ottoman Empire and gain some breathing space in the increasingly unsuccessful campaign. The Russians were severely beaten but not annihilated, and after the Treaty of the Pruth was signed, the Ottoman Empire disengaged, allowing Russia to refocus its energies on the defeat of Sweden. The Ottoman–Venetian War started in 1714. It overlapped with
8366-532: Was invaded by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , the border fortress Belgrade considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by the Third Siege of Belgrade . The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács and King Louis II of Hungary died. After
8460-484: Was later taken in 1596.) Finally, the 1556 campaign secured Ottoman influence over Transylvania (which had fallen under Habsburg control for a time), while failing to gain any ground on the western front, being tied down in the second (after 1555) unsuccessful siege of the southwestern Hungarian border castle of Szigetvár . The Ottoman Empire conducted another major war against the Habsburgs and their Hungarian territories between 1566 and 1568. The 1566 siege of Szigetvár ,
8554-541: Was organized by Pope Clement VIII to oppose the Ottoman Empire (the Holy League of Pope Clement VIII ); a treaty of alliance was signed in Prague by the Holy Roman Emperor , Rudolf II and Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania. Aron Vodă of Moldavia and Michael the Brave of Wallachia joined the alliance later that year. The Spanish Habsburgs sent an army of 6,000 experienced infantry and 2,000 cavalry from
8648-462: Was so spectacular that Sultan Murad III discussed exterminating the Christians of Constantinople in revenge. He finally decided to order the expulsion of all unmarried Greeks from the city. In the following years, Spanish fleets continued to raid the Levant waters, but large-scale naval warfare between Christians and Ottomans did not resume. Instead, privateers such as Alonso de Contreras took on
8742-682: Was soon settled. Transylvania , the Eastern part of the former Hungarian Kingdom, gained semi-independence in 1526, while paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire. In 1657, Transylvania under George II Rákóczi felt strong enough to attack the Tatars to the East (then the Empire's vassals), and later the Ottoman Empire itself, which had come to the Tatars' defence. The war lasted until 1662, ending in defeat for
8836-412: Was unable to continue the war due to poor support from his allies. The turning point of the war was the Battle of Mezőkeresztes , which took place in the territory of Hungary on October 24–26, 1596. The combined Habsburg–Transylvanian force of 45–50,000 troops was defeated by the Ottoman army. The battle turned when Christian soldiers, thinking they had won the battle, stopped fighting in order to plunder
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