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40-787: Diego Laynez was born in Almazán in Castile . He graduated from the University of Alcalá , and then continued his studies in Paris , where he came under the influence of Ignatius of Loyola . He was one of the seven men who, with Ignatius, formed the original group of Friends in the Lord , later the Society of Jesus , taking, in the Montmartre church, the vows of personal poverty and chastity in

80-778: A pilgrimage to the Holy Land was abandoned. Salmeron devoted his ministry in Siena to the poor and to children. On 22 April 1541, he pronounced his solemn vows in St. Paul's-Outside-the-Walls basilica as a professed member of the newly established Society of Jesus . In the autumn of 1541 Pope Paul III sent Salmeron and Paschase Broët as Apostolic nuncios to Ireland . They landed by way of Scotland on 23 February 1542. Thirty-four days later they set sail for Dieppe and went on to Paris. For two years Salmeron preached in Rome; his exposition of

120-534: A peace agreement was signed between Pedro IV of Aragon, King of Aragon, and Henry II, king of Castile. Almazán was divided into two townships, and the town became ruled by the Mayor, assisted by six aldermen, three class gentlemen and three good men of the town. It was visited by important figures in the Catholic Church several times over the years. On March 12, 1648, the playwright Tirso de Molina died in

160-510: A period of convalescence he was able to speak on 7 December for three hours on the Mass as sacrifice. The council was suspended for the second time in April 1552, and Laynez went to Bassano to recover his health and then to Padua. Before leaving Trent, however, he met with Melchior Cano , the influential Spanish Dominican, who was embarrassed by his countryman's threadbare cassock and was suspicious of

200-513: A successful raid of Tripoli, which had been a base for Muslim pirates; he was still in Africa on 5 October 1550 when he was called to Rome. By 22 November 1550, Laynez arrived in Rome to prepare for the second period of the Council of Trent, which eventually opened on 1 May 1551. He attended to a number of projects on his way from Rome to Trent, finally arriving on 27 July, almost three months after

240-642: Is a municipality located in the province of Soria , Castile and León , Spain. As of 2013, the municipality has a population of 5,843 inhabitants. It is also the seat of the judicial district of Almazán, and ecclesiastically it belongs to the Diocese of Osma , a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Burgos . Connected via the Autovía A-15 and Carretera nacional N-111, it is situated 194 kilometres (121 mi) by road northeast of Madrid. The town lies on

280-567: Is in the colleges by the education of youth in letters, learning, and Christian life. The other is to help all universally through preaching, [hearing] confessions, and all the other means in accord with our customary way of proceeding.” This was extraordinary and unprecedented. Laínez told the members of the Society that the ministry of the schools was as important as all the other ministries combined. Laínez then explained how his directive would be implemented: every Jesuit must ordinarily “bear part of

320-584: The Gospel of St. Matthew . In 1551 he was summoned to Rome to help St. Ignatius in working up the Constitutions (statutes) of the Jesuit Society. Other work was in store. He was soon (February, 1551) sent down to Naples to inaugurate the Society's first college there, but after a few months was summoned by Ignatius to go back to the Council of Trent as theologian to pope Julius III . It was during

360-599: The Pauline Epistle to the Ephesians thrice a week in the church of the Society effected much good (1545). After preaching during Lent at Bologna , he went with Diego Laynez to the Council of Trent (18 May 1546) as theologian to Paul III. The Dogma of Justification was under discussion. The two Jesuits at once reportedly won the hearts and respect of all; their discourses had to be printed and distributed to

400-703: The University of Bologna , so that they might, at the urgent invitation of William IV of Bavaria , accept chairs in Ingolstadt . Salmeron undertook to interpret the Pauline Epistle to the Romans . Upon the death of Duke William, at the instigation of the Bishop of Verona , much to the chagrin of the faculty of the Academy of Ingolstadt, Salmeron was returned to Verona (24 September 1550). That year he explained

440-752: The Aragonese town of Paniza . Alfonso Salmeron Alfonso Nicolás ( Alphonsus ) Salmerón , SJ (8 September 1515 – 13 February 1585) was a Spanish biblical scholar, a Catholic priest, and one of the first Jesuits . He was born in Toledo, Spain on 8 September 1515. He studied literature and philosophy at Alcalá and then philosophy and theology at the Sorbonne in Paris. Here, through Diego Laynez , he met St. Ignatius of Loyola and with Laynez, St. Peter Faber and St. Francis Xavier , he enlisted as one of

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480-637: The Church of the Sacred Heart and Saint Francis Borgia on Calle de la Flor Baja. That church was comprehensively destroyed by arson in 1931. Ashes identified as those of Laynez's relics were identified in the ruins and re-interred in the new Jesuit Maldonado church on Calle de Serrano . He was instrumental in cementing the central role of education in the identity of the Jesuit Order: [Ignatius's] successor, Diego Laínez (1512-1565), had to deal with

520-513: The Church, including its relatively recent origin and its implied denial of merit. His arguments were consistent with the Council's 13 January 1547 Decree on Justification, which taught in Chapter 16, “we must believe that nothing further is wanting to those justified to prevent them from being considered to have, by those very works which have been done in God, fully satisfied the divine law according to

560-537: The Divine origin of the rights and duties of bishops. During the years 1564–82, Salmeron was engaged chiefly in preaching and writing; he preached every day during eighteen Lenten seasons; his preaching was fervent, learned and fruitful. His writings during this long period were voluminous; Saint Robert Bellarmine spent five months in Naples reviewing them; each day he pointed out to Salmeron the portions that were not up to

600-705: The Madrid edition - the eleven of the Gospels and one of the Pauline commentaries. The Gospel volumes are entitled, Alfonsi Salmeronis Toletani, e Societate Jusu Theologi, Commentarii in Evangelicam Historiam et in Acta Apostolorum, in duodecim tomos distributi (Madrid, 1598–1601). The first Cologne edition, together with the second (1612–15), are found complete. These voluminous commentaries are

640-536: The Pope, in which he argued that the power of the bishop was received through the mediation of the pope and not directly from God (20 October 1562), and (2) a speech in which he committed a rare theological error – he doubted the ability of the Church to invalidate clandestine marriages (23 August 1563), a position rejected by the 24th Session of the Council in Chapter 1 of its Decree on the Reformation of Marriage. On

680-470: The Society of Jesus . In 1560 Diego Laynez, now the Jesuit General, was instrumental in arguing that the council should continue to its close, against Ferdinand I , who wished to see a new Council opened and the prior decrees of the Council of Trent forgotten. Pope Pius IV subsequently ordered the council to meet again in the carefully worded Ad ecclesiae regimen of 29 November 1560; the council

720-530: The bishops of Sigüenza . In 1158, Sancho III of Castile created the Almazán la Orden de Caballería de Calatrava. The Church of San Miguel was built in the 12th century. In the late 13th century, civil war broke out, involving Sancho IV of Castile, who claimed the throne of Castile, and Alfonso de la Cerda, a liberal. In 1305, after various conflicts, Almazán was returned to the Castilian crown, and then in 1375,

760-612: The bishops. Both set out for Bologna (14 March 1547) with the council. After serious sickness at Padua , Salmeron once again took up his council work. Salmeron gave statements on issues including justification, Holy Eucharist , penance , purgatory , indulgences, the Sacrifice of the Mass, matrimony and the origin of episcopal jurisdiction. The next two years were in great part spent in preaching at Bologna, Venice, Padua and Verona . On 4 October 1549, Salmeron and his companions, Claude Le Jay and Peter Canisius , took their doctorate at

800-451: The burden of the schools,” that is, every Jesuit would teach at some point in his career, with a handful of exceptions. Most Jesuits would teach before beginning philosophical studies, some would teach after completing philosophical studies, and still others after completing theological studies. Laínez’s decree determined the careers of almost all future Jesuits. Almaz%C3%A1n Almazán ( Spanish pronunciation: [almaˈθan] )

840-413: The capacity of adviser to Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa (2 December 1557). Laynez appointed Salmeron first Jesuit Provincial of Naples in 1558 and vicar-general in 1561 during the former's apostolic legation to France. The Council of Trent was again resumed (May, 1562) and a third pontiff, Pius IV , chose Salmeron and Laynez for papal theologians. The subject to be discussed was very delicate:

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880-542: The convent of the Merced and presumably lies in the convent cemetery. During the Spanish War of Independence, on July 10, 1810, the town was taken by French General Régis Barthélemy Mouton-Duvernet , but with the fall of the ancien regime, it became a constitutional municipality of the region of Castilla la Vieja. The 1842 census recorded 484 households and 2400 residents in Almazán. In the 1850s, mid-nineteenth century,

920-735: The council to Bologna after the seventh session, where he continued his preparatory work on the sacraments of the Eucharist and penance. He grew frustrated with the slow pace of the work done in Bologna, and left in June 1547. He spent the time between the first and second period of the Council contributing to the reform of prostitutes, convents and dioceses, preaching in Florence, Venice and then in Sicily. From there, he accompanied John de Vaga's fleet on

960-781: The death of Pope Paul IV , many cardinals wished to elect Laynez pope , but he fled from them in order to avoid this fate. Laynez died in Rome on 19 January 1565. He was buried in the Roman church of the Madonna Della Strada , soon rebuilt into the Church of the Gesù . His remains were repatriated to Madrid in 1667 and kept in the Jesuit college church there, now the Colegiata de San Isidro . On 31 July 1916 they were transferred to

1000-467: The discussions preliminary to these sessions that Laynez and Salmeron, as papal theologians, gave their vota first. When the Council once again suspended its sessions, Salmeron returned to Naples (October, 1552). Pope Paul IV sent him to the Augsburg Diet (May, 1555) with nuncio Lippomanus , and thence into Poland and in April, 1556 to Belgium. Another journey to Belgium was undertaken in

1040-570: The east bank of the Duero river. In the early 10th century, fortifications were built along the Duero at Soria and Almazán. In 1068, Almazán was conquered by the Christians of Alfonso VI of León, but soon after was recovered for al-Ándalus. In 1128, it was repopulated by Alfonso I , although after his death in 1134, the town fell into Castilian hands and was granted by Alfonso VII of León to

1080-433: The first companions of Loyola in 1534. The small company left Paris on 15 November 1536, reached Venice on 8 January 1537 and during Lent of that year went to Rome . He delivered a discourse before the Pope and was, in return, granted leave to receive Holy orders so soon as he reached canonical age. About 8 September, all the first companions met at Vicenza and all, save St. Ignatius, said their first Mass. The plan of

1120-491: The first practical consequences was that he was allowed to preach in Trent when not on Council business, whereas the general rule forbade preaching by conciliar theologians. Another exception was the three-hour time limit accorded to Laynez in the council debates, while the standard allotment was an hour. Laynez's famous speech on imputed and inherent justification ( Girolamo Seripando 's “double justice” theory) on 26 October 1546

1160-488: The footsteps of Christ, and committing themselves to going to Jerusalem . Because of unfavourable circumstances (no ship going to the Holy Land ) the pilgrimage to Jerusalem fell through, and Laynez with Ignatius of Loyola and the other Friends in the Lord (by then they were ten) offered their services to the Pope. After the Order had been definitely established in 1540, Laynez, among other missions, visited Germany . Laynez

1200-734: The mark, and the next day the latter brought back those parts corrected. He died at Naples on 13 February 1585. The chief writings of Salmeron are his sixteen volumes of Scriptural commentaries: eleven on the Gospels, one on the Acts, and four on the Pauline Epistles. Southwell says that these sixteen volumes were printed by Sanchez, Madrid, from 1597 till 1602; in Brescia, 1601; in Cologne, from 1602 to 1604, Sommervogel ( Bibliothèque de la C. de J. , VII, 479) has traced only twelve tomes of

1240-428: The new religious order. The meeting did not go at all well. When Ignatius of Loyola died in 1556 Diego Laynez acted as Vicar General of the Society. Because of an internal crisis and difficult relations with Pope Paul IV , the Society's General Congregation was delayed by two years. When it was finally convened and opened on 2 July 1558, Laynez was elected at the first ballot and became the second Superior-General of

Diego Laynez - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-562: The opening, but in plenty of time to contribute, on 8 September, his arguments on the Eucharist leading up to the important 13th session, on 11 October, at which the Decree on the Sacrament of the Eucharist was promulgated. Immediately after his speech, he began the preliminary work for the council's consideration of penance and extreme unction, which he, with Salmeron , presented on 20 October. Laynez often fell ill during this period, but after

1320-425: The popular and university expositions which Salmeron had delivered during his preaching and teaching days. In old age, he gathered his notes together, revised them, and left his volumes ready for posthumous publication by Bartholomew Pérez de Nueros . Hartmann Grisar ( Jacobi Lainez Disputationes Tridentinae , I, 53) thinks that the commentary on Acts is the work of Perez; Braunsberger (Canisii epist., III, 448) and

1360-401: The population grew significantly after Fuentelcarro and Tejerizas were merged into the municipality. In the 1981 census, the population again grew markedly after the incorporation of Cobertelada into the municipality, with the localities of Almántiga , Balluncar , Covarrubias and Lodares del Monte . Lexicographer María Moliner grew up in the town, after moving from her birthplace,

1400-425: The severe shortage of teachers that Ignatius bequeathed to the Society. Laínez found the solution: he elevated the schools to the most important ministry, and he decreed that every Jesuit must teach at some point in his career. On 10 August 1560, Polanco , writing for Laínez, sent a letter to all the superiors of the Society. He began by praising teaching. He then wrote, “There are two ways of helping our neighbors: one

1440-488: The state of this life and to have truly merited eternal life.” Laynez did not participate directly in the several months of discussions between his speech and the issuing of the Decree because immediately after his speech on justification, Cardinal Del Monte assigned him – along with Salmeron – to prepare a list of Protestant errors regarding the sacraments, as well as a summary of the relevant Church documents and patristic writings on sacraments. The first part of this research

1480-492: Was a papal theologian during each of the three periods of the Council of Trent . At one point he was also professor of scholastic theology at La Sapienza . Pope Paul III sent Laynez to Trent to act as the Pope's theologian at the Ecumenical Council . Laynez arrived at Trent on 18 May 1546, five months after the Council opened, with Alfonso Salmeron . Before long, Laynez was recognized as exceptional – one of

1520-512: Was eventually opened on 18 January 1562. Upon Laynez's arrival at Trent in August 1562, he defended the practice of distributing Communion under only one species. Among Laynez's other speeches during the third period of the council are (1) against the Gallican theory that general councils are superior to the Pope, against bishops who wanted to extend episcopal authority at the expense of that of

1560-403: Was presented to the council on 17 January 1547 by Cardinal Cervini under the headings of “sacraments in general,” “baptism” and “confirmation.” This research set the terms of debate, which was somewhat less contentious than that concerning justification. The seventh session of the Council promulgated its canons on sacraments in general, baptism and confirmation on 3 March 1547. Laynez moved with

1600-452: Was subsequently written out and incorporated into the Acta of the Council under the title "Disputatio de justitia imputata". By the time Laynez spoke, 37 theologians had spoken on the issue, and 28 had rejected duplex justitia . In his three-hour-long speech, which was widely regarded as the most thorough on the topic, Laynez gave 12 reasons that the proposed “double justice” must be rejected by

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