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104-765: Karin Tekla Maria Lannby (13 April 1916, Linköping – 19 November 2007, Paris ) was a Swedish actress, translator , journalist , poet and spy . She served as a spy for the leftists during the Spanish Civil War , and for Sweden in Stockholm during World War II . The daughter of journalist Gunnar Lannby and Lilly Lannby, the boss of the Swedish agency of the American film company Metro Goldwyn Mayer . Through her mother, Lilly, Karin belonged to

208-481: A Calvinist , pledged neutrality in the conflict. Jędrzej Moraczewski described George's neutral stance to salvage his dukedom as "comical". The Poles attempted to divert the Swedes from Gdańsk by deploying an army to fight at Gniew . The fighting continued for several days until 1 October, when Sigismund ordered the withdrawal of his troops, and called on reinforcements from around the country. The battle, despite

312-595: A coalition majority named "coalition for Linköping" with 40 out of 79 mandates , while the minority opposition in Linköping consist each separate by: the Moderate Party (M; Moderaterna), Centre Party (C; Center Partiet), Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna), Left Party (V; Vänsterpartiet) and the Sweden Democrats (SD; Sverige Demokraterna). The Swedish Air Force Museum is located near

416-528: A Catholic conspirator and traitor, became lenient when the new monarch pledged to respect Lutheranism as the country's new state religion. Sigismund was crowned at Uppsala on 19 February 1594, but his promise to uphold the Protestant faith in Sweden began on shaky ground, as demonstrated by the presence of a papal nuncio in the royal procession. Tensions grew following his coronation. Sigismund remained

520-702: A Catholic league that would actively engage in the Counter-Reformation . Zamoyski openly condemned Sigismund for associating with the Habsburgs, particularly Archduke Ernest , and speculated that Ernest was to be the potential successor if Sigismund abdicated and returned to Sweden. The anti-Austrian sentiment was only explicable as a circuitous attempt to traverse the Habsburg hegemony and influence in Central Europe, which Zamoyski perceived as

624-654: A civil war erupted and Duke Charles was able to assume control over a large share of the powerful castles in Sweden, and in this manner achieved control over almost all the realm. However, Finland remained loyal to Sigismund and resisted. In September 1597, he sailed for the Finnish coast and seized Åbo Castle from Fleming's widow, Ebba Stenbock , by the end of the month. Charles's troops were not prepared nor strong enough to conquer or hold Finland in its entirety – they sailed back to Stockholm in October and Stålarm retook Åbo

728-535: A close association with motorcycle speedway , hosting the team known as Filbyterna from 1948 to 2010. The first venue was at the old Linköping Motorstadion or Gamla Motorstadion in Ryd (the site where Linköpings Rugbyklubb play). When this speedway track was demolished in 1972, the team moved to the Sviestad Motorstadion in 1973 until their closure in 2010. The stadium continues to host events and held

832-573: A devout Roman Catholic and left the country abruptly, which made the Swedes sceptical of their new ruler. After returning to Poland, he appointed his uncle, Duke Charles , to rule as his regent . Sigismund's ultimate intention was to reinstate Catholicism in Sweden, by force if necessary. The Jesuits often acted as agents refuting Protestantism and promoting Catholicism in the country. The hostility between Chancellor Jan Zamoyski and Sigismund began as soon as he arrived in Poland from Sweden to claim

936-551: A fight. Many of these were inhabited by Protestants who resisted the staunchly Catholic Sigismund and Polish domination of their lands; some towns opened their gates to the Protestant Swedish forces whom they portrayed as liberators. However, fortified Gdańsk (Danzig), which maintained its own standing army and a sizeable fleet, refused to surrender. Simultaneously, Sigismund received little to no support from his vassal George William of Brandenburg-Prussia , who, as

1040-406: A lasting effect, and gatherings of dissidents continued in the following year. The opposition hoped to thwart the match with Archduchess Anne of Habsburg, whose state entry into Kraków at the end of May was greatly celebrated. Sigismund disregarded any protest in regards to the marriage. Consequently, on 1 June 1592 Zamoyski formed another confederation at Jędrzejów (Latin: Andreiow) attended by

1144-571: A major threat. However, the parliament immediately rejected the proposal and ruled in favour of Austria, thus also accepting a marriage between Sigismund and Anne of Habsburg . Furthermore, the reestablishment of peaceful relations with Austria was dictated by the Treaty of Bytom and Będzin from March 1589 which was negotiated by Ippolito Aldobrandini, future Pope Clement VIII . At the subsequent Sejm session, assembled in March 1590, Zamoyski persuaded

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1248-402: A mean temperature of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F), with the subtropical border being at 22 °C (72 °F) for the warmest month. Normally summer highs average in the low 20s and winter temperatures commonly hover just above the freezing point during the day, then falls below it at night. In 2000, 10.9 per cent of the population in Linköping municipality had a foreign background. Since then,

1352-591: A native candidate as a descendant of the Jagiellons, though the election was openly questioned and opposed by the nobles politically associated with the Zborowski family . With the blessing of primate Stanisław Karnkowski and strong support from other people of influence he was duly elected ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 19 August 1587. His official name and title became " by

1456-483: A popular site with both residents and tourists. NärCon , the largest anime and gaming convention in the Nordic countries , is held in Linköping. Teams from Linköping are prominent in floorball , volleyball ( Linköpings VC ) and ice hockey ( Linköpings HC ; see above, or "Cluben" as some fans refer to it). The hockey team allied itself with Linköping's women's football team and created Linköpings FC , which plays in

1560-505: A premature attack on Stångebro which was quickly repelled; his force was surrounded in the night and massacred by the Poles. Severed heads on lances and spikes startled Sigismund who ordered an end to the violence. The supposed truce did not come into effect, and, on the morning of 25 September, the armies clashed once more in a major engagement at the Battle of Stångebro . The prevailing fog

1664-632: A presence in Linköping, as one of its subsidiaries, BT Industries, is located in nearby Mjölby . The city is situated south of lake Roxen (which is part of the historically important water paths Motala ström and the Göta Canal ) where the E4 , Sweden's highway backbone, crosses the river Stångån (and Kinda kanal ). It is situated on the main southern railway line connecting Stockholm with Malmö and Danish capital Copenhagen . Linköping/Saab Airport offers daily connections to Amsterdam . In 2019,

1768-660: A reasonable casus belli and justification for war. Though the Polish army achieved major victories in the previous battles against Sweden, particularly at Kircholm in 1605, the very end proved to be catastrophic. The first skirmish took place in January 1626 near Wallhof , in present-day Latvia , where the Swedish army of 4,900 men ambushed a Polish force of 2,000 men commanded by Jan Stanisław Sapieha , son of Lew Sapieha. Polish casualties were estimated at between 500 and 1,000 dead, wounded and captured. According to historians,

1872-546: A relief force, but was unable to commence an attack. The war continued with little military action until 1618 when the Truce of Deulino was signed, which granted Poland new territories, including the city of Smolensk. The agreement marked the greatest geographical expansion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the loss of Livonia in 1629. However, Russia was able to retain independence and Michael Romanov

1976-561: A series of skirmishes ending in a truce, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden launched a campaign against the Commonwealth and annexed parts of Polish Livonia . Sigismund remains a controversial figure in Poland. He is one of the country's most recognisable monarchs . His long reign partially coincided with the Polish Golden Age , the apex in the prestige, power and economic influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. On

2080-630: A sign of the Sultan's desire to rule mainland Europe. Voivode Gaspar Graziani , ruler of Moldavia, decided to switch sides in favour of Poland and rebelled against the Turks. In turn, Sigismund sent an army to aid Graziani, a move which sparked the Polish–Ottoman War . In 1620 the Polish forces were defeated at Cecora and Hetman Żółkiewski perished during the battle. In 1621 a strong army of Ottomans, led by Osman II , advanced from Edirne towards

2184-456: A tactical victory for Sweden, was a strategic blow to Gustavus, who was subsequently unable to besiege Gdańsk. At Dirschau , in the summer of 1627, Gustavus Adolphus was seriously wounded and the Prussian campaign came to a halt. The wound forced the king to stay in bed until autumn, and his right arm was weakened with some fingers partially paralyzed. As the major trade ports on the coast of

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2288-512: A third of the population. The new Tsar , Boris Godunov , proved to be an ineffective ruler and died after suffering a brain haemorrhage in April 1605. He left one son, Feodor II , who succeeded him and ruled for only a few months, until he and Godunov's widow were murdered under mysterious circumstances in June 1605, possibly on Sigismund's orders. Simultaneously, various impostors and pretenders to

2392-454: Is an art gallery located in the main square. Tornby, to the north of the city centre, is a shopping area with retail outlets. The city and its environs offer all sorts of green landscapes to see and experience. Two examples are a park named after the group responsible for it, Trädgårdsföreningen (The Garden Society), and the Tinnerö area with its oak woodland. Local bodies of water include

2496-574: Is the Linköping University Male Voice Choir . Linköping is also the home of theatrical heavy metal band Ghost and rock band the Pusjkins ( sv ). The area around the main square was re-planned in the 1960s, and many old houses were destroyed. Some, however, were moved to Gamla Linköping (Old Linköping), in the city's western part, neighbouring the university's main campus. It is a living museum environment and

2600-572: The Counter-Reformation . He actively interfered in the affairs of neighbouring countries; his invasion of Russia during the Time of Troubles resulted in brief control over Moscow and seizure of Smolensk . Sigismund's army also defeated the Ottoman forces in southeastern Europe, which hastened the downfall of Sultan Osman II . However, the Polish–Swedish conflict had a less favourable outcome. After

2704-645: The Henrician Articles and stipulated the expulsion of Jesuits from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Sejm was to be granted the authority of appointing state officials instead of the King, local officials were to be elected and the rights of Protestants expanded. The 1607 Parliament rejected these conditions. Meanwhile, the nobles mobilised in the village of Guzów . In 1607 the Polish Royal Army, led by Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz ,

2808-606: The Holy Roman Empire in combat at the Battle of Humenné against Transylvania. The Principality of Moldavia was a Polish fief since the Middle Ages and Sigismund aimed at securing that despite the growing threat from the south. With the Ottoman influence on the rise, the Sultan aimed at expanding the Ottoman Empire westward. The Ottoman–Habsburg wars , which lasted almost two centuries, were also

2912-713: The Stockholm high society. As a student in the 1930s, Karin, being a convinced anti- fascist , joined the Swedish Communists . During the Spanish civil-war, she served as an interpreter and secretary at a hospital in Valencia . She made contact with the Comintern in Barcelona , who gave her an assignment to infiltrate the troops of Francisco Franco in the south of France . After having failed her task, she

3016-493: The Time of Troubles , Sigismund saw an opportunity to invade Russia and take power. Sweden also became involved, but never made a firm alliance with any one side. The death of Feodor I of Russia in 1598 caused internal instability and a succession crisis upon the extinction of the Rurik dynasty . Further setbacks that contributed to the escalation of violence was the famine of 1601–1603 which killed two million Russians, around

3120-501: The execution of five of Charles's political opponents on the main square of Linköping on 20 March 1600. Linköping was a small town until 1937, when the Saab aircraft industry was formed, starting a period of rapid expansion. Linköping University was established in the 1960s. Today the city is a center of high-technology and software industry. Linköping has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ), though with maritime influences, retaining

3224-651: The Baltic. By February 1598 Sigismund assembled an army consisting of approximately 5,000 men. On 23 July 1598 the army left Danzig (Gdańsk) with eighty transports, several warships and exiled members of the Swedish parliament. Eight days later they landed in Kalmar , which surrendered without a fight. After the fall of Kalmar, Charles found himself with major trouble on his hands; the Polish Crown army attracted Swedish followers, and Stockholm, lacking military defence,

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3328-616: The Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War , but was denied by the Polish parliament. British historian Robert Nisbet Bain wrote that his plan was to invade and possibly occupy Transylvania , then an Ottoman ally and therefore considered dangerous to the Habsburg monarchy and Poland. The Rákóczis and Gabriel Bethlen were sympathetic with the Sultan and would counterattack if the opportunity arose. Bain further highlighted that

3432-494: The Habsburgs also alienated some clerics; the Austrians wanted to prevent Andrew Báthory from seizing the bishopric of Kraków and succeeded in doing so by diplomatic coaxing or coercion. The new papal nuncio, Annibale di Capua, a staunch Habsburg supporter, eventually convinced Sigismund to nominate Jerzy Radziwiłł after Piotr Myszkowski died on 5 April 1591. Capua stressed that Andrew had not been an ordained priest and

3536-533: The Lionga ting is not known, but it was along the Eriksgata . The term " -köping " means there was a market there. Historically, Linköping is famed for being an early diocese , c. 1082, second in Sweden (within its pre-1658 boundaries) only to Skara . The diocese is first mentioned in 1104 in the so-called " List of Florence " ( Lionga. Kaupinga ). The monastery of Vreta Kloster near Roxen north of Linköping

3640-747: The Ottomans invaded Poland. In July 1597, the Queen's Privy Council instructed Henry Billingsley , Lord Mayor of London , to arrange housing for a Polish diplomat and report back to the Council. On 23 July, Paweł Działyński arrived in London and was accommodated at the house of Sir John Spencer . On 25 July, Działyński was granted an audience with Elizabeth and her court at the palace in Greenwich . As described by Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury ,

3744-533: The Polish ambassador as an inspiration for Queen Margaret who employs similar strategies in the play Richard III . Sigismund's attempt to grasp unlimited authority resulted in the Zebrzydowski rebellion , an armed insurrection formed in 1606 by Hetman Mikołaj Zebrzydowski , Jan Szczęsny Herburt , Stanisław Stadnicki , Aleksander Józef Lisowski and Prince Janusz Radziwiłł in Stężyca and Lublin . It

3848-532: The Polish frontier. Approximately 160,000 men besieged the Khotyn Fortress in September 1621, but were defeated at the Battle of Khotyn by a Polish garrison counting no more than 50,000 soldiers. During the siege Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz died of exhaustion and illness in the camp. The Treaty of Khotyn was signed on 9 October 1621 which resulted in no territorial gain or loss, but Sigismund

3952-543: The Polish-Lithuanian commander later suffered a nervous breakdown . In May 1626 the Swedes entered Polish Ducal Prussia . Escorted by a fleet, a second Swedish army disembarked in July near the town of Piława (Pillau) . The landings were a complete surprise to the Commonwealth's defences, and despite a relatively small Swedish force, Gustavus Adolphus quickly captured the coastal towns and cities, almost without

4056-818: The Russian throne appeared claiming to be Dmitry Ivanovich , the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible who in fact died in 1591. After the fall of Sigismund's candidates – False Dmitry I and his Polish wife Marina Mniszech (nicknamed "Marinka the Witch" by the Russians) – Vasili Ivanovich Shuysky was crowned as Vasili IV. The death of False Dmitry and widespread chaos proved reason for Poland to prepare an invasion. Prior raids between 1605 and 1609 were conducted by Polish nobles or adventurers along with hired cossacks and foreign mercenaries . Sigismund's primary intention

4160-508: The Swedish parliament ( Riksdag ) had no right to function without royal consent. Despite this, Charles summoned a parliament at Söderköping in autumn of 1595, at which he declared himself regent and head of government, who would govern Sweden reciprocally with the Privy Council during the King's absence from the realm. The Finnish nobility led by Fleming rejected this resolution and so did Sigismund's emissary who ordered him, in

4264-722: The World Championship round called the Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden from 1995 to 2000 and the 2022 Swedish Individual Speedway Championship . General elections were held in Sweden on 14 September 2014 to elect the Riksdag , all 21 county councils and 290 municipal assemblies . The local Social Democrats (S; Social Demokraterna), Green Party (MP; Miljöpartiet) and the Liberal People's Party (L; Liberalerna, formerly FP; Folk Partiet) formed

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4368-545: The ambassador out of Poland at first seemed to be "a gentleman of excellent fashion, wit, discourse, language, and person." He presented his credentials, kissed the Queen's hand, then walked to the centre of the chamber and, as outlined by Cecil, "began his oration aloud in Latin , with such a gallant countenance as in my life I never beheld." Działyński informed Elizabeth that Sigismund was outraged that her vessels were capturing

4472-572: The border and on 29 September 1609 laid siege to Smolensk . On 4 July 1610, at the Battle of Klushino , the outnumbered Polish force achieved a decisive victory over Russian troops, mostly due to the tactical competence of the Polish winged hussars . The battle was a major blow to the Russians; Tsar Vasili IV was subsequently ousted by the Seven Boyars and Żółkiewski entered Moscow beginning

4576-644: The brutality of Fleming's men and started a successful propaganda war. The prospects of Polish and Catholic domination over Sweden became uncertain when Klaus Fleming died on 13 April 1597. He was succeeded by Arvid Stålarm the Younger , who did not accede to Swedish demands and awaited Charles' intervention in Finland. Meanwhile, the nobility dispersed; Erik Gustafsson Stenbock , Arvid Gustafsson Stenbock , Erik Sparre , Erik Brahe and Sten Banér fled to entreat Sigismund to return and counter Charles. In 1597,

4680-674: The castle commanders had shown sympathies towards Sigismund. In the 1590s, the interests of the English and the Ottoman Turks coincided in opposing the Spanish ; on the other hand, Sigismund had clashed with the Turks in Poland's southeast. In the Low Countries of northwestern Europe, Protestant forces sent by Elizabeth I fought the Catholic armies of Spain's Philip II Habsburg , preventing Spain from capturing territory on

4784-414: The cathedral in 1251. In the reign of Gustavus Vasa several important diets were held in the town. Religious centers tend to become educational centers, and Linköping was no exception. A cathedral school can be traced from 1266. In 1627 the current Linköping cathedral school was established, making it the third oldest gymnasium in Sweden. Also, Linköping was the site for the final settlement of

4888-443: The chief pillars of military strength in Poland, including Stanisław Żółkiewski , warmly approved of the King's policy in this respect, but it proved to be impracticable. The parliament's non-interventionist stance went so far that it refused to grant any subsidies for the Swedish Wars . The indecision and political opposition weakened the alliance between the Habsburg states and the Commonwealth. Polish mercenaries did, however, join

4992-399: The city and therefore plans to become a carbon-neutral community by 2025. Located on the Östergötland Plain, Linköping is closely linked to Norrköping , roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the east, near the sea. The city is possibly named after the Lionga ting assembly which according to Medieval Scandinavian laws was the most important thing in Östergötland . Exact location of

5096-448: The city started experimenting with two autonomous buses that run along a 2 km route around the university campus . The city is home to Linköping University and its associated hospital Linköping University Hospital . The Katedralskolan (English: Cathedral School ) is the third oldest gymnasium in the country. Source in Swedish: Sigismund III Vasa Sigismund III Vasa (20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S. )

5200-420: The condition that the boy would be brought up in the Protestant faith. In February 1600, Duke Charles summoned the Estates of the Realm to Linköping . Since Sigismund had not provided a reply, the Estates elected Duke Charles as King apparent, however he would not become Charles IX until his coronation four years later. During the winter and spring of 1600, Charles also occupied the Swedish part of Estonia, as

5304-458: The crown. Zamoyski, a patriotic brawler, along with other magnates were critical of the young king's liking for the Habsburg culture, certain habits and impassive cold character. According to historian and writer Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , Zamoyski was said to have exclaimed "what a mute have you brought to us" upon meeting the king in October 1587. The Chancellor was initially supportive of Sigismund's candidacy due to his maternal lineage. During

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5408-412: The dispute between king Sigismund III Vasa and his uncle Duke Charles , the latter prevailing in the battle of Stångebro (the main bridge in Linköping) on 25 September 1598. This ultimately led to the rise to the throne of Charles ( de facto at the 1600 Riksdag of the Estates meeting in Linköping and formally four years later) and the end of the short-lived Swedish-Polish personal union , as well as

5512-412: The end of the same year: the Hetmanship was suspended, the party of Maximilian was amnestied, the Zborowskis were rehabilitated, and Zamoyski's counterparts were removed from the royal court. Tensions grew further over the ownership of Estonia between Sweden and Poland following the dissolution of the Livonian Order ; Zamoyski held Sigismund accountable for the dispute. Sigismund's leniency towards

5616-404: The first parliament sitting, the so-called Pacification Sejm , in March 1589, Zamoyski proposed extensive reforms of the electoral system; notably, he presented the idea that only a member of a local native dynasty should be eligible to the Polish throne in the future, entailing the permanent exclusion of any Habsburg candidates. Sigismund saw a potential ally in Austria; he sought to establish

5720-425: The gathered deputies and representatives to exclude Archduke Maximilian from future candidacy to the throne, describing the possibility of Austrian intrigues and the looming threat of the Turkish Empire. His opponents, headed by Primate Karnkowski, formed an informal confederation immediately after the Sejm rose to protest the decrees. All of the decrees of the first Sejm were rescinded by a second Sejm which sat at

5824-410: The grace of God , king of Poland , grand duke of Lithuania , ruler of Ruthenia , Prussia , Masovia , Samogitia , Livonia and also hereditary king of the Swedes , Goths and Wends "; the latter titles being a reference to the fact that he was already the Crown Prince of Sweden, and thus would lawfully succeed to the throne of Sweden upon the death of his father. The outcome of the election

5928-403: The highest division. The team won the Swedish Cup in 2006 and 2014. The world's largest floorball club Linköping Innebandy resides in the indoor sports arena in the city centre. The city continues to lack a first-class men's team in football with several teams competing in the lower leagues. Other sports clubs include: Linköping hosted the 1968 World Orienteering Championships . The city has

6032-418: The lakes Roxen, Rängen and Järnlunden, the River Stångån/Kinda Canal and the Göta Canal with the Berg locks. These areas can be accessed by foot, bicycle, or boat. Linköping is the home of the Linköping Symphony Orchestra. The city is one of the sites of the Östergötland Music Days each summer, and the host of the Student Orchestra Festival in May every other year. One of the most notable choirs in Linköping

6136-401: The large differences between seasons but being comparatively mild when measured against other areas of the world on similar latitudes. Linköping tends to be slightly cooler in summer than nearby areas in the Mälar valley, but still was the weather station in Sweden among the officially listed for monthly statistics, that until 2018 had come the closest to a subtropical month, with July 1914 having

6240-537: The latter's death in 1605. The Uppsala Resolution of 1594 dictated the rights and securities of Protestants in Sweden; it promised to uphold the Lutheran faith in the country, forbade non-Lutherans from being appointed to office or participating in the educational system and prevented Sigismund from freely raising taxes for war. However, the resolution was undermined whenever possible. With military backing, Sigismund installed his own commanders in Swedish castles and made them responsible directly to him. He established

6344-400: The laws of the Confederation. Zamoyski joined the dissidents, and, when Sigismund failed to prevent mob violence directed against non-Catholics in Vilnius and Kraków in 1591, he summoned several conventions that "demanded the guarantees of security". Sigismund yielded to their demands, however, he forbade any future conventions which could destabilize the state. The prohibition did not have

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6448-426: The locks of Berg on the Göta Canal , the locks of the Kinda Canal, Gamla Linköping, Valla skogen and Valla fritidsområde (Old Linköping, Valla Wood , and the Valla recreational area), Flygvapen museum (the Air Force Museum), Linköping's domkyrka (the cathedral), Slotts- och domkyrkomuseet (the Castle and Cathedral Museum) and Östergötlands Länsmuseum (the Östergötland County Museum). Konsthallen Passagen

6552-415: The monarch was so persuasive that elderly Karnkowski sided with the Chancellor and his supporters, who abstained from kissing the King's hand upon arrival as the custom required. Alleged letters and private correspondence between Sigismund and Ernest with the royal signature was presented as evidence. The King rebuked these accusations; his aides attributed the falsified signature to the court scribe , who

6656-463: The most eminent and distinguished magnates , among them Mikołaj Zebrzydowski and Stanisław Żółkiewski . At Andreiow, he allegedly exposed proof concerning a plot that would place Archduke Ernest on the throne if Sigismund was to abdicate. Zamoyski's claim caused an uproar. On 7 September, Sigismund summoned the "Warsaw Inquisition Sejm" ( sejm inkwizycyjny ) to inquire into the so-called "Austrian cabals". Zamoyski's strong argument against that of

6760-402: The name of the king, to resign. Fleming sympathised with Sigismund and considered Charles a rebel. In response, Charles instigated a brief revolt against Fleming among the peasants under Jaakko Ilkka in the province of Ostrobothnia , known today as the Cudgel War . As outlined by historian Gary Dean Peterson, Fleming might have quelled the rebellion but it was Charles who took advantage of

6864-449: The office of regional governor ( ståthållare ) and appointed Charles' lifelong enemy, Klaus Fleming , as the overlord of Finland . The governors served notice that they would abstain from persecuting Catholicism in their administered territories. Erik Brahe , a Roman Catholic, became the governor of Sweden's capital city, Stockholm , in defiance of the 1594 charter which sparked widespread anger. On 4 August 1594 Sigismund decreed that

6968-528: The other hand, it was also during his rule that the seeds of decline surfaced. Considerable contributions to the arts and architecture as well as military victories were tarnished by intrigues and religious persecutions. He was commemorated in Warsaw by Sigismund's Column , one of the city's chief landmarks and the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history . It was commissioned after Sigismund's death by his son and successor, Władysław IV . Born on 20 June 1566 at Gripsholm Castle , Sigismund

7072-518: The political battle, fled with his sister during the coming days to Poland. At the same time as the peace treaty was being signed in Linköping, conflicts were taking place in Dalarna . There, a pro-Sigismund bailiff, Jacob Näf , had tried to raise up the Dalecarlians against Duke Charles. Chaos ensued, Näf was executed, and the Dalecarlians set out on a campaign in 1598, burning and killing down to Brunnbäck ferry. In Västergötland , Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm , illegitimate son of Duke Charles, defeated

7176-478: The rebellion. A number of Swedes who had sided with Sigismund, including his council supporters, were handed over to Charles as part of the peace settlement. They were later killed in the Linköping Bloodbath of 1600. Sigismund was officially deposed from the throne of Sweden by a Riksdag held in Stockholm on 24 July 1599. He was given six (or twelve depending on source) months to send his son, Prince Ladislaus (Władysław) Vasa , to Sweden as his successor, under

7280-419: The rebels. Despite the failure to overthrow Sigismund, the rebellion firmly established the rights and privileges of nobles in the Polish political system, confirmed the inviolability of the royal elections and religious tolerance. Sigismund's major goals were achieving stability of government, combating Protestantism, and expanding Poland's territory. While the Russians were embroiled in a civil war known as

7384-405: The role model for the character Ruth Köhler in the film Kvinna utan ansikte (1947). After the war, Karin Lannby changed her name to Maria Cyliakus and moved to France, where she was active as an actress, translator and journalist. Link%C3%B6ping Nowadays, Linköping is known for its university and its high-technology industry. Linköping wants to create a sustainable development of

7488-524: The same year. As noted by envoys, several high-ranking noblemen fighting for Sigismund's cause were instantaneously sent to the scaffold . Further tensions and escalation of violence as well as Charles's unpredictable stance persuaded Sigismund to intervene. Christian IV of Denmark agreed to cooperate but would not join the armed conflict. The major seaports of Danzig (Gdańsk), Lübeck and Rostock were pressured to sever trade with Sweden. Polish privateers began to violently attack Swedish vessels in

7592-543: The share has gradually increased and in 2019 its share amounted to 23.1 percent. Top 5 largest immigrant communities are: 1. [REDACTED] Iraq – 3850 2. [REDACTED] Somalia - 2345 3. [REDACTED] Eritrea - 1129 4. [REDACTED] Iran - 988 5. [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina - 667 Linköping offers a wealth of leisure activities to people of all ages. Residents and visitors are able to enjoy art, theatre, history, concerts, markets, festivals and sporting events. Special sights of interests are:

7696-427: The ships of Polish and Hanseatic merchants trading with the Spanish, and indicated that Sigismund was prepared to commence hostilities over the matter unless Elizabeth immediately rescinded this policy and returned captured ships and cargo. Elizabeth rose "lionlike" and rebuked Działyński, comparing his speech to a declaration of war and manners to that of "a herald than an ambassador." She reminded him that England

7800-548: The south side of the English Channel . England's naval power also prevented Spain from completely dominating the Mediterranean , to the benefit of the Turks. During this time, England purchased a great deal of grain and timber from Poland to supply its navy, necessitating good relations with Poland. Edward Barton , Elizabeth's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, had warned them that England would have to respond if

7904-633: The stability of the state. There is little evidence or written works from the period concerning the terms under which the Sejm functioned or how it concluded. Niemcewicz largely attributed the victory to Sigismund – the measures of the Counter-Reformation strengthened and within a year many of the convention's attendees died; acquiescent nobles favourable to the king were appointed as their successors, thus making his position less vulnerable. The rivalry between Sigismund and Zamoyski continued until

8008-598: The town. One of the biggest employers in Linköping is Saab which among other products manufactures the SAAB Gripen fighter jet and where the SAAB 340 twin-engine commuter turboprop was produced at Linköping/Saab Airport . The city also has a strong presence in information technology with the headquarters of IFS AB , Sectra AB and Cambio Healthcare Systems AB , as well as the presence of Motorola , Ericsson , Infor , and many others. Toyota Industries Sweden AB has

8112-462: The transfer of the country's capital from Kraków to Warsaw . Sigismund was the son of King John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagiellon , daughter of King Sigismund I of Poland . Elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, he sought to unify Poland and Sweden under one Catholic kingdom, and when he succeeded his deceased father in 1592 the Polish–Swedish union

8216-632: The two-year tyrannical occupation of the Kremlin . The Seven Boyars proclaimed Polish prince Ladislaus , Sigismund's son, as the new Tsar of Russia. In June 1611 Smolensk fell to the Poles ; the deposed Vasili Shuysky was transported in a caged wagon to Warsaw, where he paid tribute to Sigismund and the Senate at the Royal Castle on 29 October 1611. He eventually died in captivity at Gostynin ; he

8320-533: Was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 and, as Sigismund , King of Sweden and Grand Duke of Finland from 1592 to 1599. He was the first Polish sovereign from the House of Vasa . Religiously zealous, he imposed Catholicism across the vast realm, and his crusades against neighbouring states marked Poland's largest territorial expansion. As an enlightened despot, he presided over an era of prosperity and achievement, further distinguished by

8424-530: Was also proficient in German, Italian, and Latin . Catherine ensured that her son was educated in the spirit of Catholicism and Polish patriotism; the young prince was made aware of his blood connection to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland in its finest period for two hundred years. Although Sigismund in his youth enjoyed reading and learning, observers did not acknowledge his intelligence. He

8528-525: Was also successful in maintaining peace with his powerful southern neighbour by marrying Archduchess Anne of Habsburg in 1592. Simultaneously, he secured an alliance with Catholic Austria against Protestant foes. When his father died, Sigismund was granted permission by the Polish Diet to claim the Swedish crown , which he had inherited from his father. The Swedes, who previously declared John III

8632-527: Was created. Opposition in Protestant Sweden caused a war against Sigismund headed by Sigismund's uncle Charles IX , who deposed him in 1599. Sigismund attempted to hold absolute power in all his dominions and frequently undermined parliament. He suppressed internal opposition, strengthened Catholic influence and granted privileges to the Jesuits , whom he employed as advisors and spies during

8736-603: Was crowned Tsar in 1613. This established the Romanov dynasty which ruled Russia until the February Revolution in 1917. Sigismund's personal ambition of ruling the vast lands in the east as well as converting its populace to Catholicism ended in a fiasco. According to Alexander Gillespie , approximately five million Russians died between 1598 and 1613, the result of continuous conflict, civil war, instigated famine and Sigismund's politics. Sigismund sought to join

8840-410: Was deposed and strangled . Following a series of conflicts between Poland and Sweden in 1600–1611 , 1617–1618 , and 1621–1625 , all of which ended in a stalemate , Gustavus Adolphus invaded in 1626 to gain control over Livonia and relinquish Sigismund's claim to the Swedish crown. Sigismund, already in advanced age, continued his long-term ambition to seize Sweden, which gave Gustavus Adolphus

8944-440: Was deposed and Sigismund's father ascended the throne of Sweden as John III. He maintained good relations with his father despite John's second marriage to Gunilla Bielke , a Protestant noble lady of lower status and Catherine's former maid of honour . In 1589, Sigismund's half-brother John , the future Duke of Östergötland , was born. As a child, Sigismund was tutored in both Polish and Swedish, thus making him bilingual. He

9048-503: Was easily taken with the help of the nobility and officers of Götaland . The cavalry of Uppland soon joined the royalists, and new forces were mobilised in Finland and Estonia. Charles' troops were greater in numbers, but mostly comprised poorly-trained militias and peasants from the friendly provinces. Sigismund advanced his troops towards Stångebro in Linköping where his sister Anna Vasa resided. On 8 September Charles executed

9152-456: Was established in 1128, and the oldest parts of the cathedral are also from the 12th century (although it has been changed many times since then, the eye-catching tower with copper roofing being a 19th-century product). On several occasions attempts to achieve a separate Swedish archdiocese were based in Linköping, although, when they finally were successful in 1164, Uppsala was chosen instead. The coronation of Valdemar Birgersson took place in

9256-400: Was excluded from the communists and returned to Sweden. From 1939 to 1945, she was an agent in service of the Swedish state during the war; under the code name Annette , she reported of her observations from the cultural and diplomatic circles of Stockholm's party life. She acted in several films during the war. In 1940–41, she had a relationship with Ingmar Bergman ; she is said to have been

9360-414: Was handsome, rather tall, and of slim build, but timid and an introvert who became heavily influenced by the teachings of the church. Nevertheless, Sigismund was undoubtedly multitalented and artistically inclined. In 1587, Sigismund stood for election to the Polish throne after the death of Stephen Báthory . His candidacy was secured by Queen Dowager Anna and several elite magnates who considered him

9464-414: Was instrumental at hiding troop movement; the Swedish rebels used the opportunity to take the bridges on the river Stångån when Sigismund's men were falsely led into a truce and retreated to their camp. Their attempt to regroup and form a second defensive line proved futile and Charles emerged victorious as the Polish army was also cut off from supplies by superior Swedish warships . The peace agreement

9568-568: Was instrumental in halting the Turkish advances and added "I can hardly believe that if the King [Sigismund] himself were present he would have used such language." Sigismund emerged successful in securing trade with the Spanish Crown and with England, though the relations between the two nations became strained. According to historians Kavita Mudan Finn and Valerie Schutte, William Shakespeare might have used Elizabeth's political anger at

9672-455: Was most likely poisoned as his brother died soon after. The Polish army also committed countless atrocities while stationing in Moscow. In 1611, Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky formed a new army to launch an uprising against the Polish occupiers. The Poles eventually withdrew from Moscow in September 1612 after pillaging and burning the city. When news reached Sigismund he hurried with

9776-506: Was not legally capable to become bishop. The decision strained the once friendly relations between Poland and Transylvania . As outlined by Oskar Halecki , the king's friends were largely recruited from the higher clergy and the Jesuits, who violated the 1573 Warsaw Confederation guaranteeing religious freedoms in Poland and Lithuania. As persecution loomed, political dissidents grouped and formed factions which called for adherence to

9880-433: Was primarily caused by the growing dissatisfaction with the monarch among the Polish szlachta and wealthy magnates . The rebels disapproved of Sigismund's efforts to weaken the diplomatic and political capabilities of the nobility and to introduce an absolute monarchy. The participants of the rebellion formed a war council and outlined their demands in 67 articles. They demanded the dethronement of Sigismund for breaching

9984-580: Was proclaimed king by Treasurer Jan Dulski on behalf of Crown Marshal Andrzej Opaliński , and after arriving in the Royal Capital City of Kraków he was crowned on 27 December at Wawel Cathedral . Sigismund's position was solidified when Jan Zamoyski defeated Maximilian at the Battle of Byczyna and took him prisoner. At the request of Pope Sixtus V , the Archduke was then released and in turn surrendered his claim to Poland in 1589. He

10088-400: Was sealed with a dinner at Linköping Castle on 28 September. Both sides agreed to lay down arms and send the troops back to their home provinces, except for the King's personal guard. Charles' appointments were to be recognized and a parliament was to be called to settle any disputes. The King, who was under pressure, fearing for his life without his army and having realised that he had lost

10192-555: Was sent to pacify the rebels. A full-scale battle ensued on 5 July, with 200 casualties, which resulted in the victory of the Royalist forces. The rebellious nobles formally surrendered to the King at the 1609 meeting of the parliament, which became known as the Pacification Sejm . In return for their surrender the rebels were granted leniency. Many royal supporters, including Hetman Chodkiewicz, had exacted amnesty for

10296-519: Was strongly contested by factions of the Polish nobility that backed the candidacy of Archduke Maximilian III of Austria , who launched a military expedition . When the news reached Sigismund in Sweden, he crossed the Baltic and landed in Poland on 7 October, immediately agreeing to grant royal privileges to the Sejm (parliament) in the hope of calming the opposition and settling the disputed election. He

10400-423: Was subsequently imprisoned at Działdowo (Soldau), tortured, but pleaded not guilty. The opposition extended their demands and asked for the immediate removal of all foreign dignitaries from the court, including mercenaries , which was not fully enforced. The Sejm had no definite outcome; most of the gathered nobles and diplomats dispersed as further incrimination of the sovereign proved futile and detrimental to

10504-508: Was the daughter of Polish king Sigismund the Old and Bona Sforza of Milan , all of whom where practicing Catholics. Sigismund's older sister Isabella died aged two in 1566. His younger sister Anna was a Lutheran , but the close relationship between the two siblings remained unchanged until her death in 1625. In October 1567, Sigismund and his parents were released from prison at the request of his uncle Charles . In January 1569, Eric XIV

10608-435: Was the second child and only son of Catherine Jagiellon and Grand Duke John of Finland , who was a son of King Gustav I of Sweden . The couple was being held prisoner at Gripsholm since 1563 when John staged a failed rebellion against his deranged brother Eric XIV of Sweden . Although Protestant Christians were growing political wing in Poland at the time, Sigismund was raised as a Roman Catholic . His mother Catherine

10712-402: Was to destroy the Russian state and impose Catholicism with the use of force or terror if necessary. Lew Sapieha , Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, sought neutrality by proposing to Boris Godunov an "eternal" peace treaty between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, but the idea did not gain support and was declined. The Commonwealth army under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski crossed

10816-415: Was to relinquish his claims on Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire was prevented from marching into Poland. Sultan Osman himself was not fully satisfied with the war's outcome and blamed the defiant janissaries . His wish and plans to modernize the army, which was blamed for the defeat, were however opposed by the traditionalist janissary units. That opposition resulted in the 1622 rebellion in which Osman II

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