Diego Silang y Andaya ( Spanish: [ˈdjeɣo si.ˈlaŋg] ; December 16, 1730 – May 28, 1763) was a Filipino revolutionary leader who allied with British forces to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano state . His revolt was fueled by grievances stemming from Spanish taxation and abuses, and by his belief in self-government, that the administration and leadership of the Roman Catholic Church and government in the Ilocos be invested in trained Ilocano officials. His wife, the Itneg Gabriela Cariño , took on leadership of his revolt after his assassination.
74-494: Laoag ( [laʊˈag] ), officially the City of Laoag ( Ilocano : Siudad ti Laoag ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Laoag ), is a 3rd class component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Norte , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 111,651 people. It is the province's most populous, political, commercial, and industrial hub and the location of Ilocos Region's busiest commercial airport . It
148-533: A plebiscite and passed into law by the Senate President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos . It remained the capital of Ilocos Norte . Mayor Eulalio F. Siazon and Engineer Trinidad Lucas Aurelio were part of a team that led the drive to convert Laoag into a city. Another members of the group was Simeon M. Valdez who filed the bill in congress, co-authored by Antonio V. Raquiza. The first city mayor was Eulalio Fonacier Siazon. Laoag
222-665: A large opportunity for economic expansion. The historic scenic tourist spots, availability of internationally competitive accommodations and facilities, and the presence of supportive national government agencies, makes Laoag an ecotourism center, as classified by the Department of Tourism . The Northwestern Luzon Growth Quadrangle – fondly called the North Quad – also aims to develop rural areas through an integrated countryside agri-industrial development approach with emphasis/focus in attaining sustainable and equitable growth; increase
296-772: A million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the major languages of the Philippines . Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the regions where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein. In 2009, the Department of Education instituted Department Order No. 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, Department Order No. 16, s. 2012 stipulated that
370-889: A non-English language at home speak Ilocano, making it the most spoken non-English language in the state. In September 2012, the province of La Union became the first in the Philippines to pass an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino and English. This ordinance aims to protect and revitalize the Ilocano language, although other languages, such as Pangasinan , Kankanaey , and Ibaloi , are also spoken in La Union. The modern Ilokano alphabet consists of 29 letters: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, LLll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, and Zz Pre-colonial Ilocano people of all classes wrote in
444-601: A pivotal role in preserving and publishing Ilocano literary works, including the earliest known text of Biag ni Lam-ang . While there is no official dialectology for Ilocano, the usually agreed dialects of Ilocano are two, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the older Abagatan (Southern) dialect employs six. Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop: The letter in bold
518-475: A proclamation by King Philip's 1573 Law of the Indies . In the town plaza, it was not uncommon to see garrisons under the church bells. The colonization process was slowly being carried out. The Spanish colonization of the region, however, was never completely successful. Owing to the abusive practices of many Augustinian friars , a number of Ilocanos revolted against their colonizers. Noteworthy of these were
592-658: A significant number of adherents. Poverty incidence of Laoag Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Strategically located at the northern tip of the Northwestern Luzon Growth Quadrangle. It is within two hours of jet travel to any one of East Asia's economic tigers such as Hong Kong , Mainland China , Japan , South Korea and Taiwan by way of the Laoag International Airport if direct routes are opened and established. Having critical infrastructure such as
666-408: A strong workforce. At present, most industries in the city are small-scale, consisting of small-scale food-processing factories, rice mills, jewelry-making, hollow blocks factories, and metal crafts. Retail giants like SM Prime Holdings with three stores (SM Savemore, Savemore Market, SM Hypermarket), and Puregold are present within the central business district. CityMall will soon to rise south of
740-557: A syllabic system known as Baybayin prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida , or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or virama – shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of
814-522: A syllable onset or coda . The phoneme /h/ is a borrowed sound (except in the negative variant haan ) and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word reloj 'clock' would have been heard as [re.loh] , the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/ . However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/ , with
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#1732772701687888-404: A total of thirty-three elementary schools. Ten private elementary schools are also present including a Chinese school . In addition, there are eight private and six public high schools, and significant rise of integrated schools. In order to provide continuing education to sustain the economic momentum of the region, the government has established tertiary public learning institutions in the city:
962-560: A tour of heritage sites featuring Spanish colonial buildings, baroque churches, La Paz Sand Dunes , white-sand beach resorts of Pagudpud , and Marcos-era mansions. The Laoag Cathedral was built in 1612 by Augustinian friars to replace a wooden chapel . It also serves as the seat or central church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Laoag . Built with an Italian Renaissance , the church has an unusual two-story façade , supported by two pairs of columns on each side of
1036-429: A translation of St. Vincent Ferrer’s sermons by Fr. Antonio Mejia. The 19th century witnessed the rise of Leona Florentino , who has been recognized as the " National Poetess of the Philippines ," although her sentimental poetry received criticism from modern readers for lacking depth and structure. The early 20th century brought forth notable Ilocano writers such as Manuel Arguilla , whose prose effectively captured
1110-517: A vibrant reflection of the rich cultural heritage and history of the Ilocano people, tracing its origins to their animistic past. It encompasses a profound backdrop of mythology, folklore, and superstition, all rooted in a tradition of oral history shaped by cultural evolution. Key narratives include creation myths featuring figures such as Aran, Angalo, and Namarsua, the Creator, alongside tales of benevolent and malevolent spirits that are integral to
1184-526: A wet season from May to October, occasionally visited by powerful typhoons . Laoag is also called the "Sunshine City" Long before the coming of the Spaniards, there already existed an extensive region consisting of the present provinces of Ilocos Norte , Ilocos Sur , Abra , and La Union renowned for its gold mines. Merchants from Japan and China would often visit the area to trade gold with beads, ceramics, and silk. The Austronesian inhabitants of
1258-715: Is laud /la.ʔud/ ('west'). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [dɐ.ˈnom] for danum ('water'). The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic . Example: uso 'use'; oso 'bear' Unlike u and o , i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ɛ] , like ubíng [ʊ.ˈbɛŋ] ('child'). The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel; and
1332-562: Is also the northernmost city in the Philippines. The municipalities of San Nicolas , Paoay , Sarrat , Piddig , Vintar , and Bacarra form its boundaries. The foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain range to the east, and the South China Sea to the west are its physical boundaries. Laoag experiences the prevailing monsoon climate of Northern Luzon , characterized by a dry season from November to April and
1406-665: Is an 84-hectare parcel of land with 1.4-kilometer beach line adjascent to Fort Ilocandia Resort Hotel. Meanwhile, Plaza San Guillermo is on its first phase of construction, just opposite the Sinking Bell Tower. The city is also in the forefront of green-technology after Danish investors set-up the first wind-driven powerplant in Southeast Asia : the Bangui Wind Farm . The 25-megawatt plant cost $ 47.6 million US dollars. An $ 11 million US dollar expansion
1480-425: Is an allophone of /u/ in final syllables. Thus, apúy ('fire') may be pronounced /ɐ.ˈpoi/ and baboy ('pig') may be pronounced /ˈba.bui/ . As for the diphthong /au/ , the general rule is to use /aw/ for native words while /au/ will be used for spanish loanword such as the words autoridad, autonomia, automatiko. The same rule goes to the diphthong /ai/ . All consonantal phonemes except /h, ʔ/ may be
1554-400: Is being held every three years. Laoag City elected officials, term of office June 30, 2022 – June 30, 2025: Tourism has become a major economic driver of Laoag City, paving the way for new commercial investments and infrastructure development. Fort Ilocandia Resort, first and only 5-star hotel in the north, continues to attract foreign and domestic tourists. Other places of interest include
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#17327727016871628-498: Is concurrently under construction, which is set to quadruple the capacity. Laoag, belonging to the first congressional district of the province of Ilocos Norte , is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a city council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which
1702-401: Is further celebrated through life rituals, festivities, and oral traditions , expressed in songs ( kankanta ), dances ( salsala ), poems ( dandaniw ), proverbs ( pagsasao ), and literary duels ( bucanegan ). These rich literary forms not only preserve Ilocano identity but also demonstrate its adaptability within the evolving Filipino cultural landscape. During the Spanish regime, Iloco poetry
1776-526: Is located at the west-central part of the Province of Ilocos Norte bordering the South China Sea . It is bounded on the east by the Municipality of Sarrat ; in the southeast by the Municipality of San Nicolas ; in the southwest by the Municipality of Paoay , in the northeast the Municipality of Vintar ; in the northwest by the Municipality of Bacarra ; and in the west by the South China Sea . It
1850-621: Is one of the largest cities in the Ilocos Region . Laoag is politically subdivided into 80 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Laoag has a tropical savanna climate with warm to hot temperatures year round. Temperatures dips sightly during the winter months between December and February. Characterized by two well-pronounced seasons; dry and wet and is classified as mild and pleasant climate. Dry season usually starts in November until April and wet during
1924-1050: Is primarily spoken in the Ilocos Region, the Babuyan Islands , the Cordillera Administrative Region , Cagayan Valley , and the northern and western parts of Central Luzon . It is also spoken in Batanes , parts of Mindoro and Palawan , and scattered areas in Mindanao , particularly in the Soccsksargen region. Internationally, it is spoken in the United States, with the largest concentrations in Hawaii and California , as well as in Canada . In Hawaii, 17% of those who speak
1998-481: Is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel. e /ɯ/ For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart . Unstressed /a/ is pronounced [ɐ] in all positions except final syllables, like madí [mɐˈdi] ('cannot be') but ngiwat ('mouth') is pronounced [ˈŋiwat] . Unstressed /a/ in final-syllables is mostly pronounced [ɐ] across word boundaries. Although
2072-596: Is the second being established in Ilocos Region under the Department of Science and Technology, located in Barangay Vira east of bypass road, has already opened this school year 2024–2025 for Grade 7 students. Ilocano language Iloco (also Ilokano ; / iː l oʊ ˈ k ɑː n oʊ / ; Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Iloko ) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken in the Philippines by
2146-614: Is the weekly magazine Bannawag . The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. aldao aldaw day Notes With the implementation by the Spanish of the Bilingual Education System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven major languages (those that have at least
2220-612: The Alcalde should give up the staff of government, and deposit it in the hands of the Vicar-general. The majority advised the Alcalde to defend himself against this attack; but instigated by his fears, or swayed by the opinion of injudicious friends, he resigned the command to the Vicar-general, and with no inconsiderable share of hazard of his life, effected his escape from the province. Emboldened by their success in this instance,
2294-527: The Balangao language and certain eastern dialects of Bontoc . The Ilocano people historically utilized an indigenous writing system known as kur-itan . There have been proposals to revive this script by incorporating its instruction in public and private schools within Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur , where Ilocano is predominantly spoken. Iloco (Ilocano) like all Philippine languages, belongs to
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2368-651: The British occupation of the Philippines , inspired uprisings in the farthest north of Ilocos Norte and Cagayan, where anti-Spanish sentiments festered. Though Silang initially wanted to replace Spanish functionaries in the Ilocos with native-born officials and volunteered to head Ilocano forces on the side of the Spanish, desperate Spanish administrators instead transferred their powers to the Catholic Bishop of Nueva Segovia , who rejected Silang's offer. Diego Silang
2442-455: The Doctrina , is celebrated as the " Father of Ilocano Poetry and Literature ," credited for composing the epic Biag ni Lam-ang ("Life of Lam-ang"). This poem, which narrates the extraordinary adventures of the Ilocano hero Lam-ang, encapsulates core values of the Ilocano people, such as courage, loyalty, and respect for familial and ancestral ties. A study of Iloco poetry can also be found in
2516-506: The Gramatica Ilokana , published in 1895, which is based on Lopez's earlier work, Arte de la Lengua Iloca , published in 1627 but likely written before 1606. In the 18th century, missionaries played a crucial role in promoting literacy and religious education among the Ilocano population through the publication of both religious and secular texts, including Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa by Fr. Jacinto Rivera and
2590-474: The Laoag International Airport at Gabu and the Currimao Port makes Laoag the port of entry of goods and services complemented by an extensive road and highway system that connects it to other cities. A banking system is also found in the city with a number of twenty-five different local, domestic, and foreign banks ready to serve any financial need. With a 12,747.35m total land area, Laoag City provides
2664-683: The close front unrounded vowel /i/ , [j] . Example: kuarta /kwaɾ.ta/ 'money'; paria /paɾ.ja/ 'bitter melon' In addition, dental / alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/ . (See Consonants below). Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] except in final syllables, like pintás ('beauty') [pɪn.ˈtas] and buténg ('fear') [bʊ.ˈtɛŋ, bʊ.ˈtɯŋ] but bangir ('other side') and parabur ('grace/blessing') are pronounced [ˈba.ŋiɾ] and [pɐ.ˈɾa.buɾ] . Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in final syllables are mostly pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] across word boundaries. The letter ⟨e⟩ represents two vowels in
2738-452: The dallot , an improvised long poem delivered in a melodic manner. A significant work within this literary tradition is the epic Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang), which stands as one of the few indigenous narratives to have survived colonial influence. While it has assimilated foreign elements over time, it continues to embody essential values such as courage, loyalty, and the importance of familial and ancestral bonds. Ilocano culture
2812-521: The j pronounced as in French , resulting in /re.los/ in Ilokano. As a result, both /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur. Diego Silang " Diego de Silang, a Filipino, very quick and artful, and who being a native of Manila [ie island of Luzon], spoke the Spanish language well, began to revolutionize this province, by telling his countrymen, that in order to maintain the Catholic faith, and to preserve
2886-533: The orthography , vowels in sequence such as uo and ai , do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok 'hair' /bʊ.ʔok/ and dait 'sew' /da.ʔit/ . The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/ in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are reyna /ˈɾei.na/ (from Spanish reina , 'queen') and treyner /ˈtɾei.nɛɾ/ ('trainer'). The diphthongs /oi/ and /ui/ may be interchanged since /o/
2960-479: The 2020 census, it has a population of 111,651 people, with a density of 960 inhabitants per square kilometre or 2,500 inhabitants per square mile. Laoag City had a total population of 94,466 for the year 2000 as per NSO official report. In 1995, the total inhabitants of the city was 88,336, an increase of 6,130. Based on the 1995 and 2000 intercensal periods, the Average Annual Growth Rate of
3034-695: The Austronesian language family, which is believed to have originated in Taiwan . It constitutes its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran subfamily and is spoken as a first language by approximately seven million people. As a lingua franca of Northern Luzon and several areas of Central Luzon, Ilocano is also spoken as a second language by over two million people, including native speakers of Ibanag , Ivatan , Pangasinan , Sambal , and other regional languages. The Ilocano language
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3108-821: The College of Teacher Education (CTE) Tricia Lauren G. Gapas a student and the College of Industrial Technology (CIT) of the Mariano Marcos State University . Other higher education institutions in the city include Northwestern University , Northern Christian College , Divine Word College of Laoag , Data Center College of the Philippines, Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trades , AMA Colleges , and STI College . Also found in Laoag are vocational schools namely Overseas Technical Institute, Lazo Fashion School, and Bel Arte School of Fine Arts. The Rodolfo CG Fariñas Jr. National Science High School which
3182-587: The Dingras uprising (1589) and Pedro Almasan revolt in San Nicolas (1660). In 1762, Diego Silang led a series of battles aimed at freeing the Ilocanos from the Spanish yoke. When he died from an assassin's bullet, his widow Gabriela continued the cause. Unfortunately, she too was captured and hanged. In 1807, the sugar cane ( basi ) brewers of Piddig rose up in arms to protest the government's monopoly of
3256-732: The Ilocano people. It ranks as the third most widely spoken native language in the country and serves as a lingua franca in Northern Luzon, particularly among the Igorot people and the indigenous settlers of Cagayan Valley . As an Austronesian language, Ilocano shares linguistic roots with other Philippine languages and is related to Malay (both Indonesian and Malaysian), Tetum , Chamorro , Fijian , Māori , Hawaiian , Samoan , Tahitian , Paiwan , and Malagasy . It exhibits close ties with several Austronesian languages in Northern Luzon and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with
3330-450: The Ilocano worldview. Shaped by centuries of interaction with diverse influences, Ilocano literature encompasses a wide array of literary forms, including epic poetry, folk tales, proverbs, riddles, religious documents, and songs. Central themes include resilience, familial loyalty, honor, and a deep connection to both the natural and spiritual realms. Ancient Ilocano poets articulated their expressions through folk and war songs, as well as
3404-661: The Ilocos to Manila; journeys that gave him his first glimpse of colonial injustice and that planted the seed of rebellion. Spain allied with France during the Seven Years' War , in opposition to Great Britain. The British in response sought to weaken the Spanish Empire. The seizure of Manila by British naval forces in October 1762, and the subsequent surrender of the Spanish Philippines to Britain during
3478-726: The Padsan River, while SM Supermall is expected to open in February 2025, located in Barangay Nangalisan West. Unitop, Mart One, Novo, New India, ME, JTC, MINISO, and ØNE Ø 5IVE are popular shopping centers. Robinsons Ilocos is only 5 minutes ride from Laoag City Hall. Megaworld has also secured 15 billion peso project to be developed in Barangay Calayab along the coast to be called "Ilocandia Coastown," its 34th township . The mixed-use beachfront
3552-454: The Spanish system and the Tagalog system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generations of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the alphabet system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, which better reflects the actual pronunciation of
3626-426: The administration of the province very difficult. Due to the excessive monopolies and forced labor, there were several uprisings: first by the people of Dingras in 1589; one that was led by Pedro Almazan in 1616; the revolt of Diego Silang in 1762–1763; by Ambaristo in 1788; by Pedro Mateo in 1808 (also known as Basi Revolt ) and uprising of Sarrat in 1815. For this reason, the division of the Ilocos into two provinces
3700-440: The annual rainfall with an average of 200 millimetres (7.9 in). In the afternoon of May, temperature reach up to 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) and drops down to 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in the early mornings of January. The city recorded an average temperature of 27.25 °C (81.05 °F) with a relative humidity of 75.5% in 1996. The city experiences an average of four to five tropical cyclones every year. According to
3774-422: The arched entrance architecture design and at the top of the facade holds a recessed niche that showcases the image of the city's patron saint , William of Maleval . The dramatic increase in tourist arrivals also prompted the establishment of a Chinese consulate to oversee the security of Chinese citizens living or visiting the city. A new immigration policy was made to simplify entry of Chinese tourists into
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#17327727016873848-426: The city includes taxi, jeepney, tricycle, and kalesa. Mini buses have daily routes to and from Pagudpud, Batac, and Vigan among others. The Laoag bypass linking Paoay on the western part serves as diversion road to long wheeler trucks without crossing the city proper. Another bypass road east of the city is under construction linking Bacarra and San Nicolas towns will help decongest traffic upon completion. As
3922-408: The city was 1.35%. The number of households is 19,751 and the average household size is five (5) persons per household. Male-female ratio is 1:1; Birth rate is 26.44% while Death rate is 4.28%. In the city of Laoag as of year 2000, Urban barangay San Lorenzo had the largest number of population at 2,883, followed by Rural barangay Buttong at 2,277, and then by Barangay 2 Santa Joaquina at 2,048. With
3996-566: The city. Tourists can find travel agencies including ticket offices of several airlines at the terminal building. Several large bus companies serve Laoag City making connections to major and minor Philippine destinations. These transportation services are provided by GV Florida Transport , Viron Transit , Maria de Leon Bus Lines, Partas and Fariñas Transit Company . Laoag is 487 kilometres (303 mi) from Manila via South Road Access of Laoag and 750 kilometres (470 mi) via North Access of Laoag from Metro Manila . Mode of transport within
4070-476: The coast, they were surprised to see numerous sheltered coves ( looc ) where the locals lived in harmony. As a result, they named the region "Ylocos" and its people "Ylocanos". As the Christianization of the region grew, so did the landscape of the area. Vast tracts of land were utilized for churches and bell towers in line with the Spanish mission of bajo de las campanas ('under the bells') –
4144-684: The country by issuing visitor visas at the airport upon arrival to entice more guests to come. Laoag City has been named as one of the top tourist destinations in Region I and in the country. Laoag International Airport services flights by PAL Express , Cebu Pacific and Sky Pasada with destinations to and from Manila , Cebu , Calayan Island , and Basco, Batanes . The Honolulu - Laoag vice versa will soon resume its direct flight with Philippine Airlines as its carrier. Foreign airlines offer direct charter flights to Laoag as part of travel packages with optional excursions to tourist destinations outside
4218-599: The country in obedience to the King, it was requisite to join together and arm against the Spaniards, and deliver them up to the English, against whom they had no means of resistance. These specious arguments made an impression on the minds of the chiefs, and many plebeians, particularly those of Vigan, which is the capital of the province, and residence of the Bishop. The seduced Filipinos presented themselves armed, and demanded that
4292-521: The earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether a consonant not succeeding a vowel is read or not, for it is not written. Vowel apostrophes interchange between e or i , and o or u . Due to this, the vowels e and i are interchangeable, and letters o and u , for instance, tendera and tindira ('shop-assistant'). In recent times, there have been two systems in use:
4366-610: The least inhabitants was Rural Barangay 39 Santa Rosa, 592, and then Barangay 52-A San Mateo, 594. Noticeably, the residents of Barangay 23 San Matias decreased by 740. Majority of ethnic population is Ilocano , whereas the Roman Catholic and the Aglipayan Church are the dominant religious affiliations. The rest of the existing religions in the city include the Iglesia ni Cristo , and other Protestant groups with
4440-584: The modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions. In native morphemes , the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o ; elsewhere, u . Example: Instances such as masapulmonto , ' You will manage to find it, to need it', are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), -mo (pronoun) and -(n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however,
4514-604: The mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for Kindergarten to Grade 3 Effective School Year 2012–2013. Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos Region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instruction. Ilocano literature serves as
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#17327727016874588-472: The non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) [ɛ ~ e] in words of foreign origin and [ɯ] in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, [ɛ ~ e] . Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w , respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In
4662-461: The productivity of agriculture and fisheries; encourage industrial competitiveness in the local and foreign markets like Taiwan , Japan , South Korea and Hong Kong . Plans are also being undertaken for the establishment of an eco-tourism village, which will showcase the rich cultural heritage of the Ilocano people and the local industries. Laoag and the surrounding municipalities also bolster
4736-470: The provincial capital, Laoag is the center of social and economic activity with almost all major commercial and institutional establishments gravitating towards it. The importance of education in socializing its population is shared by both the local government and the private sector, which has invested heavily in the development of the academic infrastructure. Most of the lower-level schools are government-owned and are divided into three districts, comprising
4810-470: The rebels demanded of the Bishop elect, Señor Ustariz, a Dominican, an exemption from the tribute, declaring that they acted justifiable in deposing the Alcalde. The Bishop pledged himself to lay before Señor Anda a favourable representation of their claims; but Silang being determined on acquiring the command, and little satisfied with what he had done, began to collect troops for more extensive operations. " Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (1805) Diego Silang
4884-647: The region called their place samtoy , from sao mi itoy , which literally meant "this is our language." In 1571, when the Spanish conquistadors had Manila more or less under their control, they began looking for new sites to conquer. Legaspi's grandson, Juan de Salcedo, volunteered to lead one of these expeditions. Together with eight armed boats and 45 men, the 22-year-old voyager headed north. On June 13, 1572, Salcedo and his men landed in Vigan and then proceeded towards Laoag, Currimao, and Badoc. As they sailed along
4958-472: The rest of the year. The city is shielded from northeast monsoon and trade winds by the mountain ranges of Cordillera and Sierra Madre but it is exposed to the southwest monsoon and cyclone storms. The rainy seasons, which has an average monthly rainfall of more than 100 millimetres (3.9 in). is from May to September with its peak in June, July and August. Rainfall during the peak month represents 68% of
5032-593: The unique aspects of Ilocano culture during his time as a World War II guerrilla hero. Carlos Bulosan emerged as another prominent figure, with his novel America is in the Heart celebrated as a significant work in the Filipino-American literary canon. Other distinguished writers from this period include F. Sionil Jose, known for his epic sagas set in Pangasinan, and Isabelo de los Reyes , who played
5106-504: The wine industry. In 1898, the church excommunicated Gregorio Aglipay for refusing to cut off ties with the revolutionary forces of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo . Unperturbed, he established the Iglesia Filipina Independiente . Aglipay's movement and the national sentiment it espoused helped restore the self-respect of many Filipinos . "The great increase in population from 1715 to 1818 from 18,980 to 282,845 made
5180-442: The word. The letters ng constitute a digraph and count as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo ('humility') appears before ngalngal ('to chew') in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system
5254-570: Was born on December 16, 1730 in Aringay , which was then a part of Pangasinan . Today, this area is encompassed by present-day Caba or Aringay in La Union . His father was Pangasinense , while his mother was Ilocano . He was baptized on January 7, 1731 in Vigan in the then-undivided province of Ilocos . There, young Diego worked as a messenger for a local Castilian priest. Bright, passionate, and fluent in Spanish, he ferried correspondence from
5328-527: Was heavily influenced by Spanish literary forms, with the earliest written Iloco poems largely based on romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez . In 1621, Lopez published the Doctrina Cristiana , the first book printed in Iloco , marking a significant milestone in the documentation of Ilocano literature. The 17th-century author Pedro Bucaneg , known for his collaboration with Lopez on
5402-407: Was killed on May 28, 1763 by one of his friends, a Spanish-Ilocano mestizo named Miguel Vicos, whom church authorities paid to assassinate Silang with the help of Pedro Becbec. He was 32 years old. After Silang's death, his Spanish- Itneg mestiza wife, Gabriela Silang, took command of the revolt and fought courageously. The Spanish sent a strong force against her. She was forced to retreat to what
5476-628: Was recommended by the local authorities. On February 2, 1818, a Spanish Royal Decree was promulgated dividing the Province of Ilocos Norte from Ilocos Sur. Laoag, which was then the biggest center of population, was made the capital of Ilocos Norte." Laoag was captured by the Japanese Army on December 12, 1941, two days after the landing at Vigan and Aparri. Its airport was then used by the Japanese for most of World War II. On June 19, 1965, Laoag changed from municipality to city status, following
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