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63-569: The Linguistic Society of America ( LSA ) is a learned society for the field of linguistics. Founded in New York City in 1924, the LSA works to promote the scientific study of language. The society publishes three scholarly journals : Language , the open access journal Semantics and Pragmatics , and the open access journal Phonological Data & Analysis. Its annual meetings, held every winter, foster discussion amongst its members through

126-403: A big-picture thinker, rather than detail-oriented, outspoken rather than reserved, prefer to delegate rather than be hands-on, emphasize what gets done rather than how things are done, and make collaborative rather than unilateral decisions. The CFO must serve as the financial authority in the organization, ensuring the integrity of fiscal data and modeling transparency and accountability. The CFO

189-1140: A number of sister organizations such as the American Dialect Society , the American Name Society , the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas , the North American Association for the History of the Language Sciences , North American Research Network in Historical Sociolinguistics, Society for Computation in Linguistics, and the Society for Pidgin and Creole Languages . Members of

252-496: A particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to fellows who are appropriately qualified by honoris causa , or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. A benefit of membership may be discounts on the subscription rates for the publications of the society. Many of these societies award post-nominal letters to their memberships. The membership at

315-692: A second "sister" journal to Language, titled Phonological Data and Analysis . A call for submissions was issued at that time, and the first article was published in June 2019. The LSA publishes a series of conference proceedings, including: Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT), The Annual Meetings in Phonology (AMP), the Berkeley Linguistic Society (through volume 45), and Proceedings of the LSA (formerly Extended Abstracts). All are fully open access publications. The LSA aims to advance

378-420: A simultaneous appointment to the LSA's executive committee and as the chair of its Student Committee. For the 2019 Institute, the LSA made two additional fellowship awards: the first named after Charles Fillmore, and the second named after Yuki Koroda. The idea for a Linguistic Institute was first proposed in the spring of 1927 by Reinhold Saleski. The fledgling Society was hesitant at first, but Edgar Sturtevant

441-443: Is an officer of a company or organization who is assigned the primary responsibility for making decisions for the company for projects and its finances ( financial planning , management of financial risks , record-keeping, and financial reporting , and often the analysis of data ). The CFO thus has ultimate authority over the finance unit and is the chief financial spokesperson for the organization. The CFO typically reports to

504-533: Is as much a part of governance and oversight as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), playing a fundamental role in the development and critique of strategic choices. The CFO is now expected to be a key player in stockholder education and communication and is clearly seen as a leader and team builder who sets the financial agenda for the organization, supports the CEO directly and provides timely advice to

567-410: Is fully open access. It was founded in 2008 as a co-journal of the eLanguage publishing platform the LSA developed, but became a full journal in its own right in 2013 with the discontinuation of eLanguage. The goal of the new publication was to not only publish articles, but also do so with the advances in open publishing including fast turnaround times and free and open access. In 2018, the LSA launched

630-486: Is held in alternate years from the main institute. The 2018 CoLang was held at the University of Florida, the 2020 CoLang planned to be held at the University of Montana was postponed, due to COVID-19, the 2022 CoLang will now be held at the University of Montana. The LSA will sponsor a series of student fellowships at this event. The LSA publishes two journals of its own, as well as publishing conference proceedings for

693-590: Is specifically charged with overseeing financial management matters, establishing financial management policies and requirements, and monitoring the establishment and operation of federal financial management systems. OFFM is led by a controller . The CFO Act also established the CFO Council, chair by the OMB Deputy Director for Management and including the CFOs and Deputy CFOs of 23 federal agencies,

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756-729: Is specified given that responsibilities extend to tax and financial reporting . Similarly, financial managers are often qualified accountants . In large companies, CFOs and FDs may hold additional postgraduate qualifications, such as a Master of Business Administration , or Master of Science in Finance ; the Chartered Financial Analyst is also common. These complement the accounting perspective with more general strategic , leadership and financial market considerations, and give exposure to broader financial and operational issues. The federal government of

819-428: Is well underway, is best-evidenced by the "CEO-in-Waiting" status that many CFOs now hold. Additionally, many CFOs have made the realization that an operating environment that values cash, profit margins, and risk mitigation is one that plays to the primary skills and capabilities of a procurement organization; CFO's have been encouraged to appoint a chief procurement officer (CPO) where this post does not exist, ensure

882-804: The American Association for the Advancement of Science , specific to a given discipline, such as the Modern Language Association , or specific to a given area of study, such as the Royal Entomological Society . Most are either specific to a particular country (e.g. the Entomological Society of Israel ), though they generally include some members from other countries as well, often with local branches, or are international, such as

945-969: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions or the Regional Studies Association , in which case they often have national branches. But many are local, such as the Massachusetts Medical Society , the publishers of the internationally known The New England Journal of Medicine . Some learned societies (such as the Royal Society Te Apārangi ) have been rechartered by legislation to form quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations . Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election. Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in

1008-469: The Ken Hale chair in linguistic fieldwork and the preservation of endangered languages . The newest endowed professorship is named after the late LSA President Charles Fillmore . The LSA also endows a series of student fellowships, named after prominent linguists and family members. These include fellowships named for Ken Hale , James McCawley , Ivan Sag , and Julia Bloch . The Bloch fellow also serves

1071-471: The Reagan administration after cuts to social science funding in 1981, the LSA and 9 other professional organizations founded COSSA as an advocacy effort for the funding of social science research. Advocacy efforts are not only limited to science funding, but larger issues of public policy as well. Over the years, the LSA membership have passed a number of resolutions regarding issues of public policy. In 1987,

1134-1163: The World Association in Economics is free of cost. Following the globalization and the development of information technology, certain scholarly societies—such as the Modern Language Association—have created virtual communities for their members. In addition to established academic associations, academic virtual communities have been so organized that, in some cases, they have become more important platforms for interaction and scientific collaborations among researchers and faculty than have traditional scholarly societies. Members of these online academic communities, grouped by areas of interests, use for their communication shared and dedicated listservs (for example JISCMail ), social networking services (like Facebook or LinkedIn ) and academic oriented social networks (like Humanities Commons, ResearchGate , Mendeley or Academia.edu ). Chief financial officer A chief financial officer ( CFO ), also known as,

1197-455: The chief executive officer (CEO) and the board of directors and may additionally have a seat on the board. The CFO directly assists the chief operating officer (COO) on all business matters relating to budget management, cost–benefit analysis, forecasting needs, and securing of new funding. Some CFOs have the title CFOO for chief financial and operating officer . In the majority of countries, finance directors ( FD ) typically report into

1260-481: The sociology of science argue that learned societies are of key importance and their formation assists in the emergence and development of new disciplines or professions. In the form of professional associations, they can assist in the creation of pathways to leadership. The World Association in Economics provides help to the members of the WAE on the following issues: Societies can be very general in nature, such as

1323-525: The Act, the CFO, regardless of their status as a Key Management Personnel (KMP), is required to sign the financial statements as they are responsible for overseeing the financial operations of the entire company. Their responsibilities include financial planning and monitoring cash flow. In some companies, the CFO and Finance Director positions may be held by the same individual interchangeably. As an internal member of

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1386-599: The Annual Meeting of Phonology, the Annual Meeting of Semantics and Linguistics Theory (SALT), the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society (BLS), and extended conference abstracts from its own Annual Meetings. The flagship journal of the LSA, Language , is ranked as one of the top journals in the field. The journal is almost as old as the society itself. First published in March 1925 and edited by George Melville Bolling , Aurelio Espinosa , and Edward Sapir ,

1449-485: The CFO, and FD is the level before reaching CFO. The chief financial officer was traditionally viewed as a financial gatekeeper. Over time, the position has become one of an advisor and strategic partner to the CEO. In a 2016 report released by McKinsey & Company , 88 percent of 164 CFOs surveyed reported that CEOs expect them to be more active participants in shaping the strategy of their organizations. Half of them also indicated that CEOs counted on them to challenge

1512-544: The Key Managerial Personnel (KMP). The Act does not impose any specific regulations regarding the compensation of a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), unless they serve on the Board of Directors or hold additional managerial responsibilities alongside their role as CFO. Additionally, the Act does not outline any specific qualifications required for the appointment of a CFO. However, according to Section 134(1) of

1575-654: The LSA established a secretariat in Washington, D.C., in order to act as a liaison between the members, federal government, and other professional organizations. In 1981, the LSA and 9 other professional organizations founded the Consortium of Social Science Associations in order to advocate for the governmental support of social science research. The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) is governed by three officers and an executive committee. The three officers—president, vice-president, and secretary-treasurer—are elected by

1638-509: The LSA may submit abstracts to the Program Committee for consideration for talks and poster sessions at the annual meeting. The LSA also offers "minicourses" at its annual meeting which offer instruction in various fields such as Python scripting and statistical methods using R . The LSA holds a four-week biennial Linguistic Institute in the summer which includes talks and coursework on various aspects of linguistics. Considered by

1701-559: The LSA officially took a stand against the English-only movement in the United States stating that "English-only measures ... are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and ... are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance." Furthering that stance, the membership ratified a statement on linguistic rights in 1996 declaring "the government and people of

1764-628: The LSA until 1988 when, due to increasing costs, the society announced that the Linguistic Institutes would be held every other year. It was at that same time that the summer meeting of the LSA was also discontinued. (See Falk 2014 for a detailed history of the Linguistic Institutes.) In addition to the main Linguistic Institute, the LSA also sponsors the Institute for Collaborative Language Research (CoLang), which

1827-488: The LSA, along with other professional societies, signed an amicus curiae brief in the Supreme Court case of Fisher v. University of Texas stating the importance of affirmative action policies and urging for their retention. The LSA presents a series of awards during its annual meeting. The list of awards, their descriptions, and selected holders are listed below: Past winners of the Linguistics, Language, and

1890-470: The LSA. The committee is composed of 12 members, 11 of which have voting privileges. The executive director serves ex officio without a vote, while the three officers and the previous year's president serve as voting members of the body. The remaining seven positions are specifically elected and held by members of the LSA. One is a student member, elected to a two-year term, while the remaining six are full members elected to three year terms. The elections for

1953-647: The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) took place on 28 December 1924, at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The society met biannually until 1982, meeting once in the summer in conjunction with the Linguistic Institute and once in the winter. Since 1982, the LSA has met annually in the winter. The meetings took place in December until 1990 when the meetings were moved to early January. The four-day Annual Meeting co-meets with

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2016-715: The OFFM controller, and the Fiscal Assistant Secretary, the head of the Office of Fiscal Service of the Department of the Treasury . Its mandate is to work collaboratively to improve financial management in the U.S. government and "advise and coordinate the activities of the agencies of its members" in the areas of financial management and accountability. OMB Circular A-123 (issued 21 December 2004) defines

2079-508: The Oakland school-board in its attempt to favor teaching that is sensitive to the distinctive characteristics of African American Vernacular English , the " Ebonics " debate. More recently, the LSA has advocated for the passage of bills funding revitalization programs for Native American languages . Their efforts are not limited strictly limited to language however. Citing an interest in promoting diversity (particularly linguistic diversity ),

2142-493: The Public Award include: Learned society Most learned societies are non-profit organizations , and many are professional associations . Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in

2205-402: The United States has incorporated more elements of business-sector practices in its management approaches, including the use of the CFO position alongside, for example, an increased use of the chief information officer post, within public agencies. The Chief Financial Officers Act , enacted in 1990, created a chief financial officer in each of 23 federal agencies. This was intended to improve

2268-412: The United States have a special obligation to enable indigenous peoples to retain their languages and cultures" and declared 7 fundamental linguistic rights including the right "to have their children educated in a manner that affirmatively acknowledges their native language abilities..." which includes the possibility of education in a language other than English. 5 years later, the LSA lent its support for

2331-437: The board of directors." The uneven pace of recovery worldwide has made it more challenging for many companies. CFOs play a more critical role in shaping their company's strategies today, especially in light of the highly uncertain macroeconomic environments, where managing financial volatilities is a centerpiece for many companies' strategies, based on a survey held by Clariden Global. CFOs are increasingly being relied upon as

2394-437: The company's strategy. The 1990s saw the rise of the strategic CFO, and many companies have created a chief strategy officer (CSO) position. CFOs have become more focused on financial reporting, although 52% still spend much of their time in traditional accounting tasks such as transaction reporting. The rise of digital technologies and focus on data analytics to support decision-making places more pressure on CFOs to meet

2457-488: The executive committee and elected by the membership to a five-year term. They serve as the chief financial officer of the LSA. Larry Horn currently serves as president for 2021, with John Baugh serving as vice-president. The current secretary-treasurer, having taken office in January 2018, is Lenore Grenoble who will serve until at least 2023. The executive committee has ultimate authority over all policy decisions of

2520-664: The expectations of their C-Suite colleagues. Many organizations have created a finance function based on four pillars: the accounting organization as a shared service; an FP&A organization responsible for driving financial planning processes as well as increased insight into financial and non financial KPIs to boost business performance; a finance business partnering organization based on leadership of divisions, regions and performance improvement; and expertise centers specializing in Tax, Treasury, Internal Audit, Investor Relations, etc. According to one source, "The CFO of tomorrow should be

2583-648: The federal government began preparing consolidated financial statements, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that "major impediments continue to prevent [GAO] from rendering an opinion." In December 2006, the GAO announced that for the 10th consecutive year, the GAO was prevented from expressing an opinion on the consolidated financial statements of the government due to a number of material weaknesses related to financial systems, fundamental recordkeeping, and financial reporting. At

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2646-490: The female foundational members had left the society—a rate similar to that of male members—largely due to the professionalization of the field of linguistics that disproportionately affected women as most worked outside of academia. Before the foundation of the LSA, a number of other similar societies existed including the American Philological Society and the Modern Language Association , and with

2709-601: The government's financial management and develop standards of financial performance and disclosure. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) holds primary responsibility for financial management standardization and improvement. Within OMB, the Deputy Director for Management, a position established by the CFO Act, is the chief official responsible for financial management. The Office of Federal Financial Management (OFFM)

2772-400: The journal published its 92nd volume in 2016 under the editorship of Gregory Carlson . Dr. Carlson's successor, Andries Coetzee, was elected editor of language in 2016 and assumed office in 2017 for a term of seven years. The journal is delayed open access , allowing articles to be published open access after a year, or immediately for a fee. Its sister publication, Semantics and Pragmatics

2835-542: The management responsibilities for internal financial controls in federal agencies and addressed to all federal CFOs, CIOs and Program Managers. The circular is a re-examination of the existing internal control requirements for federal agencies and was initiated in light of the new internal control requirements for publicly traded companies contained in the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. While significant progress in improving federal financial management has been made since

2898-500: The member to receive the society's flagship publication, Language , as well as submit manuscripts to LSA publications and abstracts to be considered for the annual meeting. Scholars who live outside of the United States may be elected as honorary members of the LSA after being nominated by the executive committee. There are currently about 3,500 members. The LSA has a number of standing committees and special-interest groups on various issues in linguistics, including: The first meeting of

2961-412: The members of the LSA. The president, elected to a one-year term, serves as the chair of the executive committee, as well as presiding over the annual meeting of the society. The president is first elected to the vice-presidency for a one year-term, which also carries the title of president-elect, and then assumes the presidency at the conclusion of the annual meeting. The secretary-treasurer is nominated by

3024-538: The membership to be one of the most important services of the LSA, the institute has helped influence the development of the field through promotion of new directions such as psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics . Each institute features a number of endowed chairs named after prominent linguists: the Sapir chair in general linguistics, the Hermann and Klara H. Collitz Chair in historical linguistics, and since 2005,

3087-402: The need for and establishment of the society so that the science of language, similar to but separate from other sciences, could build a "professional consciousness. From the start the LSA focused on establishing the science of linguistics, separate from other fields such as philology and anthropology . The founders were characterized as "scientific revolutionaries" as the early scholarship of

3150-522: The owners of business information, reporting and financial data within organizations and assisting in decision support operations to enable the company to operate more effectively and efficiently. The duties of a modern CFO now straddle the traditional areas of financial stewardship and the more progressive areas of strategic and business leadership with direct responsibility and oversight of operations (which often includes procurement ) expanding exponentially. This significant role-based transformation, which

3213-609: The post-holder is accountable for procurement success, and to become increasingly involved (directly via oversight or indirectly through improved collaboration) with the procurement function according to several research reports which have looked at the CFO's relationship with the procurement function and the CPO. CFOs and FDs often hold a professional accounting qualification - the CPA , CA , CMA , or CIMA - along with its requisite bachelors and/or masters in accounting . The certification

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3276-402: The presentation of peer-reviewed research, as well as conducting official business of the society. Since 1928, the LSA has offered training to linguists through courses held at its biennial Linguistic Institutes held in the summer. The LSA and its 3,600 members work to raise awareness of linguistic issues with the public and contribute to policy debates on issues including bilingual education and

3339-422: The preservation of endangered languages . The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) was founded on 28 December 1924, when about 75 linguists met to select officers, ratify a constitution, and present papers in order to facilitate communication within the field of linguistics. The foundational members included 31 women, most of whom worked as educators rather than as scholars at research institutions. By 1935, half of

3402-420: The professional sphere. During World War II, the LSA helped the United States government with language training programs through its Linguistic Institutes. After the longtime Secretary-Treasurer Archibald Hill retired from his position in 1969, the LSA made large changes to its organizational structure to better accommodate its new and growing role. The responsibilities of the secretary-treasurer were expanded and

3465-556: The public interest or the collective interest of the membership. Some of the oldest learned societies are the Académie des Jeux floraux (founded 1323), Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (founded 1488), Accademia della Crusca (founded 1583), Accademia dei Lincei (founded 1603), Académie Française (founded 1635), German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (founded 1652), Royal Society (founded 1660) and French Academy of Sciences (founded 1666). Scholars in

3528-510: The publication of Sapir 's Language and Saussure 's Course in General Linguistics in 1921 and 1922, the field of linguistics began to take shape as an independent discipline. Though an international discipline, the founders of the LSA had a growing feeling of an American linguistics different from the traditional European topics and methodologies popular at the time. One of the founding members, Leonard Bloomfield , explained

3591-481: The recognition of sign languages as equal to that of other languages. The resolution, passed in 2001, "affirm[ed] that sign languages used by deaf communities are full-fledged languages with all the structural characteristics and range of expression of spoken languages" and urged that sign languages be given the same respect as other languages in academic and political life. The society has also engaged in more targeted advocacy efforts. In 1997, an LSA resolution supported

3654-512: The same time, in calendar year 2007, the CFOC announced that for the second consecutive year, every major federal agency completed its Performance and Accountability Report just 25 days after the end of the fiscal year (2006). As per the provisions of Section 203 of Companies Act 2013 every publicly listed firm having a paid up share capital of Rs. 10 Crores or more is mandated to have a whole time chief financial officer, who must also serve as one of

3717-500: The scientific study of language and accomplishes this goal through advocacy efforts. The society, recognizing its growing role in advocacy, established a secretariat in Washington, D.C., in 1969 to better liaise between its membership and the government. Around that same time, the LSA began working with other professional organizations to meet and exchange research as part of the Consortium of Social Science Associations (COSSA). During

3780-483: The society elected its first president, Hermann Collitz . In 1927, three years after the organization's founding, the LSA was admitted into the American Council of Learned Societies . The following year, one of the founding members of the LSA, Edgar Sturtevant , organized the first of the Linguistic Institutes which the LSA still holds biennially. As the LSA grew, it began to take on a larger role outside of

3843-438: The society's members contributed to the development of descriptive linguistics through their rejection of previous linguistic scholarship and methods in favor of new ones. Though when the views of the female members of the society are taken into account, the society was less revolutionary and more diverse in their scholarship. The LSA published the first edition of its flagship journal, Language , in March 1925. That same year

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3906-403: The three-year terms are staggered , with two members elected each year. The executive director is nominated by the executive committee and appointed by the president. They serve as the chief administrative officer , overseeing the society's application and adherence to policies, and report directly to the executive committee. Membership in the LSA is open to any person who pays dues and entitles

3969-460: Was keen on the idea. Sturtevant molded Saleski's idea into a model still used today: a gathering of scholars in conjunction with coursework. The executive committee voted to authorize the first Linguistic Institute, to be held 1928, along with authorization for a second institute in 1929. After the fourth Institute in 1931, the program took a four-year hiatus due to the great depression. Institutes were held every year concurrently with summer meetings of

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