The Amalgamated Lithographers of America ( ALA ) is a labor union formed in 1915 to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of workers in the craft of lithography . The ALA was established through the amalgamation of several small unions already existing in the lithographic industry, one of which dated back to 1886.
133-613: Riverside South is an urban development project in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the Upper West Side of Manhattan , New York City , United States. Developed by the businessman Donald Trump in collaboration with six civic associations, the largely residential complex is on 57 acres (23 ha) of land along the Hudson River between 59th Street and 72nd Street . The $ 3 billion project, which replaced
266-541: A New York Central Railroad yard known as the 60th Street Yard, includes multiple residential towers and a extension of Riverside Park . There were several proposals for the site in the late 20th century. These included the Litho City plan in the 1960s, Trump's 1970s plan, and the Lincoln West plan of the early 1980s. The current proposal stems from Trump's late-1980s proposal for Television City. Television City
399-477: A superblock from 61st to 65th streets, sued the city and Lincoln West Associates, claiming that the city wanted to build three streets through his property. Though work had still not begun by early 1984, Lincoln West's developers were already revising the plans significantly, prompting its chairman to resign. Additionally, in July 1984, Chase Manhattan Bank moved to foreclose on two mortgages that had been placed on
532-618: A 152-story tower by mid-1987. The department store chain Bloomingdale's negotiated to lease space in Television City as well. The project continued to face major opposition; for example, Westpride raised over $ 20,000 at a late-1987 fundraiser opposing Television City. Trump indicated that September that he wanted to sell NBC part of the Television City parcel for $ 20 million, and he also tried to entice financial services firms to move there. The Trump Organization also conducted
665-737: A 20-year or 30-year tax abatement for Television City, which would have been the highest-valued abatement ever granted in New York City. Trump also offered to give the city government a portion of Television City's profits. Despite widespread public support for Trump's tax abatement, the city rejected Trump's proposal, and Mayor Ed Koch offered the tax breaks directly to NBC instead of to Trump. Negotiations between Trump and Koch devolved into name-calling; Trump called on Koch to resign, and Koch compared Trump to "a stuck pig". The plans called for 11 residential buildings, about 2 million square feet (190,000 m) of office space, several parks, and
798-565: A 23-acre (9.3 ha) expansion of Riverside Park, and a new Riverside Boulevard would run above the relocated highway. Trump was negotiating with these civic groups by the beginning of 1991, and he formally abandoned plans for Trump City in March 1991. The project was to have 8.3 million square feet (770,000 m) of space in total. These plans called for 5,500 apartments and up to 1.8 million square feet (170,000 m) for television studios. In addition, four artists were hired to design
931-476: A New York Supreme Court judge invalidated zoning permits that the CPC had granted to Trump City, although the proposal was still undergoing public review as late as February 1991. In 1985, the developer Daniel Brodsky acquired the land just east of the yard between 61st and 64th streets. He proposed a development known as Manhattan West, which initially called for 1,375 apartments, and he also wanted NBC to relocate to
1064-561: A block-wide park between 63rd and 64th streets extending east to West End Avenue. A new version of the plan, with 1,000 apartments and only 600,000 square feet (56,000 m), was proposed in 1989. The Board of Estimate approved the revision in February 1990, and work on Manhattan West began in 1994. Meanwhile, Brodsky had sold off the northernmost 2 acres (0.81 ha) of the Manhattan West site to Capital Cities/ABC in 1986. By
1197-407: A company controlled by Trump, offered to buy an option on the 100-acre (40 ha) 60th Street Yard and the 44-acre (18 ha) 30th Street Yard for a combined $ 100 million. Trump did not make a down payment . Penn Central, which at the time was under trusteeship due to its insolvency, petitioned its trustees to approve the sale. Though both of the yards were still being used by freight trains,
1330-664: A day, but he had not received permission to connect the development's sewage lines to the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant . Trump sold a controlling interest in the project in June 1994, and a group of four developers from Hong Kong and mainland China, including New World Organization and Polylinks International, bought the controlling stake. Polylinks paid Chase $ 90 million to settle the project's debt, plus $ 20 million in back taxes and other fees. The group also committed to spending $ 2.5 billion on
1463-555: A department store, and improve parks in the area. Lincoln Square, Manhattan 40°46′26″N 73°59′04″W / 40.773828°N 73.9844722°W / 40.773828; -73.9844722 Lincoln Square is the name of both a square and the surrounding neighborhood on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City . Lincoln Square is centered on the intersection of Broadway and Columbus Avenue , between West 65th and 66th streets. The neighborhood
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#17327866885451596-575: A feasibility study of the proposed freight-rail center, finding that it was feasible to build it under Lincoln West, though Varsavsky opposed the freight center. The CPC approved the Lincoln West plans in July 1982, disregarding most of the opponents' objections to the project, although it asked the developers to reduce the project's size. The New York City Board of Estimate also gave its approval that September. The plans called for 1,100 rental apartments (of which one-fifth would be affordable housing), in addition to 3,200 luxury co-ops or condos. In addition,
1729-699: A few were allocated to San Juan Hill's former residents. Most of the area's former residents instead moved to Harlem , another predominantly African American neighborhood in Upper Manhattan, as well as the Bronx . Lincoln Center was named after Lincoln Square. The reason for naming the area "Lincoln Square" is unknown, however. The name was bestowed on the area in 1906 by the New York City Board of Aldermen , but records give no reason for choosing that name. There has long been speculation that
1862-553: A loan from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . He subsequently went to Hong Kong to negotiate with the businessman Henry Cheng . The project was also involved in two lawsuits during this time, one of which claimed that the project did not conform to Lincoln West's EIS. The other lawsuit centered around sewage disposal; at the time, Trump estimated that the development would generate 5 million U.S. gallons (19,000,000 L) of sewage
1995-561: A mortgage loan on the site, expressed concerns that the loan could not be repaid, and Trump was paying tens of millions of dollars a year just to maintain the site. Local civic groups filed a lawsuit in June 1990 to prevent the city government from rezoning the 60th Street Yard for the Trump City development. The project was still opposed by groups such as the American Institute of Architects , and local politicians called on
2128-524: A new EIS to appease opponents' concerns about Television City. The new EIS, published in October 1987, found that the development would cast shadows on the neighborhood, overload local transportation infrastructure, and interfere with television broadcasts. A local group known as the Parks Council commissioned a scale model of Television City, showing the shadows that the development would create. At
2261-637: A series of subsequent organizational mergers, the core of the ALA remains in existence in the 21st Century as Local One-L of the Graphic Communications Conference of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters . Headquarters of the organization are located in New York City . Traditional lithography is a form of artistic reproduction using techniques first developed around the turn of the 19th century. A drawing
2394-587: A span over a tidal lagoon , carried the Hudson River Railroad, later part of New York Central. At the time, much of the current site of Riverside South was still under water. By 1880, what had been river was transformed by landfill into the New York Central Railroad's vast 60th Street Yard. Within the 60th Street Yard, a set of 400-foot-long (120 m) piers extended into the Hudson River , where barges carried railcars across
2527-473: A status it retained until a 1964 merger with the IPEU. From 1966 through 1975, the union's Local One in New York City under the leadership of Edward Swayduck (1911–1987) published 39 issues of the quarterly Lithopinion , intended as a showcase of the graphic arts . The LPIU was subsequently merged away as part of a 1972 unification with the International Brotherhood of Bookbinders (IBB) to establish
2660-532: A waterfront public park known as Riverside Park South. Trump was required to expand the park as additional buildings were erected, and he also had to preserve the 69th Street Transfer Bridge . During the park's construction, complaints of sewage smells prompted the Trump Organization to replace 180 Riverside's pipes. The park's first phase, which cost $ 14 million, unofficially opened in January 2001 and
2793-441: Is adhered to a smooth stone by means of an oily crayon or ink, with nitric acid applied to the stone and repelled by the oil, instead working on the unmarked areas and leaving the drawing in relief. The process is both labor-intensive and difficult, and therefore costly, although the reproduction of colors by lithographic means frequently results in a brilliance and precision unequaled by other forms of mass reproduction. Prior to
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#17327866885452926-550: Is bounded by Columbus and Amsterdam avenues to the east and west, and 66th and 63rd streets to the north and south, respectively. However, the term can be extended to refer to the neighborhood between 59th and 72nd streets. It is bounded by Hell's Kitchen , Riverside South , Central Park , and the Upper West Side proper. The Walt Disney Company ’s New York City campus is located here, including ABC News , ESPN , Hulu , and studios for WABC-TV . The area includes
3059-419: Is located on the site of San Juan Hill , a historical community once comprising a predominantly African American neighborhood of tenements . San Juan Hill was generally bordered by Amsterdam Avenue to the east, West End Avenue to the west, 59th Street to the south, and 65th Street to the north. It has been suggested that the area was named after the 10th Cavalry that fought with Theodore Roosevelt at
3192-668: The 66th Street–Lincoln Center station served by the New York City Subway 's 1 and 2 trains, and is anchored by Lincoln Center , a growing collection of performing arts venues, and the Manhattan campus of Fordham University . Lincoln Square is part of Manhattan Community District 7 and its primary ZIP Code is 10023. It is patrolled by the 20th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Lincoln Square
3325-601: The American Civil War , lithographers began to establish local trade unions in many of the larger cities of the United States of America. Many of these local organizations were destroyed by the economic chaos and unemployment associated with the Panic of 1857 and did not revive until after the conclusion of the war in 1865. It would not be until 1886 that a permanent national trade union of lithographers
3458-635: The American Federation of Labor (AF of L), an umbrella organization joining dozens of craft unions into one entity, but the Federation refused to recognize the new amalgamated union. Instead, the AF of L continued to recognize the LIPBA, which had affiliated with the Federation in 1904 but which no longer existed as an independent entity following the 1915 merger. The next year, the AF of L ordered
3591-547: The Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War , but this is not certain. It was possibly the most heavily populated African-American neighborhood in Manhattan in the early 20th century. One of the blocks within the neighborhood contained almost 5,000 residents. Notable residents had included Thelonious Monk , who came to live there in 1922. In addition to the significant African American community, there
3724-628: The Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company . which developed three more buildings. In turn, Extell sold off some of the southernmost plots in the 2010s; these sites became Waterline Square . Before Riverside South was developed, the site was a rail freight yard owned by the New York Central Railroad , located between 59th and 72nd streets. By 1849 an embankment near West End Avenue, with
3857-577: The Federal Highway Administration approved the West Side Highway's relocation eastward. Although Trump ceased his active involvement in the development in 2001, he retained his 30% limited partnership. The first retailer at Trump Place, a wine shop, opened in 2002, four years after Trump had begun looking for retail tenants. Trump planned to begin constructing the complex's sixth structure, 240 Riverside Boulevard,
3990-703: The Graphic Arts International Union (GAIU). The GAIU was itself amalgamated with the International Printing and Graphic Communications Union (IPGCU) to form the Graphic Communications International Union (GCIU) in 1983. This organization ultimately became part of the Graphic Communications Conference of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (GCC-IBT) effective January 1, 2005. Despite this series of organizational changes,
4123-511: The National Association of Employing Lithographers , which eliminated two decades of collective bargaining in the industry by successfully establishing an open shop . The Amalgamated Lithographers of America was the entity formed in response to this growing disparity in power between centrally organized employers and the fragmented and largely impotent small unions of their workers. The Amalgamated Lithographers of America (ALA)
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4256-555: The Sears Tower or either of the World Trade Center 's twin towers. The modified project still contained roughly the same amount of space, including 1.5 million square feet (140,000 m) each of studio and retail space as well as 7,600 housing units. The six 72-story towers were replaced with slightly smaller, 45- to 57-story skyscrapers, which line one side of an avenue that would run north-south through most of
4389-425: The world's tallest building . Several other towers, each 72 or 76 stories high, would flank the 150-story tower, and there would be 3.6 million square feet (330,000 m) of television studio space. In addition, the development would have 8,500 parking spaces, 40 acres (160,000 m) of parkland, and 1.7 million square feet (160,000 m) of retail space. Shortly after the plans were announced, Trump and
4522-462: The "Lincoln Square Renewal Project" during urban planner Robert Moses 's program of urban renewals . Respected architects were contracted to design the major buildings on the site, and construction started in 1959. Over the next thirty years the previously blighted area around Lincoln Center became a new cultural hub. Over 7,700 residents were displaced during the redevelopment project. The new developments contained 4,400 housing units, of which only
4655-443: The 1960s; the businessman Donald Trump 's 1970s plan; the Lincoln West plan of the early 1980s; and Trump's Television City plan of the late 1980s. In his book New York 2000 , Robert A. M. Stern described the site as "one of the city's most coveted and contested parcels of open land". The site was hard to develop in part because it did not have roads or utilities, and because any potential redevelopment would have had to be built over
4788-443: The 1990s, Capital Cities/ABC was planning to erect three 39-story residential buildings and several television studios. The residential buildings, with a combined 930 units, would have been located from 64th to 65th streets, while the studios would have been located to the north. Capital Cities/ABC's proposal was submitted for public review in 1992, but Community Board 7 rejected the original plans. Capital Cities/ABC then canceled one of
4921-576: The ALA within the large federation tent once again, but it soon found its old jurisdictional battles with the IPPAU once again renewed. The majority of voting delegates at conventions of the AFL-CIO sided repeatedly sided with the IPPAU over the ALA whenever jurisdictional battles were brought forward to be adjudicated and in frustration the ALA withdrew once again. This time the ALA abandoned national federation to stake out its course as an independent union —
5054-635: The Argentine astrophysicist Carlos Varsavsky acquired the 60th Street Yard site in late 1980. Varsavsky's company, the Macri Group, became the project's majority partner, with a 65% ownership stake; the Hirschfelds held the remaining 35% stake. Hirschfeld and Varsavsky formed a partnership named Lincoln West Associates to develop a project known as Lincoln West on the 60th Street Yard site. Macri hired Gruzen & Partners to draw up plans for
5187-488: The Asian investors; they hired feng shui consultants to provide advice on Riverside South's design. Though Riverside South's financial issues had been resolved, the lawsuits over the development were still pending. Construction was delayed as the lawsuits were resolved and the economy recovered. In February 1995, the city government resolved one of the legal disputes by allowing Trump to connect Riverside South's sewage line to
5320-592: The Chicago–based architect Helmut Jahn in January 1985 to design the as-yet-unnamed development on the site. Trump, who called the Lincoln West tract "one of the best pieces of real estate in the country", contemplated erecting up to 8,000 apartments there. He also wanted to build a supertall skyscraper , following two unsuccessful approvals to build such a tower at the New York Coliseum site and on Wall Street . In November 1985, Trump announced plans for
5453-432: The Lincoln West site; this was part of a $ 115 million transaction that gave Trump control of the rail yard. Under the agreement, Trump controlled 80% of the project, Elie Hirschfeld retained a 20% stake, and Francisco Macri gave up his interest in the project. Trump initially anticipated constructing towers as tall as 60 stories, rather than a variety of low-rise buildings, as Lincoln West Associates had been proposed. He hired
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5586-497: The Litho City proposal for a year while it reviewed Litho City's effects on traffic in the neighborhood, and the consulting firm of Day & Zimmerman warned that the development might worsen traffic. Nonetheless, the union's president Edward Swayduck and the city's traffic commissioner Henry A. Barnes both endorsed the Litho City plan. The CPC designated the West Side rail yard as an urban renewal site in October 1962, allowing
5719-499: The Metropolitan District coordinated wages and working hours among lithographic employers in New York City and attempted to hold down costs to enhance the profitability of its members. On March 15, 1904, this employers' association announced a lock out of all union employees, winning ground for the employers in a compromise settlement reached that April. This battle was extended in 1906 by an even larger organization,
5852-548: The New York state government; at the time, he owed the city $ 4.4 million in back taxes . Philip Johnson was hired as one of the development's architects that November. After the Riverside South plan was approved, Trump and proponents of Riverside South wanted the federal government to provide $ 80 million for the West Side Highway's relocation, but this funding was delayed for several years. Other opponents were upset by
5985-625: The North River plant. That June, the New York Court of Appeals ruled that the EIS for Riverside South had been conducted properly. There was another controversy over the RSPC's plans to build a temporary playground between 70th and 72nd streets. In the meantime, the new investors sought public financing. Trump applied for a $ 355 million mortgage for Riverside South from the federal government; if
6118-666: The Poster Artists' Association of America (PAAA, established 1899), the Paper Cutters Union (established 1900), and the International Association of Stone and Plate Preparers of the United States and Canada (established 1900). If the workers in the lithographic industry, largely concentrated in New York City, found themselves splintered into six tiny organizations, the major employers in the industry were not. The Lithographers' Association of
6251-409: The Riverside South plan in October 1992. A New York City Council subcommittee approved the plan that November after Trump agreed to delay the television studios' development, and the full City Council approved Riverside South the next month. The final project size was 6.1 million square feet (570,000 m)—with an option for 1.8 million square feet (170,000 m) of television studios on
6384-408: The Television City complex, which would feature a television studio headquarters. The plan involved 7,900 apartments, along with retail, office, and television studio space. A 150-story supertall tower would rise from the middle of the complex, near 66th Street. The skyscraper would have included 750 hotel rooms and 60 floors of residences, and it would have been 1,670 feet (510 m) tall, making it
6517-468: The additional traffic. The plans for Litho City were formally dropped in January 1966 due to disputes over the air rights ; the railroad had terminated the union's lease of the site two months prior. In the late 1960s, there were various proposals by the city's Educational Construction Fund for mixed residential and school projects, also partly on landfill. This development would have included several athletic fields and between 6,000 and 12,000 apartments. In
6650-447: The affordable housing units to increase the likelihood of getting community approval, a sentiment shared by the project's opponents. By October 1988, there was speculation that Trump might sell the site. Despite receiving five offers, all for hundreds of millions of dollars, Trump ultimately decided to keep the site. Westpride, which had 4,200 members at the end of 1988, continued to fight Trump City, and local civic groups promised to sue
6783-403: The apartments for affordable housing, and build and maintain the new public park. The RSPC agreed to extend 71st Street for pedestrians while preventing through vehicular traffic, and setbacks were mandated on each of the buildings. Messinger agreed to support the project after Trump acquiesced to the subway improvements, park, and affordable-housing units, but other critics still strongly opposed
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#17327866885456916-435: The architect for the proposed supertall tower. In June 1986, he appointed Alexander Cooper as the site's new master planner; Newsday described Cooper as having a "sensitivity to scale" that contrasted with Trump's bold style. Trump and Cooper announced revised plans for Television City in October 1986. Cooper reduced the 150-story tower to 136 stories; according to Cooper, the supertall tower would include less floor area than
7049-527: The area as "the worst slum section in the City of New York" and made plans to renew the area by demolishing the old tenements. The Amsterdam Housing Projects were built on the cleared land in 1948, replacing three blocks that had collectively housed 1,100 residents. During the 1950s and 1960s, a consortium of civic leaders and others led by John D. Rockefeller III built the Lincoln Center as part of
7182-475: The artists and engravers withdrew from LIPBA in 1890 to form their own organization, the cumbersomely named International Lithographic Artists' and Engravers' Insurance and Protective Association of the United States and Canada (ILAE). Originally conceived as a mutual benefit society, the ILAE rapidly moved into collective bargaining , attempting to use its clout to establish a minimum wage for artistic workers in
7315-479: The city could decide whether to build a new freight terminal there, and Lincoln West Associates agreed to restart the community review process. Additionally, part of the parking garage was replaced with space for trucking company, and the number of apartments was reduced to 4,700. Manhattan borough president Andrew Stein wanted the project to be further reduced to 3,700 apartments, which Varsavsky refused. The engineering firm Tippetts Abbett McCarthy Stratton conducted
7448-539: The city government if Trump City were approved. Community Board 7 and the Municipal Art Society jointly sponsored a study that recommended extending Riverside Park and the Manhattan street grid through the site. To increase the development's floor area by 4.5 million square feet (420,000 m), Trump suggested transferring air rights from a 19-acre (7.7 ha) tract under the Hudson River to
7581-475: The city government to buy the site from Trump. Goldberger wrote that Trump City had turned into "a national symbol both of massive, overreaching development and of diehard community opposition to it". In response, Trump hired an advertiser to promote the development to residents in the New York metropolitan area . By that August, Trump had submitted three scaled-down plans for the site to the CPC. In November 1990,
7714-702: The complex's public spaces. Goldberger referred to Trump's abandonment of the Trump City plans as a "miracle". Trump and the civic groups formed the Riverside South Planning Corporation (RSPC) to develop the project, which they called Riverside South. Chase Manhattan Bank, which still held more than $ 200 million in mortgages on the site, initially paid all of RSPC's expenses. In April 1991, the RSPC hired David Childs of SOM , along with Paul Willen, to oversee Riverside South's design. A group of planners and architects, appointed by Manhattan borough president Ruth Messinger , recommended that
7847-416: The confluence of the three developments. The first phase of Riverside South called for four 18-to-40-story towers between 65th and 69th streets, with about 1,600 apartments. Ultimately, the development was planned to include 16 buildings with 5,700 apartments, in addition to a 23-acre (9.3 ha) park and 1.8 million square feet of retail. By March 1993, Trump was applying for tax abatements and funding from
7980-468: The connection from Riverside Boulevard to Riverside Drive did not open for another four years. A fourth section of Riverside Park South opened in 2008. Thomas Balsley subsequently designed three more sections of the park. In addition, Extell began developing the Aldyn condominium and a rental tower between 62nd and 63rd streets in early 2008, and it received a $ 613 million loan to develop the towers. The Avery
8113-600: The core of the Amalgamated Lithographers of America continues to have organizational form today as Local One-L of the GCC-IBT. The official organ of the Amalgamated Lithographers of America was the magazine Lithographers' Journal. The publication was launched in June 1915 and terminated in the summer of 1964. At the time of the 1964 merger with the IPEU, Lithographers' Journal and the IPEU's organ, American Photo Engraver, were similarly joined to form
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#17327866885458246-577: The decision to close the West Side Highway's northbound entrance and exit ramps at 72nd Street and fought to deny the highway project any funding. Meanwhile, during the mid-1990s, Chase Manhattan was pressuring Trump to repay the loan on the site, and Trump wanted to refinance the project to pay the debt. Colony Capital offered to buy the debt on Riverside South's loan in late 1993, but these negotiations were unsuccessful. Additional attempts at obtaining funding from American financiers were also unsuccessful, and Trump said in early 1994 that he would apply for
8379-527: The defective concrete was replaced. By the middle of the year, the TV network CBS was negotiating to occupy studio space in Riverside South, and New World was attempting to sell Riverside South's first two buildings. The developers also rented out apartments at 180 Riverside Boulevard, while Pace Advertising Agency was hired to market the apartments. CBS ultimately decided against moving to Riverside South. By early 1999, several retailers were negotiating to move into
8512-546: The developers agreed to add several amenities such as a swimming pool, a park, and upgrades to two nearby subway stops. Lincoln West Associates paid $ 13 million for the northern five blocks shortly after the plans were approved, and it paid $ 21.6 million that December for the southern eight blocks. The developers had planned to begin construction in April 1983, but the plans were delayed after Varsavsky's sudden death in early 1983. Francisco Macri took over Varsavsky's 65% interest in
8645-571: The developers began erecting the northbound West Side Highway tunnel between 62nd and 65th streets that year. The third phase of Riverside Park South opened that August, and the development's first supermarket also opened in 2006. In the mid-2000s, Extell developed the Avery condominium building at 100 Riverside Boulevard, as well as the Rushmore nearby at 80 Riverside Boulevard. The West Side Highway's 72nd Street exit finally closed in June 2007, though
8778-653: The development would cause overcrowding at the 72nd Street/Broadway station of the New York City Subway . A writer for the New York Daily News described the buildings as "intimidating and psychologically disturbing, dwarfing everything that's human in scale". The proposal needed both a new EIS and a public review, and Trump hired McKeown & Franz to conduct the EIS. As such, construction could not start until 1987; Trump predicted that it would take five years to complete. The project soon received large amounts of opposition. Local residents expressed skepticism to
8911-458: The development would overload the area's infrastructure, and other critics took issue with the development's size and the lack of affordable housing . The firm of McKeown & Franz conducted an environmental impact statement (EIS) for the site. The EIS found that the project would create 7,000 jobs, but that it would also overload existing transit infrastructure due to the presence of 9,200 additional commuters. Community Board 7 refused to support
9044-403: The development. Due to the topography of the site, the buildings at both the northern and southern ends would have been located on a platform, and Lincoln Boulevard would have been built with two levels. The first apartments would have begun construction in 1982, while the rest of the development would have been built in phases over a decade. Lincoln West Associates submitted a formal proposal for
9177-401: The development. The plan included fewer parking spaces and more parkland as well. Cooper's version of Television City still received criticism. Peter Marcuse of Columbia University expressed doubts that the 150-story tower was economically feasible, and Kenneth Frampton , also of Columbia, described the building as "a violent irrelevancy". By contrast, Goldberger described Cooper's design for
9310-515: The early 1970s, Moses proposed relocating the highway between 59th and 72nd streets to ground level to facilitate an extension of Riverside Park, but he was unsuccessful. The state rejected that proposal because of the presumed negative effect on development opportunities and because it would violate the Blumenthal Amendment, which prohibited any highway construction that would alter Riverside Park. In July 1974, Trump Enterprises Inc.,
9443-456: The effort. Trump was initially reluctant to acquiesce to opponents' demands, fearing that doing so would endanger the development. Trump tentatively agreed to sell Kumagai Gumi a 25% ownership stake in the development in 1986, but the agreement was rescinded due to disagreements over how much Kumagai Gumi was to pay. Even though Trump liked the original plans, he ultimately decided to replace Jahn as Television City's master planner. Jahn remained
9576-415: The end of October 1987, NBC decided against moving to Television City, even as Trump Organization officials claimed that the EIS was close to being approved. Politico reporter Michael Kruse wrote that the CPC likely would never have approved Trump City, though David W. Dunlap of The New York Times wrote that much of the project might have indeed been approved. Afterward, Trump initially planned to replace
9709-512: The fifth floor, ignoring warnings from the building's structural engineer. The New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) halted construction of the tower that November, after that tower had reached its 20th floor. In addition, the first seven towers were exempt from the city's new seismic code due to a grandfather clause , and two of the towers were also exempt from sprinkler regulations because they were shorter than 300 feet (91 m). Work on 200 Riverside Boulevard resumed in January 1998 after
9842-686: The finished condominiums, to the Carlyle Group and the Extell Development Company for $ 1.76 billion in June 2005. The syndicate had beat out several other bidders including the Related Companies , Vornado Realty Trust , and the Durst Organization . Carlyle obtained a 50% ownership stake in the project, while Extell took a 25% stake and sold the remaining 25% to an Irish development consortium. Shortly afterward, Carlyle and Extell resold three rental apartment buildings to Equity Residential for $ 816 million. Trump, who contended that
9975-485: The firm went on to build eight of Riverside South's towers. Work was delayed for two more years. In December 1996, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection granted Trump permission to connect the development's first structure to the treatment plant, and Trump received private financing for that building. After the city granted a construction permit in January 1997, a shanty town nearby
10108-521: The first two buildings, and many of the condos and rental apartments were being leased out. The first structures were initially branded as Trump Place. New World and Trump placed a 9-acre (3.6 ha) tract between 59th and 61st streets for sale that May, but they were unable to find a buyer. In addition, work had commenced on a third building: a 33-story tower at 160 Riverside Boulevard. Other developments, such as Tishman Speyer 's 101 West End Avenue rental building, were also being built nearby. The M72 bus
10241-521: The industry and to abolish the use of piece work . This agenda lead it into conflict with employers, culminating in a major strike in New York City in 1896 after negotiations with the employers' association of lithographic firms was unsuccessful. The strike was ultimately ended by the use of arbitration , with the final result going far to meet most of the union's demands over wages and working conditions. Since neither LIPBA (transferrers and press operators) nor ILAE (artists and engravers) would admit
10374-506: The lesser skilled press feeders into their organizations, in 1898 there was a third union formed in the lithographic industry, the International Protective Association of Lithographic Apprentices and Press Feeders of the United States and Canada . In addition, no fewer than three other unions were established in the next two years, each a craft union attempting to carve out a specific niche. These included
10507-481: The media company NBC discussed the possibility of relocating NBC's headquarters from Rockefeller Center to Television City. Trump met with other television networks as well, including ABC and CBS . The urban planner Norman Levin , who had formerly worked for Gruzen, was in charge of 20 separate teams who were working on the project. Crain's New York called Trump's plan "the most ambitious development project ever in New York". Goldberger wrote that Television City
10640-634: The mortgage were approved, up to 20% of the apartments would have been reserved for low-income or middle-income residents. Trump was accused of paying off New York State Senate majority leader Joseph Bruno for approval, and the project's opponents accused Trump of colluding with Mayor Rudy Giuliani on the mortgage application. Nadler asked the Federal Housing Administration not to give a mortgage to Riverside South. Trump and New World Organization hired Lehrer McGovern Bovis as Riverside South's construction manager in April 1995;
10773-435: The name came from a local landowner, because the square was previously named Lincoln Square. City records from the time show only the names Johannes van Bruch, Thomas Hall, Stephan de Lancey, James de Lancey, James de Lancey Jr. and John Somerindyck as area property owners. The area may also have been named as a tribute to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln . One speculation is that references to President Lincoln were omitted from
10906-440: The neighborhood had a population density of 165.7 inhabitants per acre (106,000/sq mi; 40,900/km ). As of the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of the neighborhood was 73.4% (45,103) White , 4.4% (2,710) African American , 0.1% (58) Native American , 11.2% (6,916) Asian , 0.0% (14) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (175) from other races , and 1.9% (1,196) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.6% (5,317) of
11039-432: The neighborhood's transit infrastructure unless it was reduced to 4,300 apartments, and the community board voted in July 1992 to recommend that the project not proceed. Additionally, Messinger said she would not support the plans without further alterations. Following these objections, Trump agreed to slightly reduce the project's size, remove the office space, provide funds for the 72nd Street subway station, reserve 12% of
11172-636: The new Amalgamated union to join either the International Photo-Engravers Union (IPEU) or the International Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union (IPPAU), a demand resisted by the ALA. An uneasy truce followed the refusal of the ALA to merge with the IPEU, during which the Amalgamated was affiliated with the AF of L but sympathies at the Federation's national headquarters lay elsewhere,
11305-455: The only structures on the sites were storage buildings and train tracks. Following a private meeting with Trump, his father Fred , and Mayor Abraham Beame , Penn Central's trustees gave the option to Trump because he "seemed best positioned [...] to get rezoning and government financing". A U.S. federal court approved Penn Central's sale of the option to Trump in March 1975. Initially, Trump wanted to build up to 20,000 or 30,000 housing units on
11438-422: The park. The city government agreed in early 2004 to close the 72nd Street exit ramp; a state judge placed an injunction preventing the ramp's closure, but an appeals court upheld the plans. By the end of 2004, a seventh building at 120 Riverside Boulevard was being completed. Due to legal disputes, the 72nd Street exit ramp remained open for three more years. Trump and his partners sold Riverside South, excluding
11571-483: The plans be downsized even further. The RSPC unveiled a scale model of its proposal in August 1991, which called for several curved towers of up to 50 stories high. By early 1992, RSPC chairman Richard Kahan said the tallest residential buildings would be 40 stories and be clustered at either end of the site. There were to be 16 residential towers and two office towers. Both the city and state governments of New York endorsed
11704-489: The plans for Litho City to proceed. Shortly afterward, the Amalgamated Lithographers Union announced plans for a $ 15 million dormitory in the development, which would house 1,000 foreign students. Plans also called for a promenade linking to Lincoln Center , in addition to a park on the Hudson River shoreline. A scale model of Litho City was unveiled at Grand Central Terminal in 1963. By then,
11837-551: The population. Notes Further reading Amalgamated Lithographers of America The union remained in independent existence for nearly half a century as part of the American Federation of Labor and its successor federation, the AFL-CIO , until combining with the International Photo-Engravers Union (IPEU) to establish the Lithographers and Photoengravers International Union (LPIU) in 1964. After
11970-439: The presence of 1,800 parking spaces and an automobile dealership. In mid-2010, Community Board 7 voted to recommend that the city government disapprove the plans for Riverside Center, and Manhattan borough president Scott Stringer also refused to accept the plans. In response, two lawyers and three lobbyists from Extell began negotiating with the city government. Extell agreed to add a school and affordable housing, cancel plans for
12103-399: The project itself. Cheng became Riverside South's primary financier and developer, while Trump remained Riverside South's chief promoter. Trump retained a 30% ownership stake in Riverside South, which could be increased if he sold or rented a certain number of apartments. The project was jointly developed by the Trump Organization and Hudson Waterfront Associates, the latter of which represented
12236-421: The project unless it was downscaled to include fewer than 4,000 residential units. Ultimately, Hirschfeld and Varsavsky agreed to pay for infrastructure improvements in the neighborhood. Macri sent the plans to the CPC for review in March 1982 but, despite the concerns over Lincoln West's size, initially refused to scale down the plans. The same month, the city asked Lincoln West Associates to postpone its plans so
12369-492: The project was being planned as a high-income development, rather than a middle-income development; the cost of Litho City was estimated at $ 175 million. There were to be 6,000 apartments, and a new street, running parallel to the yard between 66th and 70th streets, was also proposed. Moses also planned to build an exit from the West Side Highway to Litho City, prompting objections that the street grid could not handle
12502-508: The project, and he hired former deputy mayor John Eugene Zuccotti and lawyer Judah Gribetz to consult on the project. Rafael Viñoly assisted Gruzen with the plans. The initial plans, announced in January 1981, called for 16 residential towers with a total of 4,850 apartments, arranged around a new avenue called Lincoln Boulevard. There would also be a 500-room hotel, one or two office towers, and 42 acres (17 ha) of open space. A 4,000-space parking garage would have been located underneath
12635-523: The project, citing its size and the fact that it targeted the upper middle class. The Coalition Against Lincoln West called Television City "doubly excessive", dubbing it as even more extreme than the Lincoln West plan, while other opponents were specifically against the 150-story tower. Opponents ranged from small associations to the Westpride group, the latter of which enlisted notable neighborhood residents and raised hundreds of thousands of dollars to fund
12768-530: The project, even though Trump had not pledged funds to improve nearby subway stations, as local residents had requested. Trump also did not want to add affordable housing units, saying it would be unprofitable to do so. In May 1992, the CPC granted the Riverside South project a certification, allowing the public review process to commence. However, the project faced opposition because of its size, traffic issues, lack of affordable housing, and its association with Trump. Some residents of Lincoln Towers , which adjoined
12901-520: The project. Delays also arose from various lawsuits. Opponents sued in the New York Supreme Court in February 1983, alleging that the EIS had been done improperly. The EIS was invalidated the next month, though the city government successfully appealed the ruling. The New York Court of Appeals , the state's highest court, ruled in October 1983 that the EIS had been prepared properly. In addition, Harry Helmsley , who owned an option on
13034-484: The project. Lincoln West Associates ultimately could not receive financing for the development, partly because of Macri's concessions to the city and partly because Trump was trying to retake control of the site. Trump negotiated to repurchase Lincoln West in mid-1984; he initially decided against it but ultimately made an offer for the site that November. Trump announced in December 1984 that he would pay $ 95 million for
13167-546: The project. U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler described the planned public park as a $ 10-million-per-acre ($ 25,000,000/ha) "private backyard for the people who live in these buildings". Amid the opposition, Trump denied that he planned to sell the site. To convince the CPC to approve his plans, Trump agreed to provide even more money for the 72nd Street subway station and designate 20% of the apartments as affordable housing. Trump also agreed to extend Riverside Drive southward to alleviate congestion on West End Avenue. The CPC approved
13300-493: The rail yard boundary along Freedom Place. New York Central merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad to form Penn Central in 1968 as the rail lines were suffering severe financial difficulties. The railroad went bankrupt in 1970 , and its assets were sold off in federal court. In the late 20th century, there had been several proposals to develop structures over the rail yard. These included the Litho City plan in
13433-467: The rail yard, opposed any development on the site. Minor objections included the fact that the towers might block the west–facing windows of the Chatsworth apartment building on 72nd Street. Residents of 71st Street, a dead end street , objected to the fact that their street would be extended to Riverside Boulevard. A report commissioned for Community Board 7 found that Riverside South would overwhelm
13566-488: The records because the mayor in 1906 was George B. McClellan Jr. , son of General George B. McClellan who was general-in-chief of the Union Army during the American Civil War and a bitter rival of Lincoln. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Lincoln Square was 61,489, an increase of 6,250 (11.3%) from the 55,239 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 371.00 acres (150.14 ha),
13699-644: The rest of Trump City. Further delays arose in 1989 when the city government investigated complaints that the Trump Organization was relocating possibly-contaminated dirt from Trump City to Fresh Kills Landfill . Trump alleged that Koch's administration was delaying the review of the project's EIS. In early 1990, Trump submitted a draft EIS to the New York City Council , which called for the structures to be built in several phases. Trump had spent nearly $ 200 million to date, even though construction had not started. Chase Manhattan Bank , which had given Trump
13832-578: The river to New Jersey . The piers protruded at a 55-degree angle and each contained tracks. In the 1930s, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses covered New York Central's rail track north of 72nd Street as part of the West Side Improvement , which also moved rail lines below grade south of 60th Street. The Moses project was bigger than Hoover Dam and created the Henry Hudson Parkway . The adjacent Riverside Park
13965-414: The sale price was just over half what the property was worth, sued his partners, but he lost. The Corcoran Group also sued Trump, claiming that he had failed to pay sales commissions for apartments sold there. Carlyle and Extell also attempted to sell the land between 59th and 61st streets before withdrawing their plans in December 2005. The seventh structure, 120 Riverside Boulevard, opened in early 2006, and
14098-552: The same year, which would have required the closure of the West Side Highway's 72nd Street exit ramp. Work on 240 Riverside was delayed by opposition from residents of the neighboring Chatsworth Apartments, who feared the building would obstruct their windows, as well as objections from local residents who wanted the 72nd Street exit ramp to remain open. Despite the opposition, 240 Riverside was under construction by 2003. A second segment of Riverside Park South opened that June, and local residents attempted to preserve two burned piers within
14231-613: The site as "vastly more sophisticated" than Jahn's plan, and he wrote that Trump's decision to hire Cooper may have been part of Trump's efforts to ingratiate himself with the local community. By early 1987, Trump was negotiating to lease the entirety of the supertall skyscraper's office space to General Electric (GE), which at the time owned NBC. Trump offered to sell the site to the New York State Urban Development Corporation and lease it back for 99 years. In exchange, Trump would have received
14364-538: The site in November 1981. When the plans were announced, The New York Times ' architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote that "much can be improved in the design of Lincoln West" but predicted that the development itself would alleviate the high demand for luxury housing in the city. In late 1981, Lincoln West Associates offered to give $ 10,000 to Community Board 7 for a study of the project's impacts. The plans had to undergo community review. Opponents claimed that
14497-431: The site would be divided into three sectors with at least four buildings each; about 40 percent of the development would be open space, and there would be one or two schools and a central shopping mall. There would have been 14,500 apartments on the site, funded with federal subsidies. Manhattan Community Board 7 , representing the neighborhood that included the rail yard, opposed the plan. Trump twice downsized his plans for
14630-410: The site. At the time, he had never completed a major real-estate development before. Local politicians including U.S. Representative Bella Abzug expressed concerns about the fact that the 60th Street redevelopment would cater mostly to middle- and upper-class families. Trump presented plans for the development to local residents in April 1976. As part of the proposal, designed by Gruzen & Partners ,
14763-437: The site. By 1987, his plans called for 1,200 affordable and luxury apartments across more than 1 million square feet (93,000 m), in addition to 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of parkland. The apartments would have been located in an L-shaped building with several roofs measuring up to 39 stories high, as well as 28-story building to the south. The CPC forced Manhattan West to conform to Television City's site plan, which included
14896-409: The site. Penn Central signed a sale contract in March 1980, agreeing to sell Hirschfeld and his son Elie the site for $ 28 million. Under the terms of the contract, the Hirschfelds made a $ 400,000 down payment and were required to spend $ 700,000 on planning over the next year. Trump later said that his decision to let his option expire was "the toughest business decision in my life". Abe Hirschfeld and
15029-530: The site. The city government would have canceled the development if the street grid had not received final approval by that September, but the Board of Estimate voted to extend the deadline by one month. That October, the Board of Estimate approved plans for Lincoln West's street grid and voted to give Lincoln West Associates four additional months to obtain financing. By then, public officials doubted that Lincoln West would ever be completed, amid continued opposition to
15162-477: The television studio with a park or movie theater, even while preserving other aspects of the plans. In February 1988, Trump announced a revised plan for the project, which was renamed Trump City. The TV studio space was replaced with parkland, two small office buildings were added, and 760 of the apartments were designated as affordable housing for the elderly. The 150-story tower was retained, and there were to be 13 smaller towers. Goldberger wrote that Trump had added
15295-531: The towers and downsized the project to 500 apartments. At the end of 1989, six civic organizations—the Municipal Art Society , Natural Resources Defense Council , New Yorkers for Parks, Regional Plan Association , Riverside Park Fund , and Westpride—proposed an alternative plan for the site, devised by the engineer Daniel Gutman and the architect Paul Willen. The plans called for residential project of 7.3 million square feet (680,000 m). The West Side Highway would be relocated underground to make room for
15428-685: The train yard. In 1961, the railroad proposed a partnership with the Amalgamated Lithographers Union to build Litho City , a mixed-use development over the tracks. There would be six 47-story buildings and three 41-story buildings, all designed by Kelly & Gruzen . The development would have included 200 artists' studios that faced north; the rest of the units would be structured as rental apartments or housing cooperatives . Sources variously cited Litho City as being built to accommodate 12,500 or 25,000 people. The New York City Planning Commission (CPC) deferred action on
15561-481: The two southern blocks—as well as a park and improvements to the existing Freedom Place. Goldberger wrote that the final plan "stands a real chance of being a cause for celebration rather than embarrassment." The media estimated that Riverside South. Manhattan West, and the Capital Cities/ABC project would collectively house between 15,000 and 20,000 residents. There was to be a 1-acre (0.40 ha) park at
15694-573: The two unions staking out their respective membership turf. Discord erupted in 1946 when the AF of L intervened on behalf of the Printing Pressmen in a jurisdictional dispute with the ALA in Atlanta. In retaliation, the ALA withdrew from AF of L membership and joined the rival Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The 1955 merger of the AF of L and the CIO to form the AFL-CIO brought
15827-406: The yard for $ 28 million. Had Trump finalized the acquisition, he would have been required to make payments over 18–30 months, after which he could take title to the site. However, Trump never finalized his purchase, and his father's longtime friend Abe Hirschfeld agreed to take over the option instead. By then, the city government was contemplating building a freight yard for piggyback trains on
15960-481: The yards. By May 1976, Trump's plans called for the West Side Highway to be relocated so he could build a park next to it; the Department of City Planning endorsed this plan. The state ultimately proposed reconstructing the highway viaduct instead. Another proposal, for 12,450 apartments, was dependent on public financing that never materialized. In May 1979, Trump exercised his option on the site, agreeing to buy
16093-409: Was "woefully simplistic" and that the towers' designs had only a tenuous relationship with the street grid. New York Magazine 's architecture critic Carter Wiseman agreed, writing "isolated towers", such as those proposed in Television City, "survive in most of the world's major cities as reminders to planners that this brand of angst-inducing exclusivity is nasty to live with". Wiseman also said
16226-569: Was also an Afro-Caribbean community there, which has left its traces in the Bye-ya and Bemsha Swing compositions of Thelonious Monk, co-written much later with Denzil Best , who also grew up in this neighborhood. James P. Johnson also lived in the neighborhood in the 1910s and 1920s, during which time he composed the music for the " Charleston " dance. In 1940, the New York City Housing Authority characterized
16359-433: Was also negotiating to install a massive statue of the explorer Christopher Columbus at Riverside South. Residents of Lincoln Towers continued to oppose the project, saying it would block their views of the Hudson River. Another group of opponents sued to force Trump to construct Riverside Park South. During the construction of 200 Riverside Boulevard, a subcontractor used substandard concrete to construct columns supporting
16492-538: Was dedicated that April. Trump Place's real estate brokers, the Corcoran Group , reported higher-than-anticipated interest in the apartments, despite the development's relatively remote location. Despite a slight downturn caused by the September 11 attacks later the same year, the apartments remained in high demand. Also in 2001, Community Board 7 approved the addition of another park on Riverside Boulevard, and
16625-525: Was established in 1915 through a merger of 4 of the 6 unions then operating in the lithographic industry — the LIPBA (established 1886), the ILAE (1890), the Paper Cutters (1900), and the Stone and Plate Preparers (1900). The Press Feeders and the Poster Artists' Association initially stood aloof from the new organization, joining only in 1918 and 1942, respectively. The ALA attempted to affiliate with
16758-467: Was expanded to the Hudson River. Until the 1970s, the rail yard area was generally industrial. The area was home to a printing plant for The New York Times between 1959 and 1975, as well as ABC television studios. At the same time, public housing extended to West End Avenue (across the street from the printing plant and the TV studios), and the Lincoln Towers redevelopment project extended to
16891-561: Was finished in 2008, followed by the Rushmore in 2009 and the Aldyn in 2010. Amid weakening demand for condos at the Aldyn, Avery, and Rushmore, several prospective condo buyers sought to cancel their purchases. Multiple would-be buyers at the Rushmore sued Carlyle and Extell in 2009 after the developers refused to refund their apartment deposits; they received a $ 15 million refund after three years of litigation. Extell filed plans for 40 Riverside Boulevard (later One Riverside Park ), just north of Riverside Center, in 2009, and Hill West Architects
17024-536: Was formed. This organization, the Lithographers' International Protective and Beneficial Association of the United States and Canada (LIPBA) was formed as an adjunct of the Knights of Labor , a predecessor and rival to the fledgling American Federation of Labor which favored an industrial form of organization . LIPBA consequently included a wide range of skilled workers among its ranks, including artists, engravers, transferrers, and skilled press operators. Most of
17157-424: Was hired to design a 33-story building on that site. The southernmost section of Riverside South, which had been set aside for television studios, needed to be rezoned before residential structures could be built there. In October 2008, Extell proposed constructing Riverside Center, a set of five mostly residential towers between 59th and 61st streets, to complete the development. Originally, Christian de Portzamparc
17290-427: Was hired to design the buildings. Riverside Center, covering 3.1 million square feet (290,000 m), was modeled on the design of Battery Park City , with 2,500 residential units, retail, a cinema, a K-5 school, a hotel, and open space. The first site, known as site 2, would have contained 616 apartments and a school. Local residents quickly organized in opposition to the plans; among other things, they objected to
17423-429: Was originally designed to include 16 apartment buildings, 1.8 million square feet (170,000 m) of studio space, 300,000 square feet (30,000 m) of office space, ancillary retail space, and a 75-acre (30 ha) waterfront park. Trump sold Riverside South to investors from Hong Kong and mainland China, which built seven structures starting in 1997. In 2005, the investors sold the remaining unfinished portions to
17556-422: Was removed the next month. Trump also indicated that, due to opposition to the West Side Highway's relocation, he would postpone Riverside Park South's construction. By mid-1997, Lehrer McGovern Bovis and HRH Construction were erecting the first two towers at 180 and 200 Riverside Boulevard, which had a combined 990 apartments. One hundred and four units at 180 Riverside were set aside for low-income households. Trump
17689-487: Was rerouted to serve the complex, prompting complaints from neighborhood residents. By early 2000, work was about to begin on a fourth Trump Place building, a condo tower. Later that year, Columbia University began negotiating to construct a satellite campus at the southern end of Trump Place, although the university ultimately decided to develop buildings in Manhattanville instead. Simultaneously, Trump developed
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