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45-752: First mentioned in 882, Liubech later became a town in the Principality of Chernigov . Liubech was first mentioned in 882 when it was captured by Oleg of Novgorod . In 1018 there was a great battle between the army of the Grand Prince of Kiev Sviatopolk the Accursed and the Prince of Novgorod Yaroslav the Wise who was rushing to seize power in the whole Rus'. In 1097 the Council of Liubech , also known as

90-631: A grand prince was to confer on the loyal Novgorodians, who had helped him to gain the Kievan throne, numerous freedoms and privileges. Thus, the foundation of the Novgorod Republic was laid. For their part, the Novgorodians respected Yaroslav more than they did other Kievan princes; and the princely residence in their city, next to the marketplace (and where the veche often convened) was named Yaroslav's Court after him. It probably

135-610: A heavy defeat on Yaroslav in 1024. Yaroslav and Mstislav then divided Kievan Rus' between them: the area stretched east from the Dnieper River , with the capital at Chernigov , was ceded to Mstislav until his death in 1036. In his foreign policy, Yaroslav relied on a Scandinavian alliance and attempted to weaken the Byzantine influence on Kiev. According to Heimskringla , Olaf the Swede made an alliance with Yaroslav, even though

180-431: A stable position, this was easily facilitated by the vast distances of the region, where Mstislav expanded south while Yaroslav ventured north. He began establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administrative centres in the region, whereupon he constructed defensive barriers and expanded the citadel. Fortified ramparts were built with a circumference of 2.5 km with an average height of 4 meters, vast even by

225-436: A strained relationship with his father and refused to pay tribute to Kiev in 1014. Following Vladimir's death in 1015, Yaroslav waged a complicated war for the Kievan throne against his half-brother Sviatopolk , ultimately emerging victorious in 1019. As the Grand Prince of Kiev, Yaroslav focused on foreign policy, forming alliances with Scandinavian countries and weakening Byzantine influence on Kiev. He successfully captured

270-514: A war. During the next four years Yaroslav waged a complicated and bloody war for Kiev against his half-brother Sviatopolk I of Kiev , who was supported by his father-in-law, Duke Bolesław I the Brave ( King of Poland from 1025). During the course of this struggle, several other brothers ( Boris, Gleb , and Svyatoslav) were brutally murdered. The Primary Chronicle accused Sviatopolk of planning those murders. The saga Eymundar þáttr hrings

315-567: Is a certain pattern in his sons having Slavic names, and his daughters having Greek names only. Furthermore, Yaroslav's maternity by Rogneda of Polotsk had been questioned by Mykola Kostomarov in the 19th century. Yaroslav figures prominently in the Norse sagas under the name Jarisleif the Lame ; his legendary lameness (probably resulting from an arrow wound) was corroborated by the scientists who examined his remains. In his youth, Yaroslav

360-659: Is named after him. Iron Lord was a 2010 feature film based on Yaroslav's early life as a regional prince on the frontier. On December 12, 2022, on the Constitution Day of the Russian Federation , a monument to Yaroslav the Wise was unveiled at the site near the Novgorod Technical School. The author of the monument is sculptor Sergey Gaev. Yaroslav was at the earliest named a saint by Adam of Bremen in his " Deeds of Bishops of

405-976: Is often interpreted as recounting the story of Boris' assassination by the Varangians in the service of Yaroslav. However, the victim's name is given there as Burizaf , which is also a name of Boleslaus I in the Scandinavian sources. It is thus possible that the Saga tells the story of Yaroslav's struggle against Sviatopolk (whose troops were commanded by the Polish duke), and not against Boris. Yaroslav defeated Sviatopolk in their first battle, in 1016, and Sviatopolk fled to Poland. Sviatopolk returned in 1018 with Polish troops furnished by his father-in-law, seized Kiev , and pushed Yaroslav back into Novgorod . Yaroslav prevailed over Sviatopolk, and in 1019 firmly established his rule over Kiev. One of his first actions as

450-542: Is revealed by his having imprisoned his youngest brother Sudislav for life. In response, another brother, Mstislav of Chernigov , whose distant realm bordered the North Caucasus and the Black Sea , hastened to Kiev. Despite reinforcements led by Yaroslav's brother-in-law King Anund Jacob of Sweden (as Yakun - "blind and dressed in a gold suit" or "handsome and dressed in a gold suit") Mstislav inflicted

495-682: The Pechenegs in 1036, who thereafter were never a threat to Kiev, he sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037. In 1037 the monasteries of Saint George and Saint Irene were built, named after patron saints of Yaroslav and his wife. Some mentioned and other celebrated monuments of his reign such as the Golden Gate of Kiev were destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Rus' , but later restored. Yaroslav

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540-532: The Principality of Smolensk . There is almost no information about Vyacheslav. Some documents point out the fact of him having a son, Boris Vyacheslavich , who challenged Vsevolod I sometime in 1077–1078. Following his death, the body of Yaroslav the Wise was entombed in a white marble sarcophagus within Saint Sophia's Cathedral . In 1936, the sarcophagus was opened and found to contain the skeletal remains of two individuals, one male and one female. The male

585-545: The Rurikids . During the civil war of the Yaroslavichi, Chernigov was contested between the sons of Sviatoslav and Vsevolod . After the death of Sviatoslav in 1076, it decided on the Council of Liubech , that the sons of Sviatoslav, Oleg and Davyd , and their descendants secure the principality. The principality subsequently obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured thereafter. The Principality

630-591: The 1964 reinterment of the remains were falsified to hide the fact that Yaroslav's remains had been lost. Subsequent questioning of individuals involved in the research and reinterment of the remains seems to point to the idea that Yaroslav's remains were purposely hidden prior to the German occupation of Ukraine and then either lost completely or stolen and transported to the United States , where many ancient religious artifacts were placed to avoid "mistreatment" by

675-671: The Chernigov Principality bordered Murom-Ryazan Land to the north and Tmutorokan Principality to the southeast. According to the Primary Chronicle , before the 11th century the principality was ruled by local tribal elders and voivodes from Kiev who were appointed by the Grand Prince to collect tribute from the local population, manage judicial trials, and defend the land from external enemies. In 1024, Mstislav of Chernigov , son of Vladimir

720-636: The Congress of Rus' Princes, was held here. It was initiated by Vladimir II Monomakh and divided the land of the Kievan Rus' between the princes. In the 14th century, Liubech became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . During the negotiations on the Union of Lublin (1569) King Sigismund II Augustus transferred it to Poland. In 1632, Polish King Sigismund III Vasa granted Lubecz city rights. It

765-565: The Great arrived from Tmutarakan and established rule over the principality of Chernigov. Mstislav set the Dnieper river as the boundary between his sphere of influence and that of his brother, Yaroslav the Wise . This would be the first recorded attempt to settle areas of authority by agreement rather than by violence in the lands of the Rus'. The division of land between the brothers progressed in

810-847: The Hamburg Church " in 1075 , but he was not formally canonized . On 9 March 2004, on his 950th death anniversary he was included in the calendar of saints of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) . On 8 December 2005, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow added his name to the Menologium as a local saint. On 3 February 2016, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church held in Moscow established church-wide veneration of Yaroslav as

855-452: The Wise , was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 until his death in 1054. He was also earlier Prince of Novgorod from 1010 to 1034 and Prince of Rostov from 987 to 1010, uniting the principalities for a time. Yaroslav's baptismal name was George after Saint George . Yaroslav was a son of Vladimir the Great and Rogneda of Polotsk . Yaroslav ruled the northern lands around Rostov before being transferred to Novgorod in 1010. He had

900-681: The alliance was not liked in Sweden, in order to declare war against Olaf II of Norway . This was sealed in 1019 when King Olof of Sweden married his daughter to Yaroslav instead of the Norwegian king. That led to protests in Sweden because the Swedes wanted to reestablish control over their lost eastern territories and bring in tribute from Kievan Rus', as his father Eric the Victorious had, but after years of war against Norway, Sweden no longer had

945-627: The area around present-day Tartu , Estonia, establishing the fort of Yuryev, and forced nearby regions to pay tribute. Yaroslav also defended his state against nomadic tribes such as the Pechenegs by constructing a line of forts. He was a patron of literary culture, sponsoring the construction of Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037 and promoting the first work of Old East Slavic literature by Hilarion of Kiev . Yaroslav married Ingegerd Olofsdotter in 1019 and had several children who married into foreign royal families. His children from his second marriage went on to rule various parts of Kievan Rus'. Yaroslav

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990-503: The city otherwise. Whatever the reason, the Greeks refused to pay and preferred to fight. The Rus' flotilla defeated the Byzantine fleet but was almost destroyed by a storm and came back to Kiev empty-handed. To defend his state from the Pechenegs and other nomadic tribes threatening it from the south he constructed a line of forts, composed of Yuriev , Bohuslav , Kaniv , Korsun , and Pereyaslavl . To celebrate his decisive victory over

1035-568: The communists. Four towns in four countries were named after Yaroslav, three of which he also founded: Yaroslavl (in today's Russia), Jarosław in Poland, Yuryev (now Bila Tserkva , Ukraine), and another Yuryev in place of conquered Tarbatu (now Tartu ) between 1030 and 1061 in Estonia . Following the Russian custom of naming military objects such as tanks and planes after historical figures,

1080-513: The helmet worn by many Russian soldiers during the Crimean War was called the "Helmet of Yaroslav the Wise". It was the first pointed helmet to be used by a modern army, even before German troops wore pointed helmets . In 2008 Yaroslav was placed first (with 40% of the votes) in their ranking of "our greatest compatriots " by the viewers of the TV show Velyki Ukraintsi . Afterwards, one of

1125-499: The king of Sweden . He gave Ladoga to her as a marriage gift. Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev houses a fresco representing the whole family: Yaroslav, Irene (as Ingegerd was known in Rus'), their four daughters and six sons. Yaroslav had at least three of his daughters married to foreign princes who lived in exile at his court: Yaroslav had one son from the first marriage (his Christian name being Ilya (?–1020)), and six sons from

1170-758: The left bank of the river Dnieper , within the basins of the Desna and Seim rivers. The principality was supposedly populated by mostly Slavic tribes of Siverians and partially by the Dnieper Polans . Later the territory of the principality extended to the lands of the Radimichs and partially the Vyatichs and Drehovichs . The capital of the principality was the city of Chernigov , the other main important cities were Novgorod-Seversky , Starodub-Seversky , Trubchevsk and Kozelsk . Ownership and influence of

1215-665: The north. Later in Yaroslav's reign, around c.1035, Ingvar the Far-Travelled , Anund Jakob 's jarl, sent Swedish soldiers into Kievan Rus due to Olof's son wanting to assist his father's ally Yaroslav in his wars against the Pechenegs and Byzantines. Later, in c.1041 Anund Jakob tried to reestablish Swedish control over the Eastern trade routes and reopen them. The Georgian annals report 1000 men coming into Georgia but

1260-443: The original force was likely much larger, around 3,000 men. Ingvar's fate is unknown, but he was likely captured in battle during the Byzantine campaigns or killed, supposedly in 1041. Only one ship returned to Sweden, according to the legend. Yaroslav presented his second direct challenge to Constantinople in 1043, when a Rus' flotilla headed by one of his sons appeared near Constantinople and demanded money, threatening to attack

1305-403: The power to collect regular tributes from Kievan Rus', according to Heimskringla . In 1022 Olaf was deposed and forced to give power to his son Anund Jakob . He defended the Eastern countries from invaders, ensuring Swedish military interests. In a successful military raid in 1030, he captured Tartu , Estonia and renamed it Yuryev (named after Yury, Yaroslav's patron saint ) and forced

1350-634: The producers of The Greatest Ukrainians claimed that Yaroslav had only won because of vote manipulation and that (if that had been prevented) the real first place would have been awarded to Stepan Bandera . In 2003, a monument to Yaroslav the Wise was erected in Kyiv , Ukraine. The creators of the monument are Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk. There is also a Yaroslavska Street in Kiev, and there are various streets named after him in cities throughout Ukraine. The Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University in Kharkiv

1395-632: The second marriage. Apprehending the danger that could ensue from divisions between brothers, he exhorted them to live in peace with each other. The eldest of these, Vladimir of Novgorod , best remembered for building the Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod , predeceased his father. Vladimir succeeded Yaroslav as prince of Novgorod in 1034. Three other sons— Iziaslav I , Sviatoslav II , and Vsevolod I —reigned in Kiev one after another. The youngest children of Yaroslav were Igor Yaroslavich (1036–1060) of Volhynia and Vyacheslav Yaroslavich (1036–1057) of

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1440-467: The standards of the Rus. Upon the death of Mstislav after a hunting trip in 1036, Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev. With the death of his brother, Yaroslav the Wise attained sole authority of the dynasty and claimed the principality of Chernigov, he would rule until 1054. Subsequently, his son who would eventually be titled Grand Prince Sviatoslav initiated the Chernigov branch of

1485-592: The surrounding Ugandi County to pay annual tribute. In 1031, he conquered Cherven cities from the Poles followed by the construction of Sutiejsk to guard the newly acquired lands. In c.1034 Yaroslav concluded an alliance with Polish King Casimir I the Restorer , sealed by the latter's marriage to Yaroslav's sister, Maria. Yaroslav's eldest son, Vladimir , ruled in Novgorod from 1034 and supervised relations in

1530-549: The title of Grand Prince of Kiev for some time. Chernigov was one of the largest economic and cultural centres of Kievan Rus'. Below is a list of former counties and cities of the Principality of Chernigov: 51°30′N 32°0′E  /  51.500°N 32.000°E  / 51.500; 32.000 Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav I Vladimirovich ( c. 978 – 20 February 1054), better known as Yaroslav

1575-777: Was a royal city of Poland . From 1635 to 1667 it was part of the Chernihiv Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown . St. Anthony of the Caves ( Anthony of Kiev ) also known as Antony Pechersky, was born in Liubech in 983. He established the first Ukrainian monastery known now as Kyiv Pechersk Lavra , and is considered to be the father of East Slavic monasticism. Until 18 July 2020, Liubech belonged to Ripky Raion . The raion

1620-483: Was a child of Anna Porphyrogenita herself. French historian Jean-Pierre Arrignon argues that he was indeed Anna's son, as this would explain his interference in Byzantine affairs in 1043. William Humphreys also favors a reconstruction making Yaroslav the son, rather than the step-son, of Anna, by invoking onomastic arguments. It is curious that Yaroslav named his elder son Vladimir (after his own father) and one of his daughters Anna (as if after his own mother). There

1665-446: Was a notable patron of literary culture and learning. In 1051, he had a Slavic monk, Hilarion of Kiev , proclaimed the metropolitan bishop of Kiev, thus challenging the Byzantine tradition of placing Greeks on the episcopal sees. Hilarion's discourse on Yaroslav and his father Vladimir is frequently cited as the first work of Old East Slavic literature. In 1019, Yaroslav married Ingegerd Olofsdotter , daughter of Olof Skötkonung ,

1710-499: Was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five. The area of Ripky Raion was merged into Chernihiv Raion. Until 26 January 2024, Liubech was designated urban-type settlement . On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Liubech became a rural settlement. Principality of Chernigov The Principality of Chernigov

1755-416: Was determined to be Yaroslav. The identity of the female was never established, though some believe them to be those of Yaroslav's spouse Ingegerd. The sarcophagus was again opened in 1939 and the remains removed for research, not being documented as returned until 1964. In 2009, the sarcophagus was opened and surprisingly found to contain only one skeleton, that of a female. It seems the documents detailing

1800-601: Was during this period that Yaroslav promulgated the first code of laws in the lands of the East Slavs , the Russkaya Pravda . Leaving aside the legitimacy of Yaroslav's claims to the Kievan throne and his postulated guilt in the murder of his brothers, Nestor the Chronicler and later Russian historians often presented him as a model of virtue, styling him "the Wise". A less appealing side of his personality

1845-464: Was known for promoting unity among his children and emphasizing the importance of living in peace. After his death, his body was placed in a sarcophagus within Saint Sophia's Cathedral, but his remains were later lost or stolen. Yaroslav's legacy includes founding several towns and having numerous monuments and institutions named after him. The early years of Yaroslav's life are mostly unknown. He

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1890-498: Was later split into three main apanage principalities: Chernigov proper, Novgorod-Seversk , and Murom-Ryazan . While Tmutarakan, due to its remoteness, often became contested and eventually was overtaken. Murom and later the Ryazan principality drifted away from the influence of Chernigov and after some time was contested by the Principality of Vladimir. Nonetheless, the influence of the Chernigov princes remained large and they retained

1935-410: Was one of the largest and most powerful states within Kievan Rus' . For a time the principality was the second most powerful after Kiev. The principality was formed in the 10th century and maintained some of its distinctiveness until the 16th century. The Principality of Chernigov consisted of regions of modern-day Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia . Most of the Principality of Chernigov was located on

1980-455: Was one of the numerous sons of Vladimir the Great , presumably his second by Rogneda of Polotsk , although his actual age (as stated in the Primary Chronicle and corroborated by the examination of his skeleton in the 1930s) would place him among the youngest children of Vladimir. It has been suggested that he was a child begotten out of wedlock after Vladimir's divorce from Rogneda and marriage to Anna Porphyrogenita , or even that he

2025-578: Was sent by his father to rule the northern lands around Rostov . He was transferred to Veliky Novgorod, as befitted a senior heir to the throne, in 1010. While living there, he founded the town of Yaroslavl (literally, "Yaroslav's") on the Volga River . His relations with his father were apparently strained, and grew only worse on the news that Vladimir bequeathed the Kievan throne to his younger son, Boris . In 1014 Yaroslav refused to pay tribute to Kiev and only Vladimir's death, in July 1015, prevented

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