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113-479: It is not known when Li Shen was born. His family claimed ancestry from the southern branch of the prominent Li clan of Zhao Commandery (趙郡, roughly modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), but was only able to trace its ancestry back to the Northern Wei official Li Shanquan ( 李善權 ) and Li Shanquan's descendants who served as officials of Northern Wei and Sui dynasty . Li Shen's great-grandfather Li Jingxuan served as

226-486: A chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong , and his great-granduncle Li Yuansu served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian . Both Li Shen's grandfather Li Shouyi ( 李守一 ) and father Li Wu ( 李晤 ) served as county magistrates. In Li Wu's case, he served three times at Jintan (金壇, in modern Changzhou , Jiangsu ), Wucheng (烏程, in modern Huzhou , Jiangsu ), and Jinling (晉陵, in modern Changzhou as well). He therefore settled his family in

339-467: A 148 kilometres (92 mi) north–south extent and a 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide from east to west. The prefecture has borders stretching 760 kilometres (472 mi) long and covers an area of 15,722 square kilometres (6,070 sq mi). Bordering prefecture-level cities in Hebei are Hengshui (E), Xingtai (S), and Baoding (N/NE). To the west lies the province of Shanxi . The city stands at

452-627: A chancellor de facto with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ). He was also made the acting director of the treasury. Thereafter, he was created the Duke of Zhao. In 844, Li Shen suffered a stroke that made it difficult for him to walk. He therefore offered to resign. Emperor Wuzong made him the military governor of Huainan, carrying the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi title as an honorary title. In 845, Li Shen accused one of his subordinates,

565-526: A chancellor, over Li Deyu , who also wanted to be chancellor, Li Deyu believed that it was at Li Fengji's recommendation that Niu was made chancellor over him, and therefore resented both Niu and Li Fengji. (The Song dynasty historian Sima Guang , the author of the Zizhi Tongjian , believed that it was because of this resentment that Li Deyu later had his associate Li Yirang (李夷讓), write defamatory remarks about Li Fengji and Li Fengji's associates in

678-491: A county named Shiyi (Chinese: 石邑 ; lit. 'stone city'), in present-day Luquan District , was already present during the Warring States period , suggesting that the name, or its elements, have even older origins. At first, the settlement was officially known only as "Shijia", as the "zhuang" was solely used to denote the nature of the settlement being a village, instead of being part of its name. This

791-405: A general pardon, the text of the general pardon initially indicated that those exiled officials who had been moved closer to Chang'an previously could be again moved closer – without stating that those who had not been could be as well. Wei submitted an objection, pointing out that the text had been written in the way that it was because Li Fengji was apprehensive that Li Shen would be moved closer to

904-409: A large city. As of the end of 2017, the urban population of Shijiazhuang exceeded 4.5 million. In just six decades, the city's population has increased by more than 20 fold. At the end of 2009, the city's total non-migrant population was 9,774,100, an increase of 109,300 over the previous year. The birth rate of the city's population is 14.65%, the death rate is 6.25%, and the natural growth rate

1017-412: A low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu ), and put in charge of drafting edicts. He was also involved in an incident that was traditionally considered a cause of the later Niu-Li Factional Struggles . Both Li Shen and the former chancellor Duan Wenchang had submitted a list of examinees that they hoped would be passed to Qian Hui ( 錢徽 ), one of the officials in charge of

1130-475: A military governor, he would be given an honorary chancellor title to carry, but because of Li Fengji's dislike of Pei, Pei was not given such a title. Meanwhile, it was said that Li Fengji closely associated with the powerful chancellor Wang Shoucheng (王守澄). The imperial scholar Li Shen (李紳), whom Emperor Muzong trusted as an advisor, often opposed Li Fengji's and Wang's proposals. Li Fengji thus decided to try to remove Li Shen. At that time, it happened that there

1243-408: A new military governor be sent, Emperor Muzong came to believe that Li Fengji was correct. Li Fengji thus suggested summoning Li Jie to serve as an imperial guard general, while transferring Han Chong (韓充) the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang , Henan ), whose brother Han Hong had served as Xuanwu's military governor for a long period, to Xuanwu. Li Jie resisted

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1356-412: A rare distinction of being served by both the "conventional" Beijing–Guangzhou Railway and the new Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway . Such an arrangement is fairly uncommon on China's high-speed rail network , as typically high-speed lines are constructed to bypass city cores, where the older "conventional" train stations are. In Shijiazhuang's case, to make it possible to bring

1469-617: A result of industrialization and infrastructural developments. From 2008 to 2011, Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan, resulting in an increase of green areas and new buildings and roads. A railway station, airport and subway system have been opened. Shijiazhuang is east of the Taihang Mountains , a mountain range extending over 400 km (250 mi) from north to south with an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 m (4,900 to 6,600 ft). The city's present name, Shijiazhuang (Chinese: 石家庄 ), first appeared during

1582-419: A result, Emperor Muzong made Han the deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang ) and Li Shen the governor of Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern Nanchang , Jiangxi ). However, when Han and Li Shen went to visit Emperor Muzong to thank him for the commissions, he questioned them as to the nature of their conflict, and realized that Li Fengji had manufactured it. He thus kept Li Shen at Chang'an as

1695-514: A thick layer of smog over the region. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO 2 ) towards China's east coast. Shijiazhuang has direct administrative jurisdiction over: Migrants flowing in from all across China largely contributed to

1808-407: A tractor-accessory plant. There are important coal deposits at Jingxing and Huailu, now named Luquan , a few miles to the west in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains , which provide fuel for a thermal-generating plant supplying power to local industries. Tianjin was again carved out of Hebei in 1967, remaining a separate entity today. The provincial capital was then moved to Baoding , however,

1921-891: Is 11.2 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 μg/m : set in September, 2021). These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Shijiazhuang by almost 5 years. A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on December 2, 2013, across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Shijiazhuang and surrounding areas. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form

2034-639: Is 5,075,875, accounting for 49.94% of the total population. The gender ratio of the total population is 100 women per 100.24 men. The population aged between 0 and 14 is 1,548,125, accounting for 15.23% of the total population; the population aged between 15 and 64 is 7,789,753, accounting for 76.64% of the total population; the population aged 65 and over is 825,910, accounting for 8.13% of the total population. The top 10 surnames of Shijiazhuang are: Zhang (10.27%), Wang (9.25%), Li (9.17%), Liu (6.73%), Zhao (4.28%), Yang (2.82%), Gao (2.08%), Chen (1.92%), Ma (1.77%), and Guo (1.55%). On May 6, 2011,

2147-413: Is 8.4%. According to the sixth national census in 2010, the city's total non-migrant population stands at 10,163,788. Compared with the fifth national census a decade prior, there was an increase of 818,365 people, or an increase of 8.76%, and an average annual growth rate of 0.84%. Among them, the male population stood at 5,087,913, accounting for 50.06% of the total population; the female population

2260-575: Is home to major pharmaceutical companies and factories like the North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang Pharma Group , and Shineway Pharma. The textile industry is also one of the backbones of the city's commerce. Other sectors include machinery and chemicals such as Shijiazhuang Donghua Jinlong , building materials, light industry, and electronics. With abundant agricultural resources, Shijiazhuang has 590,000 hectares of cultivated land and

2373-645: Is similar to spring in temperature and lack of rainfall. January averages −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), while July averages 27.7 °C (81.9 °F); the annual mean is 14.3 °C (57.7 °F). With the monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 38 percent in July to 56 percent in May, the city receives 2,163 hours of sunshine annually. More than half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −26.5 °C (−15.7 °F) to 42.8 °C (109.0 °F). According to

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2486-421: Is the main source of cotton, pears, dates and walnuts in Hebei province. In 2008, total imports reached US$ 1.393 billion, an increase of 42.1 percent over the previous year. Exports increased by 34.9 percent to US$ 5.596 billion. 2006 World Bank reported that Shijiazhuang was spending less than RMB400 per capita on education, as opposed to Beijing (RMB1,044) and Weihai (RMB1,631). The zone

2599-522: The Chinese Tang dynasty , serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong , Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong , and grandson Emperor Jingzong . He was portrayed by traditional accounts as full of machinations against his political opponents. Li Fengji was born in 758, during the reign of Emperor Suzong . His family was part of the Li clan of Longxi—which was descended from Li Gao

2712-617: The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published the "2011 China Urban Competitiveness Blue Book: China Urban Competitiveness Report". In it, the happiness survey sampled 294 cities across China, arriving at the conclusion that the residents of Shijiazhuang were the happiest. This result caused strong doubts from netizens. In 2014, the GDP of Shijiazhuang reached CN¥510.02 billion (about $ 80.45 billion in USD), an increase of 12 percent over

2825-683: The Ming dynasty . Its literal meaning is " Shi family's village". The word Shijiazhuang was generally used after construction of the Shijiazhuang station of the Zhengtai Railway in 1907. The origin of the name is heavily disputed. One story claimed that the Wanli Emperor sent 24 officers and their families to the area, after which the group splits into two settlements consisting of 10 and 14 families. The imperial court then named

2938-718: The Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War still referred to the city as "Shijiazhuang" or "Shizhuang". To avoid confusion and association with the Japanese Army , the Chinese Communist Party ultimately reverted the city's name back to Shijiazhuang on December 26, 1947. Since then, many terms regarding the city have been stemmed from the "zhuang" suffix, including its nickname "international village" ( 国际庄 ), and

3051-589: The Tang dynasty (618–907), Hengshan county was abolished, and it was reestablished as a prefecture. It was renamed as Zhen Prefecture due to a naming taboo with Emperor Muzong of Tang , whose personal name was Li Heng. Zhending was a giant city in the area, now Zhengding county, where was destination of migration from Yuan dynasty people and central area of preceding Northern Song dynasty people, particularly in Kaifeng and Zhengzhou etc. Marco Polo has glanced

3164-654: The Yellow River to decide on their own military governors, allowing Xuanwu to do so would cause the gradual erosion of the imperial control over the Yangtze River - Huai River region, while Du Yuanying and Zhang Pingshu (張平叔) advocated commissioning Li Jie to avoid a war. Emperor Muzong initially could not decide, but soon thereafter, when the prefects of three of Xuanwu's prefectures, Song (宋州, in modern Shangqiu , Henan ), Bo (亳州, in modern Bozhou , Anhui ), and Ying (潁州, in modern Fuyang, Anhui ), requested that

3277-494: The Yuanhe era (806–821) of Emperor Xianzong , Li Shen passed the imperial examinations, and he was there made an assistant professor at the imperial university (國子助教, Guozi Zhujiao ). He did not like his role, however, and subsequently resigned and returned to his home region. The warlord Li Qi , who then ruled the region as the military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ),

3390-452: The defeat of the Lü clan , Liu Chao was killed and the territory became a commandery of Zhao once again. Later, due to a naming taboo of Emperor Wen of Han , whose personal name is Liu Heng, its name was changed to Changshan (常山). From Han (206 BC–AD 220) to Sui (581–618) times it was the site of a county seat named Shiyi. With the reorganization of local government in the early period of

3503-458: The 2020 census, the city had a population of 11,235,086, with 6,230,709 in the built-up area comprising all urban districts except Jingxing District and Zhengding County , the twelfth largest in mainland China. Shijiazhuang experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in thirty years as

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3616-499: The Luoyang region). Later in the year, he was made the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) and the prefect of its capital Bian Prefecture ( 汴州 ). In 837, when the realm suffered a great locust infestation, Xuanwu Circuit was somehow not affected, and as Emperor Wenzong considered this to be due to the virtues of Li Shen, he issued an edict praising Li Shen. Emperor Wenzong died in 840 and

3729-629: The National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Shijiazhuang was one of ten most air-polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air-polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan , Beijing, Urumqi , Lanzhou , Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang. As air pollution in China is at an all-time high, several northern cities are among

3842-566: The Northwest Agricultural Bank, the People's Bank of China was established here, where it produced and released the first series of the renminbi . Meanwhile, the industrialization of the city also gathered momentum thanks to government initiatives including the First Five-Year Plan . Shijiazhuang was one of the fourteen cities selected as focus cities for development. The population more than tripled in

3955-571: The Prince of Shen as Emperor Muzong's successor. Emperor Jingzong, believing Li Fengji's associates, exiled Li Shen to be the military advisor to the prefect of Duan Prefecture (端州, in modern Zhaoqing , Guangdong ), and further agreed to eventually put Li Shen to death. Only after the imperial scholar Wei Chuhou submitted a petition defending Li Shen and Emperor Jingzong himself discovered a prior petition by Li Shen supporting him as crown prince did Emperor Jingzong stop further actions against Li Shen. It

4068-600: The Prince of Shen as emperor, rather than Emperor Jingzong. As a result, Li Shen was exiled and demoted to be the military advisor to the prefect of Duan Prefecture (端州, in modern Zhaoqing , Guangdong ). Emperor Jingzong further agreed to put Li Shen to death, but after a defense of Li Shen submitted by the imperial scholar Wei Chuhou , Emperor Jingzong discovered past petitions in which Li Shen had sought to have him made crown prince . Emperor Jingzong, while not recalling Li Shen back to Chang'an, did not further carry out actions against Li Shen. In 825, when Emperor Jingzong issued

4181-520: The area is a memorial site. Since the city was pivotal to the People's Liberation Army 's victory of the Chinese Civil War , many governmental agencies have roots in Shijiazhuang. The creation of the North China People's Government in 1947 affirmed the city's position as a key political center. A year later, as the result of the merger between the Bank of North China, the Bank of Beihai, and

4294-469: The bombings were an act of revenge on his relatives, who were among the tenants of the apartments. Jin and his accomplices were later executed. In December 2020, its mayor, Deng Peiran, was charged with corruption, with Ma Yujun currently serving as the acting mayor. A few weeks later, the city became a new COVID-19 hotspot: starting from the village of Xiaoguozhuang in Gaocheng District in

4407-410: The campaign against Chengde and concentrating on the campaign against Zhangyi. Emperor Xianzong agreed, and ordered the troops then attacking Chengde to withdraw back to their own circuits. Later in the year, Li Fengji further advocated ending the campaign against Zhangyi as well, but Emperor Xianzong accepted the advice of Li Fengji's fellow chancellor Pei Du and further, as Pei volunteered, sent Pei to

4520-414: The capital. Emperor Jingzong had the text rewritten so that those who had not been moved closer to Chang'an before could be moved, and Li Shen was thereafter made the secretary general of Jiang Prefecture (江州, in modern Jiujiang , Jiangxi ). He was eventually made the prefect of Chu Prefecture (滁洲, in modern Chuzhou , Anhui ) and then of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an , Anhui ), and then advisor to

4633-552: The case. Cui and Li Chou reported that Wu Xiang did embezzle funds, but that his father-in-law Yan was not a commoner, nor was the marriage forced. Li Deyu, despite Cui's and Li Chou's report, nevertheless had Wu Xiang executed, and further, retaliating against Cui and Li Chou for their contrary reports, had them demoted and exiled. Li Shen died in 846, by which time Emperor Wuzong had died and been succeeded by his uncle Emperor Xuānzong . Emperor Xuānzong despised Li Deyu's hold on power, and soon after Emperor Xuānzong's ascension, Li Deyu

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4746-527: The censors, the mayor of Jingzhao was supposed to pay tribute by visiting the Office of the Imperial Censors, but as Han was bestowed an honorary title as chief imperial censor, Li Fengji ordered that he did not have to carry out that regulation, leading to mutual accusations between Li Shen and Han of disrespect.) Li Fengji thus reported to Emperor Muzong that the two could not work with each other. As

4859-517: The center of an extensive road network. Pre- World War II , Shijiazhuang was a large railway town as well as a commercial and collecting center for Shanxi and regions farther west and for agricultural produce of the North China Plain , particularly grain, tobacco, and cotton. By 1935, it had far outstripped Zhengding as an economic center. At the end of World War II the character of the city changed when it took on an administrative role as

4972-509: The chance to personally hear from Li Shen and Han to realize the reasons for their dispute, and therefore kept Li Shen at the capital to serve as deputy minister of census. In spring 824, Emperor Muzong died and was succeeded by Li Zhan (as Emperor Jingzong). Before Emperor Jingzong formally took the throne, Li Fengji served as regent for three days. After Emperor Jingzong took the throne, he had his associates accuse Li Shen and Du Yuanying of having supported Emperor Muzong's brother Li Cong (李悰)

5085-543: The city and noted it in his book. The name "Shijiazhuang" was first mentioned in 1535 on a stele of a local temple. Shijiazhuang was then little more than a local market town , subordinated to the flourishing city of Zhengding a few miles to the north. The growth of Shijiazhuang into one of China's major cities began in 1905, when the Beijing– Wuhan ( Hankou ) railway reached the area, stimulating trade and encouraging local farmers to grow cash crops. Two years later

5198-500: The city was plunged into chaos due to the Cultural Revolution just a year later. Thus, under the direction of Mao Zedong to "prepare for war and natural disasters", Shijiazhuang became the provincial capital in 1968. Beginning in the 1990s, Shijiazhuang saw another episode of rapid growth and development. Starting from the plains area in the east and south of the city, the focus of the developments later shifted towards

5311-502: The city's divisions. Qiaodong District was dissolved and merged into Chang'an and Qiaoxi districts. Three county-level cities, Gaocheng , Luquan , and Luancheng , became urban districts. Shijiazhuang is located in south-central Hebei, and is part of the Bohai Economic Rim . Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 37° 27' to 38° 47' N, and the longitude 113° 30' to 115° 20' E. The prefecture-level city reaches

5424-404: The city, Jingxing Mining District , was created on June 27, 1950. On November 7, 1952, Hengshui Prefecture, to the east, was merged into Shijiazhuang, adding six more counties. The prefecture continued to expand after Dingxian Prefecture was split and merged into Baoding and Shijiazhuang on June 18, 1954. Between March 1960 and May 1961, the prefecture and the city merged. Thereafter, however,

5537-466: The colloquial demonym, "villagers" ( 庄里人 ). Jokingly, people also call it "Sky Home Town" or "Rocksville" from its Chinese translating into English. This area was occupied by Xianyu people at beginning of Zhou dynasty ; it later belonged to the Zhongshan (中山國) and Zhao states during the pre-Qin period. In pre- Han times (i.e., before 206 BC), the site of the city of Shiyi in the state of Zhao

5650-424: The crown prince, with his office at the eastern capital Luoyang . In 833, during the reign of Emperor Jingzong's brother and successor Emperor Wenzong , when Li Deyu was chancellor, Li Shen was made the governor of Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing , Zhejiang ) and the prefect of its capital Yue Prefecture ( 越州 ). In 835, with their political adversary Li Zongmin as chancellor as well, Li Deyu

5763-426: The decade 1948–58 after Communist won the civil war. In the 1950s, the city experienced a major expansion in the textile industry, with large-scale cotton spinning, weaving, printing, and dyeing works. In addition, there are plants processing local farm produce. In the 1960s it was the site of a new chemical industry , with plants producing fertilizer and caustic soda . Shijiazhuang also became an engineering base, with

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5876-405: The deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang ). In 824, Emperor Muzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong . Li Fengji, who remained powerful after the transition, continued to resent Li Shen, and soon thereafter his ally, the eunuch Wang Shoucheng , told Emperor Jingzong that Li Shen and the former chancellor Du Yuanying had supported Emperor Muzong's brother Li Cong ( 李悰 )

5989-502: The eastern part of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 5.8 km (2.2 sq mi), and serves as the primary section of the New High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The district focuses on the establishment of new high-tech enterprises. There are plans to expand the district into an area of 9.8 km (3.8 sq mi). A railway line operated by Shijiazhuang Oil Refinery runs through

6102-638: The edge of the North China Plain , which rises to the Taihang Mountains to the west of the city, and lies south of the Hutuo River . From west to east, the topography can be summarised as moderately high mountains, then low-lying mountains, hills, basin, and finally plains. Out of the eight east–west routes across the Taihang Mountains, the fifth, the Niangzi Pass , connects the city directly with Taiyuan , Shanxi. The mountainous part of

6215-464: The edict to allow such movements, and Li Shen thus was moved closer to the capital to serve as the secretary general of Jiang Prefecture (江州, in modern Jiujiang , Jiangxi ). By fall 825, Li Fengji and Li Cheng had grown to dislike each other. Meanwhile, Li Cheng's relative Li Rengshu (李仍叔) had informed the official Wu Zhao (武昭), who had been stuck in an undesirable position—serving as the secretary general of Emperor Jingzong's granduncle Li Shen (李紳—not

6328-473: The examinations that season, but once the results were published, the examinees that Duan and Li Shen recommended did not pass, while those who passed included the several relatives of other officials – Zheng Tan 's brother Zheng Lang ; Pei Du 's son Pei Zhuan ( 裴譔 ); Li Zongmin 's son-in-law Su Chao ( 蘇巢 ); and Yang Yinshi ( 楊殷士 ), brother to the other official in charge of the examinations that year, Yang Rushi ( 楊汝士 ). Duan complained to Emperor Muzong that

6441-487: The examinations that year were not fair. When Emperor Muzong consulted imperial scholars, several imperial scholars who were political enemies of Li Zongmin, including Li Deyu and Yuan, and Li Shen, all agreed with Duan. Emperor Muzong thus ordered a reexamination, while demoting Qian, Li Zongmin, and Yang Rushi, along with 10 examinees who passed based on perceived influence. When Qian's friends subsequently suggested that he submit Duan's and Li Shen's letters trying to influence

6554-552: The examinations to the emperor to show that they were the ones trying to influence results, Qian, who believed that revealing these private letters was inappropriate, burned them. (Later historians have typically regarded Li Shen as a leader of the Li Faction – named after Li Deyu, not him – during the Niu-Li Factional Struggles.) In 822, Li Shen was made Zhongshu Sheren ( 中書舍人 ), a mid-level official at

6667-636: The founder of the Western Liang state during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, as the Tang dynasty imperial clan was but considered distant enough from the imperial lineage that he was not considered part of the imperial clan. After Li Gao, Li Fengji's family traced its ancestry to a line of officials of Jin dynasty (266–420) , Northern Wei , Northern Qi , Sui dynasty , and Tang, although Li Fengji's grandfather Li Yan (李顏) and father Li Guiqi (李歸期) were both listed without offices. As Li Yan

6780-452: The front to oversee the campaign. Pei was concerned that Li Fengji and the imperial scholar Linghu Chu would work together to interfere the campaign, and therefore accused Linghu of using inappropriate language on the edict for Pei's commission and had Linghu demoted. Later in the year, both because of Li Fengji's disagreements with Pei, whom Emperor Xianzong trusted, and because Emperor Xianzong wanted to commission an associate of his while he

6893-484: The governor (觀察使, Guanchashi ) of Zhexi Circuit (浙西, i.e., Zhenhai). However, he could not think of a way to remove Li Shen initially. In 823, the position of deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞, Yushi Zhongcheng ) was open, and Li Fengji recommended Li Shen for the post – and then manufactured a conflict between Li Shen and Han Yu the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region). (Per regulations, to honor

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7006-456: The imperial chronicles, which were then adopted into the Old Book of Tang . ) It was said because Li Fengji disliked Pei, Li Fengji's associates, including Zhang Youxin (張又新), frequently attacked Pei, such that also in 823, Pei was sent out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道). Customarily, when former chancellors were sent out to a circuit to serve as

7119-481: The largest formula seller in China for a continuous 15-year period. Richard McGregor , author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers , said that Sanlu became "an invaluable asset for a city otherwise struggling to attract industry and investment on a par with China's premier metropolises." Both the dairy trade and Sanlu were affected by the 2008 Chinese milk scandal . The chairman and general manager of Sanlu, and several party officials, including

7232-456: The legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng ), when Emperor Muzong also made him an imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi ). He and his colleagues Yuan Zhen and Li Deyu were known for their talent and friendship. He was also promoted, in his legislative bureau position, from You Shiyi to the higher rank of You Bujue ( 右補闕 ). In 821, he was made Sixun Yuanwailang ( 司勛員外郎 ),

7345-418: The legislative bureau, and continued to be in charge of drafting edicts. Soon thereafter, Yuan was made chancellor but only served a short time before he was removed, allegedly at the machination of his fellow chancellor Li Fengji . It was further said that Li Fengji wanted Niu Sengru to be chancellor, and believed that Li Deyu and Li Shen would oppose, and therefore had Li Deyu sent out of Chang'an to serve as

7458-406: The magistrate of Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou), Wu Xiang ( 吳湘 ), whose uncle Wu Wuling ( 吳武陵 ) had long had an adversarial relationship with Li Deyu, of embezzlement and forcibly marrying the daughter of a commoner, Yan Yue ( 顏悅 ). Many advisory officials pointed out that the evidence against Wu Xiang was weak, and Emperor Wuzong sent the censors Cui Yuanzao ( 崔元藻 ) and Li Chou ( 李稠 ) to review

7571-789: The most polluted cities and have some of the worst air quality in China. Reporting on China's air quality has been accompanied by what seems like a monochromatic slideshow of the country's several cities smothered in thick smog. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Shijiazhuang is among China's 10 most polluted cities along with other cities including major Chinese cities like Beijing and Zhengzhou , and 6 other prefectural cities all in Hebei . These cities are all situated in traditional geographic subdivision of "Huabei (North China) Region". In 2020, annual average PM2.5 Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang stood at 56 μg/m , which

7684-475: The mountainous districts and counties in the west, as well as along the Hutuo River in the north. In the early hours of March 16, 2001, four apartment buildings were leveled after a series of explosions rocked the city, killing 108 while injuring 38. The perpetrator was a deaf, unemployed man named Jin Ruchao who police arrested weeks later. Jin confessed that he had delivered the bombs via taxi and stated that

7797-413: The new high-speed railway into the central city, a 5 km (3.1 mi) long railway tunnel was constructed under the city. This is the first time a high-speed railway has been run under a Chinese city. Li Fengji Li Fengji ( Chinese : 李逢吉 ; 758 – February 27, 835 ), courtesy name Xuzhou (虛舟), formally Duke Cheng of Zheng (鄭成公) or Duke Cheng of Liang (涼成公), was an official of

7910-433: The northern portion of the city, cases has been increasing rapidly since January 2, 2021. Due to its proximity with Beijing and the severity of the outbreak, harsh measures were put into place, with all 11 million residences undergoing mandatory testing, as well as school closures, banning of gatherings, and residential districts being sealed. All highways were blocked off, with rail and air links also suspended. Throughout

8023-411: The orders but was soon killed by his own subordinate Li Zhi (李質), who surrendered the circuit to Han Chong. Late in the year, after Emperor Muzong suffered a stroke after being shocked by the fall of an eunuch at a polo game, it was at Li Fengji's and Pei's request that Emperor Muzong created his oldest son Li Zhan the Prince of Jing as crown prince. In 823, after Emperor Muzong made Niu Sengru

8136-604: The pardon. Only after Li Fengji interceded on Cui's behalf, pointing out that Cui's mother was nearly 80 years old and had gotten ill over Cui's imprisonment, was Cui released. Li Fengji continued to resent Li Shen, and after Emperor Jingzong issued another general pardon in summer 825, initially, the edict that Li Fengji drafted allows exiled officials who had previously moved toward the capital be allowed to be moved again—but intentionally failed to mention officials who had not previously been moved, to prevent Li Shen from being moved. When Wei pointed this out, Emperor Jingzong revised

8249-637: The pharmaceutical industry and the petrochemical industry . By 2009, some 2,600 enterprises had settled in the zone, of which 185 were foreign-funded enterprises. Firms from Japan, the US, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Italy, Canada, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan had established themselves in the zone. The city is a center for the dairy trade, being the headquarters of the Sanlu Group . Sanlu became Shijiazhuang's largest taxpayer since it had become

8362-622: The population growth of Shijiazhuang in recent times. With a population of 120,000 in 1947, Shijiazhuang became the first medium-large city captured by the Chinese Communist Party from the Kuomintang . By the time of the People's Republic of China's founding in 1949, the total urban population increased to more than 270,000 people, more than doubling in a span of two years. In 1953, when China rolled out its first five-year plan,

8475-407: The preeminent city in western Hebei, and developed into an industrial city. Some industries, such as match manufacturing, tobacco processing, and glassmaking, had already been established before the war. By 1941, Shide railway line was constructed between Shijiazhuang and Dezhou , Shandong in the war occupied period , operated by North China Transportation Company . On November 12, 1947, the city

8588-409: The prefect of its capital Xiang Prefecture (襄州). As he had previously attended to Emperor Muzong's studies, he sent messengers to plead with Emperor Muzong's close associates, requesting to be recalled. In 822, he was recalled serving as minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu ). At that time, Pei and Yuan Zhen were serving as chancellors, despite Pei's having previously severely criticized Yuan. It

8701-653: The prefecture consists of parts of: The Hutuo River Basin in the east juts into: The city has a continental, monsoon -influenced semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk / Dwa ), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the Siberian anticyclone . Spring can see sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn

8814-566: The prefecture was re-established, with Hengshui Prefecture splitting away the next year. The city and its prefecture merged for good in June 1993. In the 2010s, Shijiazhuang's administrative divisions saw further changes. In 2013, the county-level city of Xinji , although still part of Shijiazhuang prefecture, is now directly administered by Hebei province . Later, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved more adjustments to

8927-577: The previous year, and placing the city 20th in provincial capitals by GDP. Shijiazhuang has become a major industrial city in North China and is considered to be the economic center of Hebei province, along with Tangshan . The city also located in Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt , which is one of the main Hi-Tech Belts in China. Nicknamed the "medicine hub of China", it

9040-466: The region, at Wuxi . Li Shen was five years old when Li Wu died, and he therefore was raised by his mother Lady Lu, who taught him the Confucian classics . It was said that Li Shen was short in stature but energetic, and was capable in songs and poetry. The year that he submitted himself to the local preliminary round of the imperial examinations , his poems became well known in the region. Early in

9153-427: The same person as the official that Li Fengji resented) the Prince of Yuan—that Li Cheng had wanted to give him a better position, but Li Fengji blocked the move. Wu thus resented Li Fengji, and one day, after he got drunk, he told his friend Mao Hui (茅彙) that he wished to kill Li Fengji. This remark was overheard and reported. Li Fengji's associate Li Zhongyan tried to induce Mao into implicating Li Cheng. Mao refused. In

9266-573: The senior official Li Jiang 's advice that Liu Wu's request be rejected, Li Fengji and Wang Shoucheng decided that Liu Wu's request should be granted. As a result, Emperor Jingzong commissioned Liu Congjian as the acting military governor and eventually the military governor of Zhaoyi. Meanwhile, in spring 826, Emperor Jingzong recalled Pei Du to the capital to be chancellor again, despite Li Fengji's associates' various attempts to attack Pei, including intimations that Pei had been prophesied to be emperor and had treasonous ambitions. In winter 826, Li Fengji

9379-470: The settlements "village of 10 families" ( 十家庄 ) and "village of 14 families" (十四家庄), respectively. Since the Chinese characters for ten ( 十 ; shí ) and stone ( 石 ; shí ) are homophones, it is speculated that the city name gradually evolved into its current spelling. Another explanation is that the settlement was named after the highest-ranking official amongst the groups, who was surnamed Shi . However,

9492-450: The subsequent investigation, Li Zhongyan's attempt to induce Mao to bear false testimony was revealed. As a result of the investigations, Wu was executed by caning, Li Rengshu was demoted, and Mao and Li Zhongyan were both exiled. Meanwhile, around the same time, Liu Wu the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), had died, and his will recommended his son Liu Congjian to succeed him. Despite

9605-408: The summons; Li Shen initially pretended to be unable to write due to extreme shock, but eventually told Li Qi that he would rather die than to draft such a petition; Li Qi thereafter threw him into jail, and he was only released after Li Qi was defeated. As of the ascension of reign of Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong , Li Shen was serving as You Shiyi ( 右拾遺 ), a low-level advisory official at

9718-525: The total population of Shijiazhuang's urban area increased to 320,000. In 1960, the total population of the Shijiazhuang urban area had reached 650,000. In 1968, the city experienced a substantial increase due to it being designated the capital of Hebei to avoid chaos in Baoding amidst the Cultural Revolution. By 1980, the urban population had surpassed the one million mark, joining the ranks of

9831-402: The town became the junction for the new Shitai line, running from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan , Shanxi. The connection transformed the town from a local collecting center and market into a communications center of national importance on the main route from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanxi, and later, when the railway from Taiyuan was extended to the southwest, to Shaanxi as well. The city also became

9944-616: The vice-mayor in charge of food and agriculture, Zhang Fawang, were reportedly removed from office. Mayor Ji Chuntang reportedly resigned on September 17, 2008. The city is served by many expressways, including the Shitai , Beijing– Shenzhen and Taiyuan – Cangzhou Expressways. Shijiazhuang is a transportation hub at the intersection point of the Beijing– Guangzhou , Taiyuan – Dezhou , and Shuozhou – Huanghua railways. The new Shijiazhuang railway station (opened December 2012) has

10057-405: The year, when mutineer soldiers at Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) expelled the military governor Li Yuan (李愿) and supported the officer Li Jie (李㝏), Li Fengji advocated sending a replacement for Li Yuan and, if Li Jie did not accept the replacement, then attacking Xuanwu, pointing out that while the imperial government had been forced to allow certain circuits north of

10170-405: The years, the city's administrative units have been shifted and adjusted multiple times. Initially, Shijiazhuang was administered under the prefecture of the same name, along with the counties of Zhengding , Pingshan , Lingshou , Jingxing , Jianping , Huailu , Jinxian , Gaocheng , Luancheng , Zhaoxian , Shulu , Yuanshi , Zanhuang , Gaoyi , and one town, Xinji . The first new district of

10283-472: The zone from north to south, so enterprises in the zone can build lines of their own. The Western District, located in the southwest of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 8.2 km (3.2 sq mi). It focuses on small- and medium-sized technology enterprises and technology incubation. Liangcun District, which borders the Western District, covers 4 km (1.5 sq mi), and focuses on

10396-416: Was also chief imperial censor, believing that soon Li Shen and Han would engage in a dispute over this matter, and indeed, the two of them did. Li Fengji thus reported to Emperor Muzong that the two were unable to work together. As a result, Emperor Muzong was initially set to send Li Shen out of the capital to serve as governor of Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern Nanchang , Jiangxi ), until he had

10509-449: Was at this time that Li Fengji was created the Duke of Liang. In summer 824, per Li Fengji's recommendations, Li Cheng was also made chancellor, along with Dou Yizhi . In 825, during an incident where the county magistrate Cui Fa (崔發), after eunuchs had attacked commoners, arrested the eunuchs involved, Emperor Jingzong had Cui arrested and battered. Despite a subsequent general pardon that pardoned all prisoners, Cui remained held after

10622-541: Was captured by Communist forces. Xibaipo , a village about 90 km (56 mi) from downtown Shijiazhuang, in Pingshan County was the location of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949, at which point they were moved to Beijing. Today,

10735-512: Was chronically ill and Li Fengji tended to him, Li Fengji studied the medical books of the time and became knowledgeable in medicine. After Li Fengji passed the imperial examinations , the general Fan Xichao (范希朝) invited him to serve as a scribe on his staff when Fan served as the military governor ( jiedushi ) of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Hohhot , Inner Mongolia ). Fan subsequently recommended Li Fengji to then-reigning Emperor Dezong (Emperor Suzong's grandson), and Li Fengji

10848-410: Was emperor, Li Fengji served as the deputy to Duan Pingzhong (段平仲) on a diplomatic mission to Nanzhao . After Li Fengji returned from the mission in 809, he was made Cibu Langzhong (祠部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu ), and later Yousi Langzhong (右司郎中), a supervisorial official under the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng ). In 811, he

10961-522: Was emperor, Li Fengji was made the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit and prefect of its capital Bian Prefecture (汴州). In 831, he was made the defender of the eastern capital Luoyang and given honorary titles as senior advisor to the Crown Prince and Kaifu Yitong Sansi (開府儀同三司). In 834, by which time Li Zhongyan (whose name had been changed to Li Xun by that point) was in power, Li Fengji was recalled to Chang'an to serve as Zuo Pushe (左僕射), one of

11074-564: Was established in March 1991 as a state-level development zone and is divided into three districts. National highways 107, 207, 307, 308 pass through the zone. It is 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Shijiazhuang railway station, 105 km (65 mi) away from Tianjin Port. Industries include pharmaceuticals, electronic information, mechanical production, automobile manufacturing, chemicals production and logistics. The Eastern District, located in

11187-491: Was further evidenced on June 24, 1925, when the Republican government ordered the village to be established as an autonomous city under the name Shijia. The city ended up being renamed as Shimen ( 石门 ) when it was officially incorporated on August 29, 1925, after the merger with another village, Xiumen (Chinese: 休门 ; lit. 'auspicious gate'). Despite being renamed, however, many documents and war plans from

11300-577: Was impressed with his talent and invited him to serve on staff as a secretary. According to the Old Book of Tang , Li Shen rejected Li Qi's invitation; Li Qi subsequently wanted to kill him, so he fled and hid until Li Qi was eventually defeated and killed. The New Book of Tang gave a different account – that Li Shen accepted the invitation and served under Li Qi, but subsequently, when Li Qi refused an imperial summons to pay homage to Emperor Xianzong in 807, he ordered Li Shen to draft his petition refusing

11413-467: Was improperly executed. As a result, Li Deyu was repeatedly demoted and exiled, eventually dying in exile, while Li Shen was posthumously stripped of three commission certificates. Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang is the capital and most populous city of China's Hebei Province. A prefecture-level city about 266 kilometres (165 mi) southwest of Beijing, it administers eight districts , three county-level cities and eleven counties . At

11526-715: Was located in this area. After taking over Zhao , Qin Shi Huang established the Hengshan Commandery in the region. It became part of the Zhao Principality under Western Han . The land was briefly granted to Liu Buyi ( 劉不疑 ), son of the Emperor Hui , during Empress Dowager Lü 's reign. The territory was then passed to Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao of Han , after Buyi's death. It was then granted to Liu Chao ( 劉朝 ), another son of Emperor Hui. During

11639-661: Was made Menxia Shilang (門下侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau, and de facto chancellor with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事); he was also given the honorary title of Chaoyi Daifu (朝議大夫). According to the Old Book of Tang , Li Fengji was treacherous and used his machination to harm others. In 817, by which time Emperor Xianzong was waging two simultaneous campaigns against warlords— Wang Chengzong , who controlled Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), and Wu Yuanji , who controlled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian , Henan )—Li Fengji advocated ending

11752-403: Was made a Zuo Shiyi (左拾遺), a low-level consultant at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng ). He was later promoted to Zuo Bujue (左補闕), also consultant at the examination bureau, and then made an imperial censor with the title Shiyushi (侍御史). He later served as the deputy emissary on a mission to Tufan . In 808, by which time Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong

11865-403: Was made an imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong ). In 812, he was made an attendant scholar to the studies of the crown prince Li Heng and other imperial princes, along with Li Ju (李巨). In 814, he was made Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng ). In 816, he was put in charge of the imperial examinations for that year. Later that year, he

11978-416: Was no deputy chief imperial censor, so Li Fengji recommended Li Shen for the post. Per regulations at the time, when the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) were commissioned, he were to report to the office of the imperial censors to pay homage. At that time, however, Han Yu was both mayor and chief imperial censor. Li Fengji issued an order exempting Han from the homage visit as he

12091-401: Was removed from his chancellor position due to the collaboration between Li Zongmin and Emperor Wenzong's close associates Li Xun and Zheng Zhu ; Li Shen was subsequently made an advisor to Emperor Wenzong's son and crown prince Li Yong , again with his office at Luoyang. In 836, with the Li Faction figure Zheng Tan as chancellor, Li Shen was made the mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e.,

12204-405: Was removed from his chancellor post. In 847, Wu Xiang's brother Wu Runa ( 吳汝納 ) submitted a petition arguing that Wu Xiang was improperly executed and accusing Li Shen and Li Deyu of causing the improper execution. Emperor Xuānzong recalled Cui Yuanzao from exile and had him give an account of the case to the Office of the Imperial Censors, which subsequently submitted a report agreeing that Wu Xiang

12317-422: Was said that Li Fengji believed that Pei and Yuan would turn against each other, and therefore had it reported that Yuan had conspired with the official Yu Fang (于方) to assassinate Pei. After Yu was arrested and interrogated, no positive evidence of such a conspiracy was found, but both Pei and Yuan were removed from their chancellor positions, and Li Fengji was again made Menxia Shilang and chancellor. Later in

12430-476: Was said that by this point, Li Fengji's close associates included Zhang Youxin, Li Zhongyan , Li Xuzhi (李續之), Li Yu (李虞), Liu Qichu (劉栖楚), Jiang Qia (姜洽), Zhang Quanyu (張權輿), and Cheng Xifan (程昔範). Many people who wanted greater offices flattered these associates of Li Fengji's, and the people who resented Li Fengji at the time referred to these eight associates as the "eight passes " (八關, Ba Guan ) (i.e., without going through them, one could not meet Li Fengji). It

12543-497: Was sent out of the capital to again serve as the military governor of Shannan East Circuit, carrying an honorary chancellor title. He invited Li Xu to be his deputy and Zhang Youxin to be his military commander. However, it was soon discovered that Li Fengji had previously hidden a fugitive, Tian Pi (田伾). As a result, Li Fengji was punished by being stripped of three months' salary, while both Li Xu and Zhang were demoted. In 828, by which time Emperor Jingzong's brother Emperor Wenzong

12656-499: Was still an imperial prince, Zhang Su (張宿), as a high-level consultant and Li Fengji strenuously objected, Emperor Xianzong sent Li Fengji out of the capital Chang'an , making him the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang , Sichuan . After Emperor Xianzong died in 820 and was succeeded by Li Heng (as Emperor Muzong), Li Fengji was moved to be the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan , Hubei ) as well as

12769-426: Was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wuzong . Soon thereafter, Li Deyu became the leading chancellor, and Li Shen was made the acting military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ). Li Shen was the military governor when he, in 842, went to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Wuzong, and thereafter was made Zhongshu Shilang ( 中書侍郎 ), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, and

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