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48-641: Lignano Sabbiadoro ( Italian: [liɲˈɲaːno ˌsabbjaˈdɔːro] ; Friulian : Lignan ) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine , in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-eastern Italy. It is one of the main summer resorts in northern Italy and on the Adriatic Sea coast. Lignano Sabbiadoro developed in the early 20th century starting from some private hospitality resorts, which at

96-406: A consonant or in -i . A few masculine nouns end in -e , including sisteme (system) and probleme (problem). They are usually words coming from Ancient Greek . However, because most masculine nouns end in a consonant, it is common to find the forms sistem and problem instead, more often in print than in speech. There are also a number of masculine nouns borrowed intact from Italian , with

144-410: A consonant, including those ending in -zion , which are from Latin . Note that in some Friulian dialects the -e feminine ending is actually an -a or an -o, which characterize the dialect area of the language and are referred to as a/o-ending dialects (e.g. cjase is spelled as cjaso or cjasa - the latter being the oldest form of the feminine ending). Most masculine nouns end either in

192-555: A final -o , like treno (train). Many of the words have been fully absorbed into the language and even form their plurals with the regular Friulian -s rather than the Italian desinence changing. Still, there are some purists, including those influential in Friulian publishing, who frown on such words and insist that the "proper" Friulian terms should be without the final -o . Despite the fact that one almost always hears treno , it

240-617: A shift of languages while, for example, other important communities of Northern Italy were still speaking Latin. The languages spoken before the arrival of the Romans in 181 BC were Rhaetic , Venetic and Celtic . The inhabitants belonged to the Raeti , a likely pre-Indo-European language population, the Italic Veneti , and the Carni , a Celtic population. In modern Friulian,

288-1288: A unique pattern of diphthongs (yellow) and monophthongs (blue) for the long vowels: Note that the vowels î and û in the standard language (based on the Central dialects) correspond to two different sounds in the Western dialects (including Codroipo). These sounds are not distributed randomly but correspond to different origins: Latin short E in an open syllable produces Western [ei] but Central [iː] , whereas Latin long Ī produces [iː] in both dialects. Similarly, Latin short O in an open syllable produces Western [ou] but Central [uː] , whereas Latin long Ū produces [uː] in both dialects. The word mûr , for example, means both "wall" (Latin MŪRUM ) and "(he, she, it) dies" (Vulgar Latin * MORIT from Latin MORITUR ); both words are pronounced [muːr] in Central dialects, but respectively [muːr] and [mour] in Western dialects. Long consonants (ll, rr, and so on), frequently used in Italian, are usually absent in Friulian. Friulian long vowels originate primarily from vowel lengthening in stressed open syllables when

336-399: A word which means "child"). A modern Friulian speaker can understand these texts with only little difficulty. The second important period for Friulian literature is the 16th century. The main author of this period was Ermes di Colorêt , who composed over 200 poems. Notes: Some notes on orthography (from the perspective of the standard, i.e. Central, dialect): Long vowels are typical of

384-434: Is Piruç myò doç inculurit (which means "My pear, all colored"); it was composed by an anonymous author from Cividale del Friuli, probably in 1380. quant yò chi viot, dut stoi ardit cuant che jo ti viôt, dut o stoi ardît There are few differences in the first two rows, which demonstrates that there has not been a great evolution in the language except for several words which are no longer used (for example, dum(n) lo ,

432-519: Is agns . The same happens for the adjective bon (good), as its plural is bogns . A feature of Friulian are the clitic subject pronouns . Known in Friulian as pleonastics , they are never stressed; they are used together with the verb to express the subject and can be found before the verb in declarative sentences or immediately after it in case of interrogative or vocative ( optative ) sentences. Rhaetic Rhaetic or Raetic ( / ˈ r iː t ɪ k / ), also known as Rhaetian ,

480-568: Is compensatory lengthening before lost consonants in certain circumstances, cf. pâri "father" < Latin patrem , vôli "eye" < Latin oc(u)lum , lîre "pound" < Latin libra . This produces long vowels in non-final syllables, and was apparently a separate, later development than the primary lengthening in open syllables. Note, for example, the development of Vulgar Latin */ɛ/ in this context: */ɛ/ > */jɛ/ > iê /jeː/ , as in piêre "stone" < Latin PETRAM , differing from

528-540: Is almost always written tren . The Friulian definite article (which corresponds to "the" in English) is derived from the Latin ille and takes the following forms: Before a vowel, both il and la can be abbreviated to l' in the standard forms - for example il + arbul (the tree) becomes l'arbul. Yet, as far as the article la is concerned, modern grammar recommends that its non elided form should be preferred over

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576-399: Is also a plethora of words of German , Slovenian and Venetian origin. From that evidence, scholars today agree that the formation of new Friulian dates back to circa 500 AD, at the same time as other dialects derived from Latin (see Vulgar Latin ). The first written records of new Friulian have been found in administrative acts of the 13th century, but the documents became more frequent in

624-437: Is not to be confused with the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region, known as Rhaeto-Romance . The German linguist Helmut Rix proposed in 1998 that Rhaetic, along with Etruscan , was a member of a language family he called Tyrrhenian , and which was possibly influenced by neighboring Indo-European languages. Robert S. P. Beekes likewise does not consider it Indo-European. Howard Hayes Scullard (1967), on

672-493: Is worth"). Friulian is quite different from Italian in its morphology; it is, in many respects, closer to French . In Friulian as in other Romance languages , nouns are either masculine or feminine (for example, " il mûr " ("the wall", masculine), " la cjadree " ("the chair", feminine). Most feminine nouns end in -e , which is pronounced, unlike in Standard French: Some feminine nouns, however, end in

720-415: Is written as gjats but is pronounced in much of Friuli as if it were gjas . The plural of plat 'dish', though written as plats , is often pronounced as plas . Other words in this category include clâf (key) and clap (stone), whose plural forms, clâfs and claps, are often pronounced with no f or p, respectively (clâs, clas) so the longer a in the former is all that distinguishes it from

768-679: The Fritzens-Sanzeno and Magrè cultures . It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Rhaetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Rhaetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet. The ancient Roman sources mention the Rhaetic people as being reputedly of Etruscan origin, so there may at least have been some ethnic Etruscans who had settled in

816-592: The Venetian language shared many phonetic features with Friulian and Ladin and so he thought that Friulian was a much more conservative language. Many features that Ascoli thought were peculiar to the Rhaeto-Romance languages can, in fact, be found in other languages of Northern Italy . Today, Friulian is spoken in the province of Udine , including the area of the Carnia Alps , but as well throughout

864-466: The province of Pordenone , in half of the province of Gorizia , and in the eastern part of the province of Venice . In the past, the language borders were wider since in Trieste and Muggia , local variants of Friulian were spoken. The main document about the dialect of Trieste, or tergestino , is "Dialoghi piacevoli in dialetto vernacolo triestino", published by G. Mainati in 1828. Friuli was, until

912-493: The -e is changed to -is (whilst a/o-ending dialects simply add an s) The plural of almost all other nouns is just -s. It is always pronounced as voiceless [s], as in English cats , never as voiced [z], as in dogs . In some Friulian dialects, there are many words whose final consonant becomes silent when the -s is added. The words include just about all those whose singular form ends in -t. The plural of gjat , for example,

960-436: The 13th century and are mainly commercial or juridical acts. The examples show that Friulian was used together with Latin, which was still the administrative language. The main examples of literature that have survived (much from this period has been lost ) are poems from the 14th century and are usually dedicated to the theme of love and are probably inspired by the Italian poetic movement Dolce Stil Novo . The most notable work

1008-537: The 1960s, an area of deep poverty, causing a large number of Friulian speakers to emigrate. Most went to France , Belgium , and Switzerland or outside Europe , to Canada , Mexico , Australia , Uruguay , Argentina , Brazil , Venezuela , the United States , and South Africa . In those countries, there are associations of Friulian immigrants (called Fogolâr furlan ) that try to protect their traditions and language. The first texts in Friulian date back to

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1056-700: The Center-Right Coalition victorious over the Center-Left civic list. In the late 2010s to early 2020s the town gained popularity on the Internet because of the satirical YouTube channel Cartoni Morti starring the recurring character of "il Sindaco di Lignano" ("the Mayor of Lignano"). The Terrazza a Mare ("terrace on the sea" in English) of Lignano Sabbiadoro was designed by the architect Aldo Bernardis in 1969 and opened in 1972. It replaced

1104-560: The Friulian language and greatly influence the Friulian pronunciation of Italian. Friulian distinguishes between short and long vowels: in the following minimal pairs (long vowels are marked in the official orthography with a circumflex accent): Friulian dialects differ in their treatment of long vowels. In certain dialects, some of the long vowels are actually diphthongs. The following chart shows how six words ( sêt thirst, pît foot, fîl "wire", pôc (a) little, fûc fire, mûr "wall") are pronounced in four dialects. Each dialect uses

1152-577: The Rhaeti in the second Iron Age being characterized by the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture , in continuity with late Bronze Age culture and early Iron Age Laugen-Melaun culture . The Raeti are not believed, archeologically, to descend from the Etruscans, as well as it is not believed plausible that the Etruscans are descended from the Rhaeti. Helmut Rix dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to

1200-519: The Venetic goddess Reitia has commonly been discerned in the Rhaetic finds, but the two names do not seem to be linked. The spelling as Raet- is found in inscriptions, while Rhaet- was used in Roman manuscripts; it is unclear whether this Rh represents an accurate transcription of an aspirated R in Rhaetic, or is merely an error. Our understanding of Rhaetic phonology is quite uncertain, and

1248-450: The beginning could be reached only by sea. The first permanent inhabitants settled in the area in 1931, after the draining of the nearby marshes. The first road connecting Lignano with the nearby comune of Latisana was built in 1926. Formerly known as simply Lignano, the name Sabbiadoro (from sabbia d'oro "golden sand") was added in 1935 for promotional reasons. It is divided into three zones, each with its own particular traits:

1296-573: The contrary, suggested it to be an Indo-European language , with links to Illyrian and Celtic . Nevertheless, most scholars now think that Rhaetic is closely related to Etruscan within the Tyrrhenian grouping. Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher, Carlo De Simone , Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, and Rex E. Wallace . Common features between Etruscan, Rhaetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology , phonology , and syntax . On

1344-516: The elided one: la acuile (the eagle) although in speech the two a sounds are pronounced as a single one. In the spoken language, various other articles are used. The indefinite article in Friulian (which corresponds to a and an in English) derives from the Latin unus and varies according to gender: A partitive article also exists: des for feminine and dai for masculine: des vacjis – some cows and dai libris - some books A Friulian adjective must agree in gender and number with

1392-408: The final -t to -cj Some masculine nouns ending in -t form their plurals by palatalising the final -t to -cj: Nouns ending in "s" do not change spelling in the plural, but some speakers may pronounce the plural -s differently from the singular -s. The plural of an (year) has several forms depending on dialect, including ain , ains , agn and agns . Regardless of pronunciation, the written form

1440-477: The following century, when literary works also emerged ( Frammenti letterari for example). The main centre at that time was Cividale . The Friulian language has never acquired primary official status: legal statutes were first written in Latin, then in Venetian and finally in Italian. The idea of unity among Ladin , Romansh and Friulian comes from the Italian historical linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli , who

1488-478: The following vowel was lost. Friulian vowel length has no relation to vowel length in Classical Latin. For example, Latin valet yields vâl "it is worth" with a long vowel, but Latin vallem yields val "valley" with a short vowel. Long vowels aren't found when the following vowel is preserved, e.g.: It is quite possible that vowel lengthening occurred originally in all stressed open syllables, and

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1536-623: The historic centre, rife with shops and restaurants (Lignano Sabbiadoro itself); the greener area of Lignano Pineta , with lovely gardens and lanes for strolling; and Lignano Riviera , the waterfront, rich in salty sea air and coastal pines. During World War II , the final operations of the German navy – involving the evacuation of troops and personnel from Istria and Trieste ahead the advancing Yugoslavs – took place here in May 1945. An estimated enemy force of 4000 landed from 26 ships of all types at

1584-599: The last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC . Carlo De Simone and Simona Marchesini have proposed a much earlier date, placing the Tyrsenian language split before the Bronze Age . This would provide one explanation for the low number of lexical correspondences. * The language is documented in Northern Italy between the 5th and the 1st centuries BC by about 280 texts, in an area corresponding to

1632-658: The latter. A final -ç, which is pronounced either as the English "-ch" (in central Friulian) or as "-s", is pluralized in writing as -çs, regardless of whether the pluralized pronunciation is "-s" or "-ts" (it varies according to dialect): messaç / messaçs (message). Masculine nouns ending in -l or -li form their plurals by palatalising final -l or -li to -i. Notice how these very often correspond to French nouns that form an irregular plural in - x : cheval-chevaux, chapeau-chapeaux, cheveu-cheveux, oeil-yeux, genou-genoux . Feminine nouns ending in -l have regular plurals. Masculine nouns ending in -st form their plurals by palatalising

1680-737: The mouth of the Tagliamento River. Germans equipment included E-boats, LSTs, a small hospital ship, all types of transport, and a variety of weapons. The 21st Battalion of the New Zealand 2nd Division was outnumbered by 20 to one, but at the end, on 4 May 1945, the Germans surrendered. Lignano became an autonomous commune in 1959. Lignano lives on summertime tourism, and is home to Austrian, German, and Slovenian citizens. The latest administrative town elections were held in June 2022 and saw

1728-441: The noun it qualifies. Most adjectives have four forms for singular (masculine and feminine) and plural (masculine and feminine): (Like for nouns, for a/o-ending dialects the plural is simply obtained by adding an s - e.g. brute corresponds to bruta/bruto and its plural form brutis is brutas/brutos ). The feminine is formed in several ways from the masculine: To form the plural of masculine and feminine nouns ending in -e,

1776-474: The oldest Etruscan and Rhaetic inscriptions, such as in the grammatical voices of past tenses or in the endings of male gentilicia . Around 600 BC, the Rhaeti became isolated from the Etruscan area, probably by the Celts, thus limiting contacts between the two languages. Such a late datation has not enjoyed consensus, because the split would still be too recent, and in contrast with the archaeological data,

1824-561: The other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Rhaetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split. The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe. In 2004 L. Bouke van der Meer proposed that Rhaetic could have developed from Etruscan from around 900 BC or even earlier, and no later than 700 BC, since divergences are already present in

1872-484: The outcome /i(ː)/ in originally open syllables (see above). Additional complications: Synchronic analyses of vowel length in Friulian often claim that it occurs predictably in final syllables before an underlying voiced obstruent , which is then devoiced. Analyses of this sort have difficulty with long-vowel contrasts that occur non-finally (e.g. pâri "father" mentioned above) or not in front of obstruents (e.g. fi "fig" vs. fî "son", val "valley" vs. vâl "it

1920-517: The peninsula of Lignano, from the Marano lagoon to the river Tagliamento . Lignano Sabbiadoro is twinned with: Friulian language A question that causes many debates is the influence of the Latin spoken in Aquileia and surrounding areas. Some claim that it had peculiar features that later passed into Friulian. Epigraphs and inscriptions from that period show some variants if compared to

1968-576: The previous building designed by the architect Valle. It is considered to be one of the most important monuments of the city, housing shops, bar, and a solarium. The mooring complex ( marina ) of Lignano is the largest in Italy and among the largest in Europe, having more than 5,000 berths. The various structures of Aprilia Marittima, the harbour Marina Punta Faro, and the docks Porto Vecchio, Marina Uno, and Marina Punta Verde, are strategically positioned around

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2016-649: The region by that time. In his Natural History (1st century AD), Pliny wrote about Alpine peoples: ... adjoining these (the Noricans ) are the Rhaeti and Vindelici . All are divided into several states. The Rhaeti are believed to be people of Etruscan race driven out by the Gauls ; their leader was named Rhaetus. Pliny's comment on a leader named Rhaetus is typical of mythologized origins of ancient peoples, and not necessarily reliable. The name of

2064-585: The standard Latin language, but most of them are common to other areas of the Roman Empire. Often, it is cited that Fortunatianus , the bishop of Aquileia c. 342–357 AD, wrote a commentary to the Gospel in sermo rusticus (the common/ rustic language), which, therefore, would have been quite divergent from the standard Latin of administration. The text itself did not survive so its language cannot be examined, but its attested existence testifies to

2112-477: The words of Rhaetic, Venetic or Celtic origin include terms referring to mountains, woods, plants, or animals, as well as local toponyms and onomastics (e.g. names of villages with -acco , -icco ). Even influences from the Lombardic language — Friuli was one of their strongholds — are present. In a similar manner, there is a unique connection to the modern, nearby Lombard language . In Friulian, there

2160-559: The working hypothesis is that it's very similar to Etruscan phonology . It appears that Rhaetic, like Etruscan, had a four-vowel system: /a/, /i/, /e/, /u/. Unlike Etruscan, Rhaetic does not seem to have the distinction between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. Consonant phonemes attested in Rhaetic include a dental (or palatal) affricate /ts/, dental sibilant /s/, palatal sibilant /ʃ/, nasals /n/, /m/ and liquids /r/, /l/. The following cases are attested in Rhaetic: For plural,

2208-521: Was a Tyrsenian language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by around 280 texts dated from the 5th up until the 1st century BC, which were found through northern Italy, southern Germany, eastern Switzerland, Slovenia and western Austria, in two variants of the Old Italic scripts . Rhaetic is largely accepted as being closely related to Etruscan . The ancient Rhaetic language

2256-456: Was born in Gorizia . In 1871, he presented his theory that these three languages are part of one family, which in the past stretched from Switzerland to Muggia and perhaps also Istria . The three languages are the only survivors of this family and all developed differently. Friulian was much less influenced by German . The scholar Francescato claimed subsequently that until the 14th century,

2304-788: Was later lost in non-final syllables. Evidence of this is found, for example, in the divergent outcome of Vulgar Latin */ɛ/ , which becomes /jɛ/ in originally closed syllables but /i(ː)/ in Central Friulian in originally open syllables, including when non-finally. Examples: siet "seven" < Vulgar Latin */sɛtte/ < Latin SEPTEM , word-final pît "foot" < Vulgar Latin */pɛde/ < Latin PEDEM , non-word-final tivit /ˈtivit/ "tepid, lukewarm" < Vulgar Latin */tɛpedu/ < Latin TEPIDUM . An additional source of vowel length

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