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47-773: Following the Lincoln MKR concept vehicle, Lincoln presented the MKS at the LA Auto Show in November 2007. Production began for the MY 2009 in May 2008 along with its platform-mates, the fifth generation Ford Taurus , Ford Flex , and Lincoln MKT — the so called Chicago D3's , for the plant where they were manufactured ( Chicago Assembly ) and the platform they shared, the D3 platform ,

94-478: A PowerCode remote starter. As with other models using the D3 platform , including its Ford Five Hundred and fifth and sixth generation Ford Taurus predecessors, the MKS unibody was designed to channel impact forces around the passenger compartment using a system marketed as SPACE architecture (Side Protection and Cabin Enhancement), an adaptation of Volvo's Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) dating to

141-481: A concept car at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit , Michigan , presenting Lincoln's design direction for their new full-size flagship sedan. The concept included Lincoln's signature waterfall, cross-hatched grille with a crosshatching. The concept car's headlights featured adaptive lighting that pivoted the headlight projectors with steering inputs. The headlight assemblies incorporated

188-410: A continuously controlled damping (CCD) system. The new MKS also grew slightly in overall length to 205.6 in (5,222 mm). MY 2014: A backup camera became standard equipment for 2014. MY 2015: For 2015, the rear deck lid received a chrome trim section, stretching horizontally across the lid. The Lincoln lettering was increased in size and centered above this new trim section following along

235-429: A device uses multiple detectors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to particulates in the air or water. To measure tank or channel liquid level , and also sea level ( tide gauge ), the sensor measures the distance ( ranging ) to the surface of the fluid. Further applications include: humidifiers , sonar , medical ultrasonography , burglar alarms and non-destructive testing . Systems typically use

282-553: A grain pattern created when the roots of two trees grow together. Interior leather is by the Scottish company, Bridge of Weir . Safety features included dual front airbags , driver and passenger side airbags, and side curtain airbags. Equipment packages include the Navigation Package (a DVD navigation system, a THX II-Certified, 14-speaker, 600-watt audio system with an AM/FM radio and six-disc in-dash CD player, and

329-546: A rearview camera); Technology Package (adaptive HID headlights, rain-sensing windshield wipers, a forward-sensing system, a power sunshade for the rear window, and the intelligent access system with push button start); the Ultimate Package included the Navigation and Technology packages and added a dual panel moonroof, premium 19x8-inch painted alloy wheels, Ultimate seating trim with color-keyed suede strip in

376-519: A revised variant of Volvo's P2 platform. Sales began in June of 2008. The MKS featured front-wheel drive, with optional all-wheel drive and the 3.5L EcoBoost twin-turbocharged V6, shared with the Taurus SHO . The MKS was discontinued after 2016, with domestic MKS production having reached 100,248 for MY 2009–2016. It was replaced by the tenth generation Lincoln Continental , Lincoln presented

423-589: A series of LEDs that would blink in sequence for turn indication. Side vents at the rear of the front wheel wells were adorned with the Lincoln star. The concept featured a large sunroof and moonroof combination that takes the place of a conventional roof. The concept's rear were LED-based parking and brake lamps and dual chrome, trapezoidal-shaped exhaust tips. The concept rode on 20x8.5-inch, ten spoke wheels. The concept's seats used cream-colored Aniline leather ; doors and interior panels used pearl-white suede , and

470-525: A six-month prepaid subscription, dual-zone automatic climate control, auto-dimming rear view mirror with compass, 12-way, heated and cooled power driver and passenger seats, heated rear seats, a power tilt and telescoping steering wheel with memory, a universal garage door opener, and Lincoln SYNC . The standard MKS interior uses dash-top leatherette and two real wood trims, depending on leather color: ebony reclaimed from furniture makers and others sources, minimizing environmental impact, and olive-ash with

517-536: A small boost in output to 275 hp (205 kW) at 6250 rpm and 276 lb·ft (374 N·m) of torque at 4250 rpm. The 6F50 6-speed automatic transmission is equipped with SelectShift, simulating the operation of a manual transmission . A road test of the AWD-equipped MKS model by Car and Driver recorded acceleration from zero to 60 mph in 7.5 seconds and a quarter-mile in 15.7 seconds at 90 mph (140 km/h). Testers noted

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564-560: A stabilizer bar in the front and a multilink coil over shock setup with a stabilizer bar in the rear. The MKS Concept featured an active all-wheel drive system. Powering the concept was a Ford/Yamaha 4.4 L DOHC V8 producing 315 hp (235 kW) at 4500 rpm and 320 lb·ft (433 N·m) of torque at 3000 rpm. The engine used a 6-speed automatic transmission .       Sold exclusively in China.        The Lincoln Mark LT

611-424: A thin diaphragm that responds to ultrasound waves. Changes in the electric field between the diaphragm and a closely spaced backing plate convert sound signals to electric currents, which can be amplified. The diaphragm (or membrane) principle is also used in the relatively new micro-machined ultrasonic transducers (MUTs). These devices are fabricated using silicon micro-machining technology ( MEMS technology), which

658-430: A tiny optical ring resonator integrated inside the diaphragm (OMUS). Ultrasonic transducers can also be used for acoustic levitation . It involves transmitting acoustic waves into water and recording the time interval between emission and return of a pulse; the resulting time of flight , along with knowledge of the speed of sound in water, allows determining the distance between sonar and target. This information

705-493: A transducer that generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above 20 kHz, by turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound waves into electrical energy which can be measured and displayed. This technology, as well, can detect approaching objects and track their positions. Ultrasound can also be used to make point-to-point distance measurements by transmitting and receiving discrete bursts of ultrasound between transducers. This technique

752-717: A transmission gear indicator. MY 2013: A facelifted MKS debuted for 2013 at the 2011 Los Angeles International Auto Show , with a mildly revised exterior, including a larger trunk opening with a lower liftover height and the license plate nacelle relocated to the bumper fascia from the trunk lid. Interior revisions included front "Multicontour" seats, a revised dashboard, new interior wood choices (Prussian Burl and Brown Swirl Walnut), digital instrument cluster and touch capacitive switchgear — as well as auto high beam, adaptive cruise control, forward collision warning , blind spot information system with cross-traffic alert, lane-keeping system, electric power-assisted steering (EPAS) and

799-506: A variety of different shapes and sizes for use in making cross-sectional images of various parts of the body. The transducer may be used in contact with the skin, as in fetal ultrasound imaging, or inserted into a body opening such as the rectum or vagina . Clinicians who perform ultrasound-guided procedures often use a probe positioning system to hold the ultrasonic transducer. Compared to other medical imaging modalities, ultrasound has several advantages. It provides images in real-time,

846-467: A voltage when force is applied to them, they can also work as ultrasonic detectors. Some systems use separate transmitters and receivers, while others combine both functions into a single piezoelectric transceiver. Ultrasound transmitters can also use non-piezoelectric principles such as magnetostriction. Materials with this property change size slightly when exposed to a magnetic field and make practical transducers. A capacitor ("condenser") microphone has

893-593: Is portable , and can consequently be brought to the bedside. It is substantially lower in cost than other imaging strategies and does not use harmful ionizing radiation . Drawbacks include various limits on its field of view, the need for patient cooperation, dependence on patient physique, difficulty imaging structures obscured by bone , air or gases, and the necessity of a skilled operator, usually with professional training. Owing to these drawbacks, novel wearable ultrasound implementations are gaining popularity. These miniature devices continuously monitor vitals and alert at

940-404: Is known as Sonomicrometry where the transit-time of the ultrasound signal is measured electronically (ie digitally) and converted mathematically to the distance between transducers assuming the speed of sound of the medium between the transducers is known. This method can be very precise in terms of temporal and spatial resolution because the time-of-flight measurement can be derived from tracking

987-399: Is particularly useful for the fabrication of transducer arrays. The vibration of the diaphragm may be measured or induced electronically using the capacitance between the diaphragm and a closely spaced backing plate ( CMUT ), or by adding a thin layer of piezo-electric material on the diaphragm ( PMUT ). Alternatively, recent research showed that the vibration of the diaphragm may be measured by

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1034-403: Is then typically used for navigation purposes or in order to obtain depths for charting purposes. Distance is measured by multiplying half the time from the signal's outgoing pulse to its return by the speed of sound in the water , which is approximately 1.5 kilometres per second [T÷2×(4700 feet per second or 1.5 kil per second )] For precise applications of echosounding, such as hydrography ,

1081-510: The new TwinForce engine family and a restyled "bow wave" waterfall grill. The concept car was first unveiled to the media and the public in a press release on 1 January 2007. The Lincoln concept featured an independent rear suspension, with MacPherson struts up front. The engine selected for the MKR concept introduced the new generation of Ford twin-turbocharged engines. The prototype TwinForce 3.5L twin-turbo , direct-injection gasoline V6

1128-502: The 2010 Audi A8 4.2 FSI quattro, a sedan with all-wheel drive which is equipped with a naturally aspirated 4.2 L V8 engine with direct gasoline injection. The MKS is almost an inch longer than the A8L (long-wheelbase version), an inch wider and five inches (127 mm) taller, has four more cubic feet of trunk space, and extra 25 lb⋅ft (34 N⋅m) of torque, while being 100 lb (45 kg) lighter. The MKS starts at $ 30,000 less than

1175-862: The 2011 time frame, most likely having been assembled at Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock, Michigan alongside the Mustang, with which it would have shared a platform. Ultrasonic sensor Ultrasonic transducers and ultrasonic sensors are devices that generate or sense ultrasound energy. They can be divided into three broad categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers. Transmitters convert electrical signals into ultrasound , receivers convert ultrasound into electrical signals, and transceivers can both transmit and receive ultrasound. Ultrasound can be used for measuring wind speed and direction ( anemometer ), tank or channel fluid level, and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or direction,

1222-643: The MKS in November 2007 at the LA Auto Show . Sales began in the summer of 2008 as a 2009 model . Equipment included radar autonomous cruise control system , intelligent access system with a push button start, a flush-mounted keyless entry keypad on the driver's B-pillar with touch-activated buttons and optional adaptive HID headlights. Other features included automatic HID headlights, foglights, capless fuel filler marketed as Easy Fuel , foldable power adjustable mirrors with memory, 18x7.5-inch machined aluminum wheels, 6-speaker audio system with an AM/FM radio and 6-disc in-dash CD changer, Sirius satellite radio with

1269-795: The MKS' 4300 lbs weight. Ford introduced its EcoBoost V6, an all-aluminum, twin- turbocharged , direct injection 3.5 L DOHC V6, in the 2010 MKS arriving in showrooms in the summer of 2009. The EcoBoost engine provided 355 hp (265 kW) and 350 lb⋅ft (475 N⋅m) of torque. MY 2010: 2010 models continued to offer a 3.7-liter, 24-valve Duratec engine, adding an optional twin turbocharged 3.5 Liter V6 making 355 HP and 350 ft-lb of torque, standard on AWD models. Revisions included additional bracing and strategically placed sound-deadening materials, suspension improvements to improve NVH, mount and bushing revisions, and spring/shock tuning and front suspension geometry revisions. A revised instrument cluster featured three large binnacles, one with

1316-579: The base A8. The MKS also undercuts several mid-luxury cars with V8 engines and all-wheel drive by $ 10,000, such as the Audi A6 4.2 FSI quattro and the Infiniti M 45x. While praised for its large interior and long list of features, the MKS has been criticized for not being as refined as other luxury sedans in a similar price range. It is also noted that the MKS's platform-mate, the Ford Taurus , offers

1363-450: The center of the seat back, and Lincoln star logo embroidered on the front headrests. An Aluminum Applique Package (aluminum dash trim in the place of wood, as well as a leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob), is also available, requiring the Navigation, Technology, or Ultimate packages. Individual options included all-wheel drive , 19x8-inch machined aluminum wheels, 20x8-inch polished aluminum wheels, adaptive cruise control, and

1410-508: The concept's design themes and features were adopted for the production Lincoln MKS , MKZ , MKX , and MKT vehicles, starting with the 2009 model year MKS, 2010 for the MKZ and MKT, and 2011 for the MKX. The Lincoln C concept also shares design themes with the MKR, in a smaller compact platform. If the MKR had been approved, as an all new vehicle it would have likely been scheduled to launch around

1457-420: The dash used dark grey suede. Instrumentation and controls featured satin nickel inserts and chrome trim with backlighting provided by white LEDs. An applique of real maple wood ran across the instrument panel, dividing it into upper and lower sections. Features included Bluetooth device connectivity, a DVD -based navigation system, a 14-speaker, 500- watt audio system, a passive entry system that identifies

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1504-553: The driver and allows starting the vehicle by carrying its key fob, and a push button ignition system. Safety was provided by dual front airbags , driver and passenger side airbags, and side curtain airbags. The concept, internally designated model D385, used Ford's front-drive, Volvo -derived D3 platform shared with the Ford Five Hundred , Ford Freestyle , and Mercury Montego , featuring independent suspension with MacPherson struts and rearward-facing lower L-arms with

1551-807: The driver in reversing into parking spaces. They are being tested for a number of other automotive uses including ultrasonic people detection and assisting in autonomous UAV navigation. Because ultrasonic sensors use sound rather than light for detection, they work in applications where photoelectric sensors may not. Ultrasonics is a great solution for clear object detection and for liquid level measurement, applications that photoelectrics struggle with because of target translucence. As well, target color or reflectivity do not affect ultrasonic sensors, which can operate reliably in high-glare environments. Passive ultrasonic sensors may be used to detect high-pressure gas or liquid leaks, or other hazardous conditions that generate ultrasonic sound. In these devices, ultrasound from

1598-465: The emergence of early signs of abnormality. Ultrasonic sensors can detect the movement of targets and measure the distance to them in many automated factories and process plants . Sensors can have an on or off digital output for detecting the movement of objects, or an analog output proportional to distance. They can sense the edge of the material as part of a web guiding system. Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in cars as parking sensors to aid

1645-505: The length of it. The MKS emblem was moved to the left side corner of the lid. MY 2016: For 2016, the final model year for the MKS, the rear trunk lid featured lettering spelling out L I N C O L N across its width. A reviewer from Canada's National Post gave the MKS a positive reception in a comparison test with the Cadillac STS and Infiniti M 45, two cars that Ford picked to bring along. The MKS has dimensions comparable to

1692-461: The other hand, capacitive transducers use electrostatic fields between a conductive diaphragm and a backing plate. The beam pattern of a transducer can be determined by the active transducer area and shape, the ultrasound wavelength, and the sound velocity of the propagation medium. The diagrams show the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic transducer in water, plainly at differing energy levels. Since piezoelectric materials generate

1739-402: The period when Ford had owned Volvo Cars as part of its Premier Automotive Group . SPACE used a hydroformed high strength steel tube embedded in the floor that runs the width of the vehicle from B-pillar to B-pillar and along the rocker panels to form a safety cage to help protect passengers in side impacts. Active Park Assist, using ultrasonic sensors to measure a parking space and operate

1786-403: The rear; "Lincoln Drive Control" with continuously controlled damping (CCD) available as optional feature. The car featured four-wheel antilock disc brakes (12.25-inch (311 mm) rotors in the front and 12.75-inch (324 mm) rotors in the rear) with standard AdvanceTrac traction control and Roll Stability Control (RSC). Front-wheel drive (FWD) was standard while all-wheel drive (AWD)

1833-529: The same incident (received) waveform either by reference level or zero crossing. This enables the measurement resolution to far exceed the wavelength of the sound frequency generated by the transducers. Ultrasonic transducers convert alternating current (AC) into ultrasound and vice versa. The transducers typically use piezoelectric transducers or capacitive transducers to generate or receive ultrasound. Piezoelectric crystals are able to change their sizes and shapes in response to voltage being applied. On

1880-553: The same powertrain and many available technological features, starting at an MSRP of $ 10,000 less than the MKS. The MKS was replaced by a new car based on the Lincoln Continental concept in 2016. The Chicago Assembly Plant where the MKS was manufactured continued with Ford Taurus production until March 2019 as well as the Ford Explorer and Police Interceptor vehicles. The MKS made its first appearance as

1927-495: The speed of sound must also be measured typically by deploying a sound velocity probe into the water. Echo sounding is effectively a special purpose application of sonar used to locate the bottom. Since a traditional pre- SI unit of water depth was the fathom , an instrument used for determining water depth is sometimes called a fathometer . The first practical fathometer was invented by Herbert Grove Dorsey and patented in 1928. Medical ultrasonic transducers (probes) come in

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1974-506: The steering wheel to parallel parking the vehicle, became available in mid-2009 for MY 2010. The system used software control of the Electric Power Steering (EPS). The MKS used Ford's D3 platform with MacPherson struts and rearward-facing lower L-arms with a 26 mm (1.0 in) stabilizer bar in the front and a multilink coil over shock setup with stamped steel lower control arms and cast upper control arms in

2021-401: The transducer (microphone) is converted down to the human hearing range (Audible Sound = 20 Hz to 20 kHz). High-power ultrasonic emitters are used in commercially available ultrasonic cleaning devices. An ultrasonic transducer is affixed to a stainless steel pan which is filled with a solvent (frequently water or isopropanol ). An electrical square wave feeds the transducer, creating sound in

2068-486: Was also capable of running on E85 ethanol , producing up to 415- hp , and 400 pound force-feet (540 N⋅m) of torque. The interior design included environmentally-friendly and renewable materials, such as cashmere leather, oak instrument panel engineered from recycled wood, mohair carpet, and seat cushion foam made from soy. The concept car also featured the THX II -certified car audio system. The Lincoln MKR concept

2115-573: Was exclusively sold in Mexico after the 2008 model year. Lincoln MKR The Lincoln MKR concept car was a premium 4-door fastback sedan design, as introduced during the 2007 North American International Auto Show by Lincoln . Its chassis was based on the Ford D2C platform as used in the Ford Mustang . The MKR signaled the next-generation of premium Lincoln vehicles, introducing

2162-625: Was introduced along with what became Lincoln's flagship sedan, the Lincoln MKS . The MKR represented a full expression of Lincoln's future design strategy, which included seven primary design features: Special Projects Inc., located in Plymouth, Michigan , was hired to be responsible for the building of the MKR. Special Projects has built many other concept vehicles for Ford including Ford 427, Ford Super Chief , Ford Flex , and Lincoln Blackwood . The MKR did not enter production, but many of

2209-583: Was optional. The MKS is powered by an all-aluminum 3.7 L Duratec DOHC V6, a larger bore derivative of the Duratec 35 in Ford's Cyclone engine group. The engine was designed to accept either regular grade, 87 octane gasoline or premium grade, 91 octane gasoline. Using regular grade gasoline, the 3.7 L V6 produces 273 hp (204 kW) at 6250 rpm and 270 lb·ft (366 N·m) of torque at 4250 rpm. Using premium grade gasoline results in

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