Lutjegast ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlʏtɕəɣɑst] ) is a village in the municipality of Westerkwartier in Groningen , Netherlands . It had a population of around 1,125 in January 2017.
56-418: The name Lutjegast originates from Gronings in which lutje means small or little and a ga(a)st is a higher, sandy ridge in an otherwise swampy area. The village was first mentioned in 1459 as "op de Lutkegast". Lutjegast is a road village which developed on a sandy ridge. The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1877 and was restored in 1922. The Reformed Church is a cruciform church built in 1922 without
112-485: A glottal stop , thus making the words ending in [ʔŋ] , [ʔn] or [ʔm] . The Groningen people speak quite fast compared to the Dutch people, with the result that a lot of words are pronounced together as one word. Gronings is also a dialect with many unique expressions. One third of the language consists of these expressions. In the example sentence n hail ìnde is an example of those expressions. Many of these are given in
168-539: A large group of very differing varieties. Some linguists see it as a variety of Low German , also called Nedersaksisch in the Netherlands, but there is controversy surrounding whether all the dialects that have been called Low German are similar enough to be placed in one category. Other linguists, especially in Germany, see Gronings–East Frisian as a separate group of German dialects . The East Frisian influence,
224-510: A new framework of dialect classification altogether. Nevertheless, in common parlance it is common for speakers of German dialects to use the traditional/older nomenclature when referring to their particular dialect, stating, for example, that they speak Saxon, Bavarian, Allemanic (Swabian), Thuringian or Franconian. In linguistics of German, German dialects are distinguished from varieties of Standard German . The variation among German dialects ranges. In regions with dialects are being in
280-570: A result of their speakers assimilating into areas where other dialects, as well as Standard German, were already spoken. Low German varieties (in Germany usually referred to as "Platt" or "Plattdeutsch") are considered dialects of the German language by some but a separate language by others (then often termed "Low Saxon"). Linguistically Low German (that is, Ingvaeonic ("North Sea Germanic") and Low Franconian (that is, some Istvaeonic ) dialects are grouped together because both did not participate in
336-525: A separate group of Northwest Low Saxon or Friso-Saxon dialects. The most important similarities are grammar features and the vocabulary. The most important differences are the writing system and the loanwords. The East Frisian writing system is based on High German while Gronings uses many Dutch features. For example, the word for “ice skate” is in Gronings “scheuvel” and in East Frisian “Schöfel”, while
392-510: A strong provincialism in the first half of the 19th century caused Gronings to develop itself in a significant way. The sounds that are used today were formed in this period. Today, according to an investigation among the listeners to the regional broadcasting station ( Radio Noord ), approximately 65% of them can speak and write Gronings. Perhaps, if the larger cities and villages of Groningen , Hoogezand-Sappemeer , Veendam , Stadskanaal , Delfzijl and Winschoten are excluded from this count,
448-486: A tower in expressionist style. Lutjegast was the birthplace of the explorer Abel Tasman . He is memorialised in town by a monument, plaque and street name. In 2014, a museum dedicated to Abel Tasman opened in the village house. Until 1828, a manor house named "Rikkerdaborg" stood in Lutjegast. Its most famous occupant was Bernard Johan Prott who was the commander of Bourtange in 1672. Christoph Bernhard von Galen ,
504-706: Is a collective name for some Low Saxon dialects spoken in the province of Groningen and around the Groningen border in Drenthe and Friesland . Gronings and the strongly related varieties in East Frisia have a strong East Frisian influence and take a remarkable position within West Low German . Its typical accent and vocabulary differ strongly from the other Low Saxon dialects. The name Gronings can almost be defined geographically, as can be seen on
560-639: Is a dialect spoken in Colonia Tovar , Venezuela , that belongs to the Low Alemannic branch of German. The dialect, like other Alemannic dialects , is not mutually intelligible with Standard German . It is spoken by descendants of Germans from the Black Forest region of southern Baden , who emigrated to Venezuela in 1843. The dialect has also acquired some Spanish loanwords . Currently 1.1 million American citizens speak German, with
616-516: Is a standardized form of High German, developed in the early modern period based on a combination of Central German and Upper German varieties. Traditionally, all of the major dialect groupings of German dialects are typically named after so-called " stem duchies " or "tribal duchies" (German: Stammesherzogtümer ) by early German linguists, among whom the Brothers Grimm were especially influential. These tribal duchies came into existence at
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#1732765591732672-507: Is a variety of High German spoken in Chile. Most speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch live around Lake Llanquihue . Lagunen-Deutsch has integrated elements of Spanish. This includes the integration of false cognates with the Spanish language, transferring the Spanish meanings into Lagunen-Deutsch. The geographical origin of most or all speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch is Chile, to where the ancestors of
728-560: Is considered to be an important step towards the evolution of the Early New High German . It aimed to be understandable to an ample audience and was based mainly on High German varieties. Early New High German gained more prestige than Low Saxon and became the language of science and literature. Other factors included the Hanseatic League losing its importance around the same time (as new trade routes to Asia and
784-642: Is derived from Hessian , another West Central German dialect. Amana German is called Kolonie-Deutsch in Standard German. In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers, German Brazilians , are in Rio Grande do Sul , where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch , and Brazilian Pomeranian were developed, especially in the areas of Santa Catarina , Paraná, Rondônia, and Espírito Santo , as well as in Petrópolis ( Rio de Janeiro ). Lagunen-Deutsch
840-427: Is divided into Central German , High Franconian and Upper German . Central German dialects include Ripuarian , Moselle Franconian , Rhine Franconian (incl. Hessian ), Lorraine Franconian , Thuringian , Silesian , High Prussian , Lusatian dialects and Upper Saxon . They are spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of northeastern France and in Germany approximately between
896-516: Is much more related to Gronings . In the easternmost part of the Frisian municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân , the western dialect called Westerkwartiers is also spoken, as well as a separate Groningen dialect called Kollumerpompsters . The latter is spoken in the Frisian village of Kollumerpomp and has more West Frisian influences, while most Groningen dialects have a strong influence from
952-570: Is pronounced like a in the British English word “water” ([ɔː]). In Gronings this sound is written like oa. The word water would be written like “woatah” in Gronings. The pronunciation of the word “quaad” is similar to the Gronings word “kwoad”, which means “angry”. The East Frisian combination ee and eei (for example in neet ) are pronounced like the y in the English word “fly” ([aɪ]) ( [naɪt] ; Gronings: nyt )*. After Limburgish , Gronings
1008-463: Is seen as an essential factor contrasting with the greater influence of High German languages found in the dialects on the other side of the national border. These influences concern especially the vocabulary: for example the Dutch word "voorbeeld" is "veurbeeld" in Gronings, while the East Frisian dialects use "biespööl" , related to the High German word "beispiel" . From this point of view
1064-498: Is spoken, are interested in the language and are willing to take courses. There are two types of courses. The first one is understanding and the second one is understanding and speaking. Every year around March Het Huis van de Groninger Cultuur ( English : House of the Groningen Culture) organises a writing contest in every municipality in Groningen. Everyone can participate and send in a poem or some prose. The winners of
1120-402: Is the dialect with the farthest distance from Standard Dutch. Reasons for this are vocabulary and pronunciation. The Gronings vocabulary is quite different from Dutch, for example: The pronunciation differs from the writing system. The -en ending of many words is pronounced like (ə or ən) in most varieties of Dutch . In Gronings and many other Low Saxon dialects these words are pronounced with
1176-409: Is titled Gezondhaid en Groutnis (sanity and greetings). Although Gronings, as part of Low Saxon, is an official language, it is not a mandatory subject in schools. Still, many primary schools in Groningen choose to give attention to the regional language. This attention varies from inviting storytellers to teaching about the language. In secondary schools Gronings does not receive much attention. At
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#17327655917321232-654: Is used less, but the weather forecast is always presented in Gronings. The news is always presented in Dutch, since not all viewers understand Gronings. In the second half of 2007, the local television broadcast a series in Gronings called Boven Wotter [ nds-nl ] . Another program that is in and about Gronings is Grunnegers , which is actually some kind of education in Gronings. Examples of Gronings magazines are Toal en Taiken [ nds-nl ] (language and signs) and Krödde [ nds-nl ] , which actually means cannabis . There are many Gronings dictionaries as well. The first official dictionary
1288-517: The Benrath line are dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift , and the dialect continuum that connects German to the neighboring varieties of Low Franconian ( Dutch ) and Frisian . The varieties of German are conventionally grouped into Upper German , Central German and Low German ; Upper and Central German form the High German subgroup. Standard German
1344-602: The East Frisian language . Gronings can be subdivided into eight dialects: Though there are several differences between the dialects, they form a single dialect group. Most words are written the same way, but the pronunciation can differ. The examples, all using the sentence "The only thing we're not doing is giving out sweets", show the pronunciation. There are many uncertainties about the classification and categorization of Gronings. Words used in classifying it are often more political than linguistic, because it encompasses
1400-807: The High German consonant shift . Low German is further divided into Dutch Low Saxon , West Low German and East Low German . Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League . It was the predominant language in Northern Germany, and several translations of the Bible were printed in Low German. That predominance changed in the 16th century. In 1534, the Luther Bible was printed by Martin Luther , and that translation
1456-527: The Prince-bishop of Münster had allegedly offered Prott ƒ 200,000.- to take Bourtange, however Prott refused the offer and von Galen was unable to take the fortress by force. Lutjegast was home to 294 people in 1840. The village used to be part of the municipality of Grootegast . In 2019, it was merged into Westerkwartier . Gronings Gronings ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣroːnɪŋs] ; Gronings : Grunnegs or Grönnegs ),
1512-458: The University of Groningen it is possible to study the language. In October 2007 Gronings became an official study within the faculty of letteren (language and literature). Another possible way to learn Gronings is taking classes. In the last few years the trend of people taking courses has risen. More and more people, also people from outside who come to live in the area in which Gronings
1568-412: The dialect continuum of High German and Low German. In the past (roughly until the end of World War II ), there was a dialect continuum of all Continental West Germanic languages , as nearly any pair of contiguous dialects were perfectly mutually intelligible. The German dialect continuum is typically divided into High German and Low German . The terms derive from the geographic characteristics of
1624-459: The 'Nieuwe Groninger Woordenboek' by K. ter Laan published in 1977, (1280pp). Because of this far distance from Standard Dutch and the official status of the neighbouring West Frisian , Gronings is considered as a separate language by some of its native speakers, while linguists consider it part of Dutch Low Saxon . Lord’s Prayer The Gronings vocabulary is strongly related to East Frisian Low Saxon, Saterfrisian and West Frisian. However, today
1680-465: The 19th-century classification nomenclature was based primarily on historical territories rather than linguistic clusters, the traditional system can imply greater similarities between dialects than is linguistically warranted. The best-known example of this phenomenon is found within the Franconian cluster , which is divided into Low Franconian , Middle Franconian and Upper Franconian even though
1736-869: The Americas were established) and the most powerful German states then being located in Middle and Southern Germany. The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education, with the language of the schools being Standard German. Today, Low Saxon dialects are still widespread, especially among the elderly in the Northern parts of Germany. Some local media take care not to let the Low Saxon language die out, so there are several newspapers that have recurring articles in Low Saxon. The North German Broadcasting ( Norddeutscher Rundfunk ) also offers television programs, such as "Talk op Platt" and radio programs in Low Saxon. On
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1792-483: The Dutch word is much easier. An example of the latter is the word for sock, which is "Hozevörrel" in Gronings. The Dutch word "sok" is much easier, so it is more often used than hozevörrel. Some often used Gronings words are listed below: German dialects German dialects are the various traditional local varieties of the German language . Though varied by region, those of the southern half of Germany beneath
1848-509: The German standard language. As a result, the second half of the 20th century saw a shift in academic customs, with many linguists instead describing dialect clusters based on the geographical area in which they are spoken (i.e. Meuse-Rhenish or Westphalian ) and their degree of participation with the Second Germanic consonant shift, or, such as in the case of the influential linguists Friedrich Maurer and Theodor Frings , creating
1904-698: The German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Italy. Standard High German is based on Central and Upper German. The Moselle Franconian varieties spoken in Luxembourg have been officially standardized and institutionalized and so are usually considered a separate language, known as Luxembourgish . Halcnovian , Wymysorys , Sathmarisch and Transylvanian Saxon are High German dialects of Poland and Romania . The High German varieties spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in Tsarist Russia, then
1960-422: The Gronings vocabulary is in decline. More and more Gronings words are being replaced by Dutch words that have been "Groningized". For example, the word "stevel" (boot, German "Stiefel") is sometimes replaced by the word "leers" (Dutch "laars"). Although most people do know the Gronings words, they are less and less used, for example because people think others will not understand them or because they are too long and
2016-548: The Low Franconian (incl. Dutch) dialects are not most closely related to Middle and Upper Franconian dialects within the larger continuum. In fact, of all German dialects, the Low Rhenish dialect (the only Low Franconian dialect spoken in Germany itself) is the most divergent when compared to Standard German, whereas the Middle and Upper Franconian dialects are fairly similar in their overall structure and phonology to
2072-618: The River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands. High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects in between the two greater High German groups. High Franconian dialects include East Franconian and South Franconian . Upper German dialects include Alemannic in the broad sense (incl. Alsatian , Swabian ) and Bavarian ( Southern Bavarian , Central Bavarian and Northern Bavarian ) and are spoken in parts of northeastern France, southern Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, and in
2128-567: The city of Groningen ), while the city, the surrounding rural area called Gorecht [ nds-nl ] and the eastern lordship of Westerwolde were Low Saxon. When the city of Groningen developed an important position in the Ommelanden, a switch from East Frisian to Saxon occurred, although it was not a complete switch because there are many East Frisian influences in the "new" Groningen language. Many East Frisian words and grammatic features are still in use today. In less than one century,
2184-611: The dialects of the regions of the founders. For example, Pennsylvania German and Volga German resemble dialects of the Baden-Württemberg , Hutterite German resembles dialects of Carinthia and Venezuelan Alemán Coloniero is a Low Alemannic variant. Amana German is a dialect of West Central German . It is spoken in the Amana Colonies in Iowa , which were founded by Inspirationalists of German origin. Amana
2240-580: The different ages succeed to the provincial round. Notable Groningen musical artists include Wia Buze, Alje van Bolhuis, Alex Vissering, Eltje Doddema, Pé Daalemmer & Rooie Rinus, Burdy, Wat Aans!, Hail Gewoon, Erwin de Vries, and Ede Staal (†). Every year the supply of successful artists in regional languages in the Netherlands is rising. Some linguists classify Gronings to North Low Saxon, to which also East Frisian Low Saxon belongs. Both related dialects are characterized by an East Frisian influence. Hence other linguists classify Gronings-East Frisian as
2296-809: The end of the Early Middle Ages within the Holy Roman Empire and were thought to have been continuations of earlier tribal lands which were subjugated by the Franks and incorporated into their realm at the close of the Migration Period . For example, the Germanic tribe of the Bavarii (subjugated by the Franks during the 6th century) gave their name to the later stem duchy of Bavaria (817–1180), which itself would lend its name to
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2352-647: The former Soviet Union and Poland) have several unique features and are usually considered as a separate language. Known as Yiddish , it is the only Germanic language that does not (only) use the Latin script as its standard script . Since it developed in the Danube area, there are some similarities with the Central and Upper German dialects of that region. The dialects of German that are or were spoken primarily in colonies or communities founded by German-speakers resemble
2408-541: The map below. This is especially true for the northern part of Drenthe (number 8 on that map). Drents , spoken in the north of the province of Drenthe ( Noordenveld ) is somewhat related with the Groninger language, but the core linguistics is Drents . For the dialects in the southeast, called Veenkoloniaals , it is a bit different on both sides of the Groningen-Drenthe border, as the dialect spoken there
2464-594: The most being in the Dakotas . German was at one time the lingua franca in many American regions, with high density in the Midwest, but St. Louis , Milwaukee , New Orleans , New York City and a great many others cities had a very high German-speaking population. By 1900, over 554 Standard German-language newspapers were in circulation. The rise in American ethnic nativist pride, especially during World War I , led to
2520-641: The other hand, Northern Germany is considered to be the region that speaks the purest Standard German, and in everyday life, little influence of dialect is heard. Still, there are notable differences in pronunciation, even among North German speakers such as the lengthening of vowels and differences in accentuation. There are also some North German expressions that are in use even in Standard High German but are seldom heard in Southern Germany, such as "plietsch" for "intelligent". High German
2576-482: The percentage would rise to about 80%. Of course, this is not a representative picture of the linguistic capacity of the inhabitants of Groningen province. Most of the older people use Gronings as their main language. Until the second half of the 20th century, Gronings was more important in Groningen than Dutch. Younger people also speak the language, however in a regiolectical mixed way, because many pure Gronings words are lost. The youngest generation passed to Dutch. Since
2632-578: The pronunciation is almost alike. Here are a few examples of words compared to West Frisian, East Frisian Low Saxon, German, Dutch and English. The East Frisian combination oo (for example in Bloot/Blood = blood) is pronounced like ow in the English word “now” ([aʊ]) ( [blaʊt] ; Gronings: blowd ). In some parts of the Rheiderland they say blyowt , which is a leftover of Frisian in this area. The East Frisian combination aa (for example in quaad )
2688-638: The same dialectal region, pronunciation, syntax and words particular to specific towns even only a few miles apart can create even more variation. In the Black Forest region alone, there was a newspaper request for people to report what word they used for the term "Dragonfly." Sixty words were collected as reported from responders for the term. When spoken in their purest form, Low German, most Upper German, High Franconian dialects and even some Central German dialects are unintelligible to those versed only in Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to
2744-410: The same process also started in East Frisia , from the city of Emden, which was influenced by the Hanseatic League . This explains the strong relation between both varieties. In the second half of the 16th century Gronings started to evolve towards Middle Dutch because of the strong influence of the new standard language. But because of the political, geographical and cultural isolation of Groningen,
2800-416: The second half of the 20th century, the usage of the language is declining. Because of globalization, other languages like Dutch and English are becoming more important. Parents today choose to raise their children in the Dutch language. In the media Gronings is used frequently. For example, on the local radio station Radio Noord , Gronings is used by the presenters and listeners. On local television Gronings
2856-474: The separation is not between Westphalian and Groningen–East Frisian (or North Low Saxon), but rather between Groningen on one side and East Frisian on the other, with the national border also functioning as the linguistic border. The Gronings dialects are a kind of mix between two languages: Old Frisian ( East Frisian ) and Middle Low German. East Frisian was spoken in the Ommelanden (surrounding lands of
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#17327655917322912-451: The sounds ou , ai and ui and the typical accent are part of that distinction. Other linguists categorize all Gronings–East Frisian dialects as part of North Low German. When that is the case, all the other Low German varieties in the Netherlands are categorized as Westphalian . Dutch linguists in particular have classified Gronings as Dutch Low Saxon . In this case the Dutch influence
2968-453: The speakers immigrated from German-speaking areas of Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that Valdivia was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish". The prestige the German language had made it acquire qualities of a superstratum in southern Chile. The Colonia Tovar dialect, or Alemán Coloniero,
3024-615: The terrain in which each is found rather than depicting social status. As the result of the flight and expulsion of Germans following World War II, particularly from post-war Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary and Yugoslavia ( Danube Swabians ), the territorial extent of German was considerably reduced. Significant dialects such as the East Pomeranian dialect , most varieties of Silesian German , Prussian dialects and Bohemian German dialects gradually disappeared as
3080-589: The traditional Bavarian dialect grouping described in the early 19th century. As their understanding of the Second Germanic consonant shift progressed, linguists (when applicable) further divided these dialects into groupings based on their degree of participation of this consonant shift, with "Low" (German: nieder- ) signifying little to no participation, "Middle" (or "Central"; German: mittel- ) meaning medium to high participation and "Upper" (German: ober- ) conveying high to full participation. Because
3136-431: Was the "Nieuw Groninger Woordenboek" and was put together by Kornelis ter Laan . This dictionary and the writing system used in the book became the basics of each dictionary and writing system ever since. More recent is "Zakwoordenboek Gronings – Nederlands / Nederlands – Gronings" by Siemon Reker [ nl ] , which is a little less specific. K. G. Pieterman wrote a dictionary of Gronings alliterations which
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