Misplaced Pages

#55944

88-659: Luzhou ( 泸州 ) is a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China. Luzhou can also refer to: Luzhou Luzhou is best known for its alcoholic beverages , particularly baijiu . Luzhou was incorporated into the Ba state early in the Shang and Zhou period, in the 11th century BC. In 316 BC, during the Warring States period , King Huiwen of Qin established Ba prefecture, which included most of Luzhou, after he conquered

176-569: A National Forestry Park and was classified as an “AAA” tourist attraction in 2001 by the National Tourism Administration. Luzhou and Xuyong county have national cultural significance. The Luzhou Old Fermentation Pit (Luzhou Laojiao, 泸州老窖 ) and Dragon Head Bridge are listed as key protected cultural relics of the nation . There are more than ten protected historical relics in Sichuan Province, including

264-621: A Russian textbook into Chinese, Combined Arms Tactics , produced a commentary of Sun Tzu 's Art of War , both of which promoted conventional tactics. Later on, Liu gave a lecture on the subject at the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party , which was held in Moscow. In the summer of 1930, Liu was sent back to China and was appointed as commissioner of the Central Military Committee of

352-712: A globally advanced level. Lutianhua enterprise is the most extensive carbamide and oil chemical production base in China, producing fatty acid, fatty amine, synthetic ammonia, and carbamide. Its annual output of carbamide is 1.24 million tons and 0.9 million tons of synthetic ammonia. It is one of the 500 largest national enterprises. Tianhua Co, Ltd is a key enterprise which brings in 0.3 million tons of synthetic ammonia and 0.6 million tons of carbamide, processing two sets of chemical fertilizer devices with world technical levels. Luzhou Chemical Factory participates in military and civil chemical production. State-owned Torch Chemical Factory

440-582: A great number of KMT troops led by two prominent generals, Chen Cheng and Bai Chongxi . After ten months of hard work, Liu and Deng had significantly enlarged the area of central plain area occupied by the CCP, and forced the KMT armies into strategic defense, as Chiang no longer had enough troops for attack. In Nov 1948, Liu, Deng, Chen, Su and Tan Zhenlin together formed the Military Committee to command

528-517: A peace agreement with Mao in October 1945. The peace, however, was fragile, and civil war broke out in 1946. Liu and Deng led several campaigns in movement, undermining the strategic attack of KMT armies. In 1947, when the territories controlled by the CCP could no longer sustain so many troops, Mao decided to send part of his army to the territories controlled by KMT, in order to relieve the heavy burden on his own territories, and to position enemies at

616-517: A perfect pair. However, their true relationship might not have been as close as it seemed. Firstly, Mao distrusted most of his generals, and sent his associates out as commissars to supervise these generals. Deng, who was Mao's close associate from the 1930s when he worked in Jiangxi, was sent out for Liu, and Luo Ronghuan for Lin Biao . Secondly, in contrast to Liu's role as a professional soldier, Deng

704-577: A political, economic, military and cultural center for the provinces of Sichuan , Guizhou and Yunnan . On December 6, 1949, two months after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the People's Liberation Army took control of Luzhou from the Kuomintang government. In 1960, Luzhou prefecture was created with five counties that had been part of Yibin prefecture. The prefecture was upgraded to

792-483: A provincial one in 1996. The Guojiao Square ( simplified Chinese : 国窖广场 ; traditional Chinese : 國窖廣場 ; pinyin : Guójiào guángchǎng ; lit. 'National Fermentation Pit Square') is a key cultural site of baijiu producer Luzhou Laojiao . Its name refers to a baijiu fermentation pit that was commissioned during the Ming dynasty in 1573 and has been in continuous operation ever since. The square

880-644: A result, Luzhou became the portal of the Tuojing River leading to western Sichuan, which brought great prosperity to salt-refinery and agriculture in the area. The Song dynasty was an important period in Luzhou's history. It was known as the natural granary of southern Sichuan as the liquor-distilling and salt-refining industries expanded. The method to decoct salt with natural gas was discovered at that time, according to ancient literature. In addition, trade and business between Luzhou residents and ethnic groups

968-481: A siege of Guangchang under the orders of Bo and Li De, which resulted in the troops suffering heavy casualties. Peng blamed this on his army's inferior weaponry and resources. Peng was known for being outspoken and bad-tempered. After the battle Peng became furious, leading him into direct conflict with Liu. Liu grew to oppose the leadership of Bo and Braun later, after the Red Army began to suffer repeated defeats. In

SECTION 10

#1732765201056

1056-476: A similar incident within the CCP would not happen. He wrote an article, On the Ten Major Relationships , arguing that the CCP should learn from foreign countries selectively, analytically and with criticism. The CCP center then issued documents to call on all CCP members to overcome the trend of dogmatism and empiricism at work. Investigations and purges were carried out by the military, under

1144-713: A third batch of government-endorsed pilot FTZs. All told, the zone covers an area of 119.99 km and consists of three sub-zones: The Chengdu Tianfu New Area (90.32 km inclusive of the Chengdu High-Tech Comprehensive Bonded Area 4 (Shuangliu Park) (4 km ) and the Chengdu Airport Bonded Logistics Centre (Type B) (0.09 km )), the Chengdu Qingbaijiang Railway Port Area (9.68 km inclusive of

1232-520: A typical local architecture style, and has been listed as a protected historic and cultural relic of Luzhou. Baizitu is situated near the Tuojiang river, in the northwestern corner of Luzhou city. It is named for the stone inscription of the Qing dynasty and was the protected historic and cultural relic of Luzhou. Built in 2015, Luzhou City Park is an important project of Luzhou City in order to promote

1320-475: Is 267 km (166 mi) away from Chengdu , the provincial capital. It is adjacent to Chongqing in the east, borders Guizhou and Yunnan provinces in the south, Yibin City and Zizhong City in the west, Chongqing and Neijiang in the north. The city governs 7 administrative divisions , including 3 districts (Jiangyang, Longmatan, Naxi) and 4 counties (Lu, Hejiang, Xuyong, Gulin). Owing to its position in

1408-446: Is a black cat or a yellow cat, as long as it can catch the rat, it is a good cat" to demonstrate that the purpose of war is to win, no matter what strategies you take. Liu and Deng's relationship grew strong only after the communist takeover because both were discontent with Mao Zedong 's disastrous policies, such as Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution : As Liu was persecuted in the late 1950s, Deng showed his support to Liu, as

1496-597: Is a manufacturing center of hydraulic trucks, cranes and excavators in China. Among the cities along the Yangtze River, Luzhou is the second largest producer of hydraulic trucks, after Shanghai . The chemical industry, particularly natural gas production, is also important to Luzhou's economy. At present, Luzhou has developed a national chemical industry system covering production, education, scientific research, design, machine and architecture. A group of national large scale enterprises have been established and achieved

1584-591: Is an AAAA -level scenic spot, listed under the name Luzhou Laojiao Tourism Area ( simplified Chinese : 泸州老窖旅游区 ; traditional Chinese : 瀘州老窖旅遊區 ; pinyin : Lúzhōu Lǎojiào lǚyóu qū ). Situated in Xuyong county, the Spring and Autumn Temple was built in 1906, during the Qing dynasty . Originally, it was a temple for Guany (the Lord of Guan) and then rebuilt as a Shaanxi salt merchants' assembly hall. It has

1672-469: Is an octagon 33.3 m high, built of brick and stone in a seven-tiered pavilion style. It has a bronze top and there are 107 steps in its spiral staircase. The base is an octagon of 4.1 m per side, 4.5 m high; inside are 256 figures set in 90 niches. The pagoda was listed by the People's Government of Sichuan Province as a historical and cultural relic under provincial protection in April 1991. Constructed during

1760-655: Is located in the southern suburban area of Luzhou. Construction began in the Han dynasty during the Guangxu Emperor's reign. Its name, Longtou Pass, derives from its resemblance to a huge dragon crossing the Tuo River in the north and Yangtze river in the south. Longtou Pass is the location where Liu Bocheng waged the Luzhou Uprising. It was listed as a protected historic and cultural relic of Luzhou in 1984 and

1848-751: Is the only producer of "801" . It gained the national quality golden award, surpassing the America Standard. Luzhou is a tourist destination; specific scenic spots include Yuchan in Luxian county, Fobao in Hejiang county , Mt. Fangshan in Jiangyang county, the lychee and longan orchard along the Yangtze River and Tuojiang River, and many others. With the official approbation of the National Ministry of Forestry, Fobao Forest Park became

SECTION 20

#1732765201056

1936-523: The Handan Campaign . These two campaigns were the first experiences of the CCP army's shift from bushfight to campaign in movement, and proved to be valuable practice for the army groups campaign of CCP armies. They assisted in the CCP's quick occupation of Manchuria , and won advantageous status for Mao and his peace talk delegation in Chongqing. Under immense pressure, Chiang was forced to sign

2024-577: The Hundred Regiments Campaign , a major campaign led by Peng to breach the blockage on CCP base areas enforced by Japanese forces under the command of General Okamura Yasuji . At the same time, Liu integrated regular forces with militia, using frontal attack and bushfighting to frustrate the Japanese army's suppression and clean-out efforts. The Japanese were so irritated that they sent agents to assassinate Liu. Although their mission

2112-487: The Ming dynasty , Dragon Head Bridge spans the Nine Bends Creek and is a stone bridge in the Ming dynasty style. It is 5 m high, 54 m long and 1.9 m wide, and has 14 piers. The eight midsection piers are characterized by traditionally carved auspicious beasts, such as dragons, lions, elephants and qilin . It was declared a key national cultural relic in 1996. Longtou Pass, about 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long,

2200-543: The Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang , Liu was appointed commander of the Eastern Route, and later was promoted to commanding general in Sichuan. While fighting the army of Long Yun , a Yunnan warlord, Liu defeated a force commanded by Zhu De , who would later become one of his closest comrades in the Red Army. In the same year, Liu became acquainted with Yang Angong  [ zh ] ,

2288-495: The Northern Expedition . In 1927, Liu was appointed army corps commander of the 15th Temporarily Organized National Revolutionary Army . It was during this time that Liu witnessed the split between the Kuomintang and the CCP. After joining the CCP, Liu led the Nanchang Uprising together with Zhu De, He Long , Ye Ting , Li Lisan and Zhou Enlai , effectively declaring war on the KMT. During this uprising, Liu

2376-648: The Soviet Union to the academy. He organised the translations of numerous military textbooks from the Soviet Union and other countries, introducing major campaigns from ancient times to World War II to students, and sowing the seeds of the PLA's evolution into a modern army. Although Liu was appointed vice-chairman of the Central Military Committee of the CCP and PRC in 1954 as a reward for his contributions, these titles did not promise real power as Peng's did. (Peng

2464-464: The prefecture-level city of Luzhou in 1983. Nowadays, Luzhou is considered a center of the chemical, machinery, and liquor-distilling industries. Located in downtown Luzhou, the Bao’en Pagoda ( simplified Chinese : 报恩塔 ; traditional Chinese : 報恩塔 ; pinyin : bào'ēn tǎ ) was built in 1148 at the request of southern Song dynasty , and was restored in 1983 and 1985, Qing dynasty . It

2552-424: The 129th Division, one of its three divisions. It was then that he began his long cooperation with Deng Xiaoping , his commissar at that time. According to the orthodox record of the CCP, their cooperation and friendship lasted more than five decades. Their respective military and political talents complemented the other's perfectly, and there was a very high level of trust between them. They were said to have formed

2640-767: The 1990s. Railroads and an airport provide additional links to several cities in China. The city has four bridges over the Yangtze which form part of Sichuan's overland corridor to the South China Sea . The G76 Xiamen-Chengdu Expressway connects Luzhou to Chengdu and Guiyang, the G93 Chengdu Ring Expressway connects Luzhou to Chongqing, and the G4215 Chengdu-Zunyi Expressway connects Luzhou to Chengdu and Zunyi. Other main highways include G321 , G353 Heze-Baoji ,

2728-632: The Bamboo Forest, Mt. Simianshan in Chongqing and Sidong Channel in Guizhou Province. Luzhou is a key comprehensive development zone in the upper Yangtze River and Sichuan province as well as an important production base for rice, fruit such as litchi and longan , cured tobacco, poultry, tea, and traditional Chinese medicine ingredients. The Sichuan Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ) officially launched on 1 April 2017, forms part of

Luzhou (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-549: The CCP as well as Military Secretary of the Yangtze River division of the CCP. In December 1930, Liu went to Shanghai to assist Zhou Enlai in the daily administration of CCP military affairs. In 1931, the CCP suffered great losses in several major cities and was forced to retreat to the countryside. Liu was sent to the Central Soviet Territory, the CCP's power base in Jiangxi . In January 1932, Liu

2904-520: The CCP. Liu then led the 1st Division of the Red Army across the Dadu River , where Chiang plotted to have the CCP armies annihilated, in the same manner as Shi Dakai and his army's road to perdition almost a century before. When Mao's 1st Red Army later united with Zhang Guotao 's 4th Red Army, Liu stayed Chief of Staff. During a dispute between Mao and Zhang over major issues, which led to their later split, Liu maintained his support for Mao. By

2992-682: The Chengdu Railway Bonded Logistics Centre (Type B) (0.18 km )), and the Chuannan Lingang Area (19.99 km inclusive of the Luzhou Port Bonded Logistics Centre (Type B) (0.21 km )). The Chuannan Lingang Area will focus on developing a range of high quality professional services, including shipping logistics, port trade, education and medical support. As part of its remit, it will also look to nurture

3080-621: The Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet (and during the subsequent Long March) Liu experienced conflicts with other CCP leaders, including Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai . Liu's conflict with Mao may partly be due to Liu's support for conventional tactics, which contradicted Mao's advocacy of guerrilla warfare. According to a later account by Zhang Guotao , Liu described Mao as being a "pedant", and resented Mao's tendency to micromanage his military officers, rather than delegating authority to Red Army's general staff. Peng once led his troops during

3168-413: The Red Army's endeavour against the KMT's Fifth Encirclement Campaign , Liu was demoted to Chief of Staff of the 5th Field Army following his dissidence with Bo and Braun. Bo and Braun led by way of doctrine and extremism, and the Red Army waged a face-to-face general war against the better-equipped and larger KMT army. Failure was inevitable; the CCP had to retreat from its territory to seek refuge, marking

3256-612: The Yangtze River and conquered huge areas of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian , taking over Nanjing, the capital of the KMT. Liu was appointed mayor of Nanjing for a short while. With assistance from He Long, Liu and Deng launched new campaigns to conquer vast areas in Southwestern China, by using long distance bypass and siege strategies. Among the areas conquered were his and Deng's own hometowns, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Xikang. On October 1, 1949, Mao announced

3344-530: The advanced manufacturing industries, as well as looking to take a lead in a number of other sectors, including equipment manufacturing, medicine and food/beverages. Furthermore, it will play a key role in the development of an integrated transport hub, which will provide streamlined connections between the Chengdu-Chongqing city cluster and Yunnan and Guizhou, its southerly neighbours. Expressways connecting to Chengdu and Chongqing were completed in

3432-638: The beginning of the Long March . During the Long March, near the end of 1934, Liu was reappointed as Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and commander of Central Column, which consisted of the majority of the CCP senior leaders, such as Bo, Braun, Zhou and Mao. Liu led the army across the Wu River and took control of Zunyi , a county of Guizhou province. It was in this small city that

3520-464: The case of very close family ties in traditional Chinese culture. Liu wanted a small funeral in the hospital he died in. However, because too many military and political leaders requested to attend the funeral, the funeral was moved to a bigger hall. Unlike other PLA marshals and generals, such as Peng Dehuai and Lin Biao, Liu never sought to win Chairman Mao's political trust and support, but on

3608-775: The cause of establishing a democratic and modern China. In 1911, Liu joined the Boy Scouts in support of the Xinhai Revolution . In the following year, he enrolled in the Chongqing Military Academy and later joined the army against Yuan Shikai , who was planning to undermine the Xinhai Revolution and proclaim himself Emperor. In 1914, Liu joined Sun Yat-sen's party and gained extensive military experience. In one battle during this period he captured 10,000 enemy soldiers, for which he

Luzhou (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-502: The contrary, Peng stood by Wang and as a result fell out of favour with Mao. (Despite this, Liu was still labelled a dogmatist for pursuing his studies in Russia, and he had to make a public apology against his will in 1959.) In 1945, Liu attended the 7th National Congress of the CCP in Yan'an, and prepared the counterattack against the Japanese and the forthcoming civil war with KMT armies. At

3784-517: The cruelties and conspiracies in Chinese history, Liu was worried instead of happy, because he knew that it would arouse Mao's suspicions over Liu's intentions. Although Liu had this man arrested, Mao still learnt of the event, and Liu's worries eventually turned into reality. This only served to further increase Mao's long-time distrust of Liu. Despite the demotion, Liu was dedicated to his new job, attempting to bring what he learned during his years in

3872-523: The direction of Peng. As an advocate of learning from other countries, Liu became a key target. Some of his subordinates and deputies, including General Xiao Ke , were censored and kept in custody. Liu had to make numerous self-criticisms for his association and support of these officials. Under heavy pressure, his health worsened (he eventually lost all sight in his remaining eye), and he finally submitted his resignation as president. In 1959, Liu left Nanjing for Beijing and lived in half-reclusion. Although he

3960-416: The ecological environment construction, and upgrade the eco-city level of Luzhou City. The total investment of the project is about 120 million RMB and covers an area of about 107 mu . It is located in the valley of the east of Chengxi Park in Jiangyang, Luzhou. Superior, is expected to receive more than 1.5 million tourists trips each year. Luzhou is situated in the southeast region of Sichuan province, at

4048-535: The elder brother of Yang Shangkun , and Wu Yuzhang , who were among the earliest communists of Sichuan. Their relationship marked Liu's first real exposure to the theory and practice of Communism . In May 1926, Liu joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and was appointed military commissioner of Chongqing. In December 1926, along with Zhu De and Yang, Liu masterminded the Luzhou and Nanchong uprising, fought against local warlords, while supporting

4136-553: The end of the war against the Japanese, the war-scourged Chinese people pleaded for peace. Chiang then invited Mao to Chongqing for peace talks, during which, Yan Xishan sent his armies to attack CCP territories in Shanxi under Chiang's authorisation. Liu and Deng led the Shangdang Campaign and defeated 13 divisions of Yan's troops totaled more than 35,000, and then headed east and annihilated another of Yan's army corps in

4224-647: The establishment of the People's Republic of China . During the ceremony, Liu stood next to Mao. This marked the peak of his career as a military commander. In January 1950, Liu was appointed chairman of the Southwestern Division of the Central People's Government of PRC, together with Gao Gang , Rao Shushi , Peng and Lin Biao . The rewards of conquering southwestern China, however, proved only to be temporary. Mao soon sent his favorite general He Long to work alongside Liu, to supervise and share

4312-521: The famous Zunyi Conference was held in January 1935. During this conference, Liu and most of the attendees showed their support for Mao. As a result of this conference, Bo, who was then Braun's command in military, was replaced by a new three-man team consisting of Mao, Zhou and Wang Jiaxiang . Later on, Liu assisted Mao and Zhu across the Red Water River four times. Liu himself led troops in

4400-598: The founders of the People's Liberation Army. Liu's nicknames, Chinese Mars , The Kutuzov of China and The One-eyed Dragon , also reflect his character, military achievement, Soviet officer education and the fact that he lost his right eye in battle. Liu was born to a peasant family in Kaixian , Sichuan (the site is currently submerged by the Three Gorges Dam ). Influenced by the revolutionary theories of Sun Yat-sen , he later decided to dedicate himself to

4488-547: The gates of the KMT. He ordered Liu and Deng to lead their armies from their northern China base in Henan , Shanxi and Hebei , to Anhui in southern China. This involved sending 100,000 soldiers across the Yellow River , and marching over 1,000 kilometers into central plain. Liu and Deng both saw it as a gamble rather than a strategic move, and even Mao himself was not certain if such gamble would pay off by openly discussing

SECTION 50

#1732765201056

4576-577: The government and become the president and commissar of the Military Academy of the PLA. Mao approved his request. The other story says that, while Liu was still chairman, someone unknown to the public submitted a biography of Liu in support of his promotion. In this biography he described Liu as an offspring of Liu Bang , founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty , and hinted that Liu himself could set up his own empire as his ancestor did. Knowing of

4664-440: The intersection of Sichuan , Yunnan , Guizhou and Chongqing , at longitude 105° 08' 41"E ~ 106° 28'E and latitude 27° 39' N ~ 29° 20'N. Covering an area of 12,246.87 square kilometres (4,728.54 sq mi), it is 121.64 kilometres (75.58 mi) wide from east to west and 181.84 kilometres (112.99 mi) long from south to north. A prefecture-level city of Sichuan with a registered population of 4.8 million, Luzhou

4752-513: The largest river port in Sichuan on the upper Yangtze , with the capability to load and unload container ships. The Luzhou International Container Pier handled over 500,000 containers in 2016. Luzhou Lantian Airport was built in 1945 and initially provided an air route between China and India for the US Air Force during World War II . Services were suspended in the 1960s, but later it

4840-498: The latter was making rounds of analyses and apologies for the so-called "dogmatism" and "empiricism". Similarly, Liu showed his support to Deng for Deng's economic policy in the early 1960s to reform the Chinese economy. Liu told his family that after his death, he wanted his funeral to be held by Deng, and his eulogy to be done by Deng, and this was when Deng was still under house arrest and Liu did so to show his support. Deng's entire family attended Liu's funeral, which only happened in

4928-477: The long period of time that Liu worked with or under Mao, he never really earned Mao's trust. Liu himself knew that too. From the Chinese history, he learnt that most generals that helped establish a new dynasty ended up getting killed by the suspicious Emperor. In order to prevent that from happening on himself, he tried to stay as far away from politics as possible. Because of his early year military training in Soviet Union, he used that as an excuse to quit his job in

5016-428: The massive Huai Hai Campaign , which was carried out by CCP troops in East China and the central plain to fight against the KMT main forces in Xuzhou and Anhui. In this decisive battle, more than 500,000 KMT soldiers were annihilated; among the POWs was General Du Yuming , Chiang's most distinguished protégé. In April 1949, after illusive peace talks between the CCP and the KMT were broken, Liu led his armies across

5104-459: The maximum flood level was 18.68 metres (61.3 ft) during the past 30 years. Other rivers converge here, such as Tuo River , Yongling River, Chishui River, and Laixi River. Luzhou has a monsoon -influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) and is largely mild, except during the summer, and humid, with four distinct seasons and ample rainfall: winters are short, mild, and comparatively dry, while summers are long, hot, and humid. Within

5192-417: The most important industries of the local economy. In 2006, Luzhou's total GDP reached 33.11 billion yuan (7,819 yuan per capita). Luzhou is a center of liquor production, particularly baijiu . Luzhou Laojiao ( Chinese : 泸州老窖 ; lit. 'Luzhou Old Fermentation Pit') and Gulin Langjiu ( Chinese : 古蔺郎酒 ) are the two best known brands with national and international reputation. Luzhou

5280-399: The movements against dogmatism. During the Fengdu campaign in 1916, Liu was hit by a bullet in the head, which passed through his right temple and went out from his right eye. A German surgeon performed surgery to remove the eyeball and debride necrotic tissues. To keep his brain nerves from being damaged by the anaesthetics , Liu insisted on operation without anesthesia. After the procedure

5368-452: The national highway and several provincial highways. Luzhou is served by a freight-only branch. A passenger service briefly operated but was cancelled in 1995. A new railway station served by multiple high-speed lines has opened on June 28, 2021, with links to Chengdu and various other cities. Luzhou is an important inland port serving as a transshipment point for goods heading to cities deeper into Sichuan such as Chengdu . Making it

SECTION 60

#1732765201056

5456-464: The nationalists to redeploy nearly two dozen brigades against him, disrupting Chiang Kai-shek 's original plan, thus relieved nationalist pressure on other CCP forces. Mao's gamble had paid off with Liu's clever military strategies. Liu's success did not end there, he carried out to expand his initial victories over the nationalists by carrying out several campaigns with armies led by Chen Yi and Su Yu , another army led by Chen Geng , to annihilate

5544-548: The new location, 11 km north of the city. Liu Bocheng Liu Mingzhao ( simplified Chinese : 刘明昭 ; traditional Chinese : 劉明昭 ; pinyin : Liú Míngzhāo ; Wade–Giles : Liu Ming-chao ), courtesy name Bocheng ( Chinese : 伯承 ; pinyin : Bóchéng ; Wade–Giles : Po-ch'eng ), more commonly known as Liu Bocheng ( simplified Chinese : 刘伯承 ; traditional Chinese : 劉伯承 ; pinyin : Liú Bóchéng ; Wade–Giles : Liu Po-ch'eng ; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986),

5632-444: The other hand this prevented him from suffering from the backlash of a political fallout with Mao as did Peng and Lin did in 1959 and 1971, respectively. Liu earned his reputation and title through his own outstanding military skills and personality. He oversaw the development of the CCP armies' expertise in regular battle, frontal attack, army groups campaigns, and sieges. Liu was also the first to introduce modern military strategies and

5720-430: The outside world, a policy that Liu himself had practiced in the academy decades ago. In 1982, Liu retired due to worsening health problems. This gave Deng a boost in his calling for the retirement of aging leaders in order to clear the way for younger leaders of the CCP. On October 7, 1986, Liu died in Beijing, at the age of 94. In the lament given to him, Liu was rehabilitated and cleared of all charges against him during

5808-437: The power base, with few support armies and supplies, Liu led self-sufficient soldiers and broke rounds of heavy blockade, while boosting his strength back to the original 100,000. Mao and his associates were very impressed by Liu's achievement and it was only then did they begin to maintain that the direct threat to Nanjing and Wuhan was a great achievement; a knife into the heart of KMT governance. Liu's success indeed forced

5896-526: The power with Liu. During his short tenure as governor, Liu led his soldiers in the crackdown of bandits and restored law and order, oversaw economic development, and more importantly, made plans for the CCP invasion of Tibet . Towards the end of 1950, Liu was transferred to Nanjing as president and commissar of the Military Academy of the PLA, which would be considered a demotion for Liu. There were no clear or generally accepted reasons on record for his falling out of favour. One popular opinion holds that, during

5984-467: The prefecture ranges from 748.4 to 1,184.2 millimetres (29.46 to 46.62 in), 70% of which occurs from May to September. Sunshine is quite low, with only 1200 to 1400 hours per year, and the frost-free period is lengthy, lasting 300 to 358 days. Luzhou has always been a hub of economic activities in the tri-province border area of Sichuan , Yunnan , and Guizhou . Food, liquor, and chemicals production, along with construction equipment manufacturing are

6072-432: The prefecture, annual mean temperatures range from 17.1 to 18.5 °C (62.8 to 65.3 °F). In the urban area, monthly daily average temperatures range from 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) in January to around 27 °C (80.6 °F) in July and August, with August being slightly warmer. The diurnal temperature variation is 6.1 °C (11.0 °F) and is lowest during winter. Snow is rare here. The annual precipitation in

6160-424: The region. Luzhou's lowest point is 203 metres (666 ft), at the surface of Yangtze river in Jiucengyan, Hejiang county, while the highest point is located at the peak of Liangzi mountain, Xuyong County , reaching 1,902 metres (6,240 ft). Luzhou is also a region covered by rivers. The Yangtze river flows through the whole area from west to east, covering a total course of 133 kilometres (83 mi), and

6248-422: The site of the Battle of Chishui River . This site was chosen as the “National Demonstration Base for Patriotic Education” by the Central Propaganda Ministry in 2001. The Sci-tech Park of Luzhou Laojiao is a national industry tourism demonstration spot and Luzhou Zhangba Longan Orchard is a national agricultural tourism spot. Other scenic areas nearby include Leshan , Yibin , Zigong and Chongqing , such as

6336-414: The southern peripheral area of Sichuan Basin and the connective region with Yunnan and Guizhou plateau , Luzhou is characterised by river valleys, hills, and level lands in the north and highland areas, and by mountains, sheer valleys, and rushing rivers in the south. Fishing and agriculture are the primary industries in the northern area, and forest and mineral resources are primary in the southern part of

6424-546: The states of Ba and Shu . The local economy and culture expanded as a result of the advanced production technique and culture introduced by immigrants from the rest of China. During the Western Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 9), Jiangyang county was set up in what is the current Jiangyang district, at the confluence of the Tuo River and Yangtze River . The county was further expanded during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han . As

6512-546: The takeover of the Jiaopin ferry, securing the route across the Jinsha River for the major troops. In May, Liu was appointed commander of avant-courier army and worked with commissar Nie Rongzhen on securing the route for the remaining troops. When his army entered the ethnic settlement areas, Liu pledged brotherhood with a chieftain of the local Yi ethnicity, which significantly reduced the minorities' hostility towards

6600-753: The three possible outcomes: Although many expressed their concerns, Mao would not change his mind. During the expedition, they faced elite KMT armies. Liu launched the Southwestern Shandong Campaign defeating over nine brigades of KMT troops. Under this plot and cover, Liu's army promptly moved south and went into the Dabie Mountain areas. Liu's armies suffered great losses; half of the troops were wiped out and all of their heavy artilleries were lost, which greatly weakened their military abilities in later campaigns. Liu and Deng's troops survived further rounds of attack. Far away from

6688-548: The time they reached Yan'an , it was obvious that Mao was the winner. In 1936, after the Xi'an Incident , Chiang agreed to set up an alliance with the CCP in the fight against Japanese invaders. On July 7, 1937, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , general war between China and Japan broke out. Under the agreement with Chiang, CCP armies were reorganised into 8th Route Army , and Liu was appointed commander of

6776-413: Was a Chinese military commander and a Marshal of the People's Republic of China . Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao and Su Yu , commanders of the Chinese Communist Party , and Kuomintang commander Bai Chongxi .) Officially, Liu was recognised as a revolutionary, military strategist, and theoretician and one of

6864-455: Was a failure, they did succeed in murdering Liu's first daughter when she was kept in kindergarten. The Japanese thought that this revenge might distract Liu, but they underestimated Liu's willpower. His heightened loathing for the Japanese gave him more courage under fire and more inspiration in command. In 1943, Liu was called back to Yan'an for Zheng Feng . He pledged his allegiance to Mao and supported Mao's power struggle with Wang Ming . On

6952-591: Was a political activist and knew little about the military. Their personalities and personal lives were vastly different, which might have posed a barrier to their becoming true friends. Liu, Deng and Deputy Commander Xu Xiangqian led their troops to Shanxi , and carried out bushfighting around Taihang Mountain. After rounds of successful battles against the Japanese army, they set up the Jin–;Ji–Yu Base Area ( 晉冀豫抗日根據地 ) which consisted of parts of Shanxi , Hebei and Henan . In 1940, Liu led his division in

7040-536: Was appointed defense minister for his battle achievements in the Korean War .) In 1955, Liu attained the rank of field marshal , ranking as the 4th amongst 10 field marshals of the PLA, next to Zhu De, Peng and Lin Biao. In 1956, after Nikita Khrushchev shook the Communist world by making his famous Secret Speech denouncing the cult of personality that surrounded Joseph Stalin , Mao wanted to ensure that

7128-731: Was appointed president and commissar of the Red Army Military Academy. By October he was promoted to Chief of Staff of the Red Army, assisting Zhu De and Zhou in the war against Chiang Kai-shek 's 4th Suppression on the Central Soviet Territory. At the time, members of the 28 Bolsheviks , including Bo Gu , Zhang Wentian , and Otto Braun (also known by his Chinese name, Li De), the Military Advisor of Comintern , took control of military command and Party leadership. All three were educated in Moscow, and Liu found common ground with these young men. During his time in

7216-432: Was appointed the first chief of staff of the newly born Chinese Red Army. However, after a series of defeats Liu's forces were destroyed, and its leaders went underground. In 1927 Liu was selected to travel to Moscow , where he mastered Russian and attended the prestigious M. V. Frunze Military Academy . While studying in the Soviet Union he learned conventional, Western-style military tactics. While in Russia he translated

7304-519: Was brisk and a protective wall as well as forts were constructed by the local government. In the Yuan dynasty , Luzhou remained an important place for trade, especially the liquor-distillation, salt-refinery and tea-making industries. A large number of wooden ships were constructed to further the shipping industry. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), waves of immigrants from other parts of China brought rapid growth in economy and culture. Luzhou served as

7392-438: Was finished, Liu told the surgeon that he counted a total of 72 cuts. The doctor was greatly moved by this display of courage and perseverance, and out of great respect he gave Liu the nickname "Chinese Mars ". Deng's famous " Cat Theory " ("Whether it is a black cat or a white cat, as long as it can catch the rat, it is a good cat"), in fact, originated from Liu. During his long military career, Liu often stated that "Whether it

7480-687: Was not as fortunate. He was purged in the Lushan Conference in 1959 and later tortured to death during the Cultural Revolution . By the time of the Cultural Revolution, Liu had become completely blind. Nonetheless, he survived the purges and witnessed his long-time friend Deng returning to power again. He supported Deng in the power struggle against Mao's widow, Jiang Qing , and her Gang of Four , and also advocated Deng's policy of reforming and opening up China to

7568-418: Was promoted to brigade commander. In 1916, he lost his right eye in a battle for Fengdu county, Sichuan. After he lost the eye he gained the nickname "One-Eyed Dragon". Alternative accounts of how Liu lost his eye have included the speculation that he lost it either earlier, in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution , or later, during the Long March . In 1923, during a war against the warlord Wu Peifu , in response to

7656-567: Was since elected as member of the Politburo in the 8th to 11th National Congress of the CCP, Vice-chairman of the 2nd to 5th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress , and all the while holding the title of vice-chairman of the Military Committee, he did not participate very much in politics, citing health problems as a reason for his absence. This saved him from the following rounds of purges carried out by Mao. Peng, however,

7744-621: Was used for training purposes by the Chinese Air Force . Major renovations and expansions were completed in January 2001, and now the airport serves direct flights to Beijing , Shanghai , Guangzhou , Kunming , Guiyang , Shenzhen , Xiamen , Hangzhou , Haikou , Changsha , Nanning , Xi'an , Daocheng Yading Airport , Lanzhou , Lijiang , Nanjing , Wuhan and Zhengzhou . The new Luzhou Yunlong Airport opened in September 2018, and all services were transferred from Lantian to

#55944